File No.: A-124-15 FEDERAL COURT OF APPEAL B E T W E E N: MINISTER OF CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION Appellant (Respondent in the Federal Court) and ZUNERA ISHAQ Respondent (Applicant in the Federal Court) MEMORANDUM OF FACT AND LAW OF THE INTERVENER, ATTORNEY GENERAL OF ONTARIO THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF ONTARIO Constitutional Law Branch 720 Bay Street, 4th Floor Toronto, ON M7A 2S9 Fax: (416) 326-4015 Courtney Harris LSUC No.: 48418P Tel.: (416) 326-4137 Rochelle S. Fox LSUC No. : 40836V Tel: (416) 326-4455 Hayley Pitcher LSUC No. : 68538H Tel. : (416) 326-0890 Counsel for the Intervener, Attorney General of Ontario 2 TO: DEPUTY ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CANADA William F. Pentney DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Peter Southey, Senior General Counsel Ontario Regional Office The Exchange Tower 130 King Street West, Suite 3400, Box 36 Toronto, ON M5X 1K6 Tel.: 416-973-2240 Fax: 416-954-8982 Counsel for the Appellant, Minister of Citizenship and Immigration AND TO: WALDMAN AND ASSOCIATES Lorne Waldman Barrister and Solicitor 281 Eglinton Avenue East Toronto, ON M4P 1L3 Tel.: Fax: 416-482-6501 416-489-9618 GOLDBLATT AND PARTNERS Marlys A. Edwardh 20 Dundas Street West, Suite 1100 Toronto, ON M5G 2G8 Tel.: Fax: 416-979-4380 416-979-4430 Counsel for the Respondent, Zunera Ishaq 1 File No.: A-124-15 FEDERAL COURT OF APPEAL B E T W E E N: MINISTER OF CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION Appellant (Respondent in the Federal Court) and ZUNERA ISHAQ Respondent (Applicant in the Federal Court) MEMORANDUM OF FACT AND LAW OF THE INTERVENER, ATTORNEY GENERAL OF ONTARIO OVERVIEW 1. Ontario is one of the most diverse places in the world. Ontario's population growth has always depended on immigration. Even today, 40% of the approximately 250,000 people who immigrate to Canada each year choose to settle in Ontario. Toronto has been called the most multicultural city in the world, where more than 100 languages and dialects are spoken. Every day, over 300 people choose Ontario as their new home — more than any other province in Canada. 2. As one of the most multicultural provinces in Canada, Ontario is keenly aware of the need when developing government legislation and policy to treat everyone with equal dignity and respect, and to accommodate multicultural and religious difference 2 and diversity. The Respondent in this appeal resides in Ontario and is a member of Ontario’s multicultural community. 3. Requiring a religious Muslim woman to remove her religious face covering (in this case a niqab) at a public ceremony during the taking of the citizenship oath, with the result that if she does not she cannot become a Canadian citizen, fails to respect and accommodate the diversity of religious belief and socio-cultural backgrounds of Canadians. It tells Muslim women that if they wear the niqab, they are not welcome to join the Canadian community. Rather than advancing the Appellant’s stated goal of promoting social cohesion consistent with Canadian values, this requirement leads to exclusion and social fragmentation. In Ontario’s view, the requirement serves no legitimate purpose, and is not consistent with Canadian values of equality, inclusiveness, multiculturalism, diversity, tolerance, and respect for minority religious beliefs. PART I: FACTS 4. Ontario was served with a Notice of Constitutional Question in this Appeal by the Respondent. 5. Ontario takes no position on the facts in this appeal. 3 PARTS II AND III: POINTS IN ISSUE AND SUBMISSIONS 6. Ontario intervenes in this Appeal, pursuant to s. 57(4) of the Federal Courts Act, RSC, 1985, c. F-7 solely on the issue of whether the Policy1 unjustifiability contravenes s. 2(a) and s. 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (“Charter”). 7. Ontario agrees with the Appellant that constitutional questions should not be answered if not necessary to resolve a case. However, in the event that this court finds it appropriate and necessary to consider the constitutional issues raised by the parties, Ontario makes the following submissions. A. General Principles Underlying Freedom of Religion (section 2(a) Charter) 8. Freedom of conscience and religion under s. 2(a) of the Charter protects the “right to entertain beliefs, to declare them openly and to manifest them, while at the same time guaranteeing that no person can be compelled to adhere directly or indirectly to a particular religion or to act in a manner contrary to his or her beliefs.”2 (emphasis added) 9. Section 2(a) of the Charter protects religious belief regardless of its popularity. As the Supreme Court stated in Big M, religious minorities are protected from the threat of the “tyranny of the majority”. 3 1 Religious minorities need not hide their religion, nor In this factum, references to the “Policy” refer collectively to Operational Bulletin 359, Exhibit “A” to the Affidavit of Humera Ahsan, sworn May 16, 2011, Appeal Record, Vol. 2, Tab 5, p. 544 and Department of Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) policy manual entitled CP 15 “Guide to Citizenship Ceremonies”, Exhibit “A” to Affidavit of Humera Ahsan, sworn May 16, 2014, Appeal Record, Vol. 2, Tab 5, p. 583, 600. 2 Mouvement laïque québécois v. Saguenay (City), 2015 SCC 16 at para 69 [QL] [Mouvement laïque québécois]; R. v. Big M Drug Mart Ltd., [1985] 1 SCR 295 at paras 94-95 [QL] [Big M] 3 Big M, supra at para 96 4 act like other religions’ adherents or like secular individuals in order to participate in the public sphere including citizenship ceremonies. 10. The Supreme Court, quoting from Professor R. Moon’s article “Freedom of Religion Under the Charter of Rights: The Limits of State Neutrality” (2012), 45 UBC L Rev 497 at 507, has recognized that religion is “an integral part of each person’s identity” and that “when the state treats [a person’s] religious practices or beliefs as less important or less true than the practices of others, or when it marginalizes her or his religious community in some way, it is not simply rejecting the individual’s views and values, it is denying her or his equal worth. “ 4 [emphasis added by the Supreme Court] 11. To that end, s. 2(a) of the Charter requires the state to remain neutral vis-à-vis religion. The state cannot favour or hinder any particular belief, nor can it create a preferential public space that is hostile to certain religious groups. 5 This neutrality requirement in s. 2(a) is consistent with the equality guarantee in s. 15 and the recognition of multiculturalism in s. 27 and gender equality in s. 28. All of these provisions together further the multicultural landscape of Canadian society, enhance the wealth of experience achieved through diversity and pluralism, affirm the equality of men and women, and as recognized by the Supreme Court, reflects the democratic ideals embodied by and underpinning the Charter. 6 12. The two part test under s. 2(a) of the Charter is well-established. The Court must be satisfied, on a balance of probabilities, that: (i) a Charter claimant sincerely believes 4 Mouvement laïque québécois, supra at para 73 Mouvement laïque québécois, supra at paras 72, 75, 78 and 87; S.L. v. Commission scolaire des Chênes 2012 SCC 7 at paras 21 and 32 [QL] [S.L.] 6 Mouvement laïque québécois, supra at para 75; R v. Oakes [1986] 1 SCR 103 at para 64 [QL] [Oakes]; Big M, supra at para 122 5 5 in a practice or belief that has a nexus with religion; and (ii) the impugned measure interferes with her ability to act in accordance with her religious beliefs in a manner that is more than trivial or insubstantial. 7 13. Ontario, as an intervenor, takes no position on whether the Respondent has established a sincerely held religious belief that she must wear a niqab while in the presence of non-relative males but makes submissions generally on the s. 2(a) Charter analytical framework and the s. 1 Oakes justification analysis. 14. At the first stage of the s. 2(a) analysis, the threshold for sincerity of religious belief is low. Inquiries into sincerity are to be “as limited as possible” and to ensure that the assertion is in good faith. 8 15. There are three potential sources of sincere religious belief: (i) the objective requirements of a religion, (ii) a claimant’s subjective beliefs as to the objective requirements of a religion, and (iii) the claimant’s beliefs that the practice has a nexus with religion and engenders a subjective connection to the divine. 9 Thus, while a faith’s formal requirements can be evidence of a claimant’s sincere religious belief, it is not necessary to establish that a claimant’s beliefs are consistent with those objective requirements. Nor need a claimant’s sincerely held religious belief conform to the position of religious officials, or be held by a majority of the claimant’s co-religionists. 10 7 R. v. N.S. 2012 SCC 72 at paras 11 and 13 [QL] [N.S.]; Syndicat Northcrest v. Amselem, 2004 SCC 47 at paras 56 and 59 [QL] [Amselem]; Mouvement laïque québécois, supra at para 86; Alberta v. Hutterian Brethren of Wilson Colony, 2009 SCC 37 at para 32 [QL] [Hutterian Brethren]; Multani v. Commission scolaire Marguerite-Bourgeoys, 2006 SCC 6 at para 34 [QL] [Multani]) 8 Amselem, supra at para. 5; S.L., supra at paras 2, 26-27 9 Amselem, supra at paras 56 and 69; see also S. Weinrib, An Exemption for Sincere Believers: The Challenge of Alberta v. Hutterian Brethren of Wilson Colony 2011 56 McGill LJ 719 at 725 10 Amselem, supra at paras 46-47, 56; Multani, supra at para. 35 6 At most, references to objectivity in the s. 2(a) Charter analysis speak to the fact that others (meaning a court) will determine objectively whether s. 2(a) has been infringed as it is not enough for the claimant herself to claim an infringement. 11 16. In addition, Charter jurisprudence recognizes that sincere believers may occasionally lapse, or their beliefs may change over time. As well, religious individuals may have recognized in the past that their religious beliefs had to give way as it was absolutely necessary for some other important reason (as the Respondent herself acknowledges in the context of identification before the oath ceremony). While this may suggest lack of sincere belief, it does not necessarily do so. 12 Further, in considering the sincerity of religious belief based on past behaviour, a court should be careful to look at the context to see if the behaviour is truly an inconsistent lapse or whether the context is different. It is for all these reasons, the Supreme Court in Amselem held that “a court’s inquiry into sincerity, if anything, should focus not on past practice or past belief but on a person’s belief at the time of the alleged interference with his or her religious freedom”. 13 17. At the second stage of the s. 2(a) Charter analysis, the claimant must establish that the alleged infringement is more than trivial or insubstantial. 14 Determining the severity of an interference with religious freedom must be done in the full context of the case. 15 11 S.L., supra at para 24 N.S., supra at para 13 13 Amselem, supra at para 53 14 Multani, supra at paras 31, 34, 40-43; Hutterian Brethren, supra at para 32 15 Amselem, supra at paras 56-59 12 7 B. Application of Section 2(a) Charter Principles 18. In this case, Ontario submits that citizenship is a fundamental goal for many new immigrants. Citizenship confers unique rights and entitlements and also denotes a status that has the highest degree of connection to Canada. For example, without citizenship individuals resident in Canada have no constitutional right to vote for members of the House of Parliament or provincial legislatures or to be a candidate for these offices (s. 3 of the Charter). Nor do they have a constitutionally protected right to enter, remain in and leave Canada (s. 6 of the Charter). In Lavoie v. Canada, Bastarache J. described the importance of citizenship as follows 16: “In any liberal democracy, the concept of citizenship serves important political, emotional and motivational purposes; if nothing else, it fosters a sense of unity and shared civic purpose among a diverse population: see W. Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (1995), at pp. 173-76. This was recognized by this Court in Winner, supra, in which Rand J. defined citizenship, at p. 918, simply as "membership in a state". Rand J. went on to affirm the very basis of Canada's citizenship policy: "in the citizen", he held, "inhere those rights and duties, the correlatives of allegiance and protection, which are basic to that status". The signal effect of the impugned provisions is not to discourage immigration but to underscore the value of citizenship as a unifying bond for Canada.” 19. Contrary to the Appellant’s submissions, requiring a Muslim woman who wears a face covering to remove the covering in a public space even for a minute when reciting the ceremonial oath or affirmation is not a trivial or insubstantial burden on her religious belief in the context of a legal requirement the purpose of which itself serves a symbolic rather than functional goal. To focus on the amount of time one’s face is exposed misses the accommodation goal, where the mere exposure of one’s face for any period of time to non-relative males is in direct conflict with religious belief. 16 2002 SCC 23 at para 57 [QL] [Lavoie] 8 20. Instead, this appeal raises issues that are more akin to Multani where the Supreme Court found that the school board’s decision to deny a student the ability to wear a ceremonial dagger, a kirpan, to public school infringed his freedom of religion. The school board’s decision forced the claimant in Multani to choose between leaving his kirpan at home (contrary to the dictates of his religious belief) and leaving the public school system (a fundamental societal institution). 17 Here, the Policy forces a Muslim woman to choose between not wearing her facial covering (contrary to her religious belief) and obtaining Canadian citizenship (a fundamental societal status). Both are examples of the state failing to provide an exemption or actual accommodation and instead forcing the religious believer to choose either compliance with his or her religious practice or belief, or obtaining a societal benefit available to others. 21. Ontario submits that individuals should not be prevented from manifesting their sincerely held religious beliefs and practices unless the effect on the religious belief or practice is trivial or insubstantial, or the limit on freedom of religion is reasonably justifiable in a free and democratic society under s. 1 of the Charter. Prohibiting individuals from wearing a face covering during the citizenship oath violates the s. 2(a) Charter rights of those women who have a sincerely held religious belief that requires them to wear a face covering in both purpose and effect. 18 22. In creating the Policy to require the removal of face coverings during the citizenship oath or affirmation, the Appellant has created a specific barrier to citizenship for a religious minority – certain female Muslims. The Appellant offers two objectives for 17 18 Multani, supra at paras 40-41 Big M, supra para 80 9 its Policy: (i) ensuring that citizenship candidates are taking the citizenship oath as required by the Act, 19 and (ii) reinforcing “the Canadian values of openness, transparency, equality and social cohesion in the contemporary democratic but diverse Canada”. 20 While the second purpose is described by the Appellant as furthering widely accepted Canadian values, requiring a religious face covering to be removed to achieve these Canadian values is simply an indirect way of expressing the view that a woman wearing a face covering is not welcome as an equal member of Canadian society In other words, to the extent that the Policy’s purpose is to ensure Muslim women look like other citizenship candidates and not like their religious selves, Ontario submits that this purpose is itself a violation of s. 2(a) of the Charter and is contrary to the Charter value of multiculturalism. 21 It is also contrary to the intersecting guarantees of religious freedom in 2(a) and non-discrimination on the basis of sex and religion in s. 15, 23. Further, the effect of the Policy is to force a woman with sincerely held religious beliefs to choose between living in accordance with her beliefs and obtaining the constitutionally enshrined benefits of Canadian citizenship. This is more than an insubstantial and trivial burden as it effectively deprives certain Muslim women of a significant societal benefit that they are otherwise fully qualified to obtain. 19 Appellant’s Factum, para 74 Appellant’s Factum, paras 75, 79, 80 and 82 21 Big M, supra at paras 80-88, 130 and 136; Charter s. 27 20 10 C. The Right to Equality (section 15 Charter) 24. The right to equality in section 15 of the Charter protects substantive equality. Its focus is on measures that draw discriminatory distinctions: distinctions that have the effect of perpetuating arbitrary disadvantage, prejudice or stereotype based on an individual’s membership in an enumerated or analogous group. It is concerned with the social and economic context in which a claim of inequality arises, and with the effects of the challenged measure on the claimant group. Relevant factors in the discrimination analysis include whether or not the claimant group is subject to pre-existing historic disadvantage, whether the measure serves a legitimate purpose and corresponds to the actual circumstances, capacities and needs of the group, and the nature of the interest affected. 22 25. Ontario submits that the Policy violates the substantive equality rights of Muslim women who wear the niqab, as it discriminates against them on the basis of both sex and religion. Both grounds of discrimination are present and intersect, meaning that the Policy arbitrarily disadvantages the Applicant on each and both of these grounds, and reflects and reinforces historic and persistent prejudices and stereotypes about women, Muslims, and religious Muslim women. 26. The nature of the adverse disadvantage imposed by the Policy is very serious. Muslim women must choose between complying with the tenets of their religious belief 22 Kahkewistahaw First Nation v. Taypotat, 2015 SCC 30 at 17-21, Quebec (Attorney General) v. A, [2013] 1 SCR 61 at paras 331, 418], Withler v. Canada (Attorney General), 2011 SCC 12 at paras 2939, 65-67, R. v. Kapp, [2008] 2 SCR 483 at para. 16, Andrews v Law Society of British Columbia,[1989] 1 SCR 143 at para 174-5 11 and obtaining citizenship. Citizenship is a fundamental goal that enables a person’s full participation in Canadian society, including the right to vote. 27. Moreover, as set out above, the disadvantage imposed is arbitrary, as the Policy does not correspond to the circumstances or capacities of Muslim women seeking to take the citizenship oath and does not advance any legitimate purpose. Instead, the Policy is based on and perpetuates invidious prejudices and stereotypes about women, Muslims and Muslim women. 28. The Policy is premised on the view that women use the niqab to fraudulently avoid the oath, by hiding their faces while they remain silent. This view not only reflects prejudices that deny the importance and significance of the niqab to those who wear it, but also implicates broader gender stereotypes about women, whose clothing and attire has been historically given unwarranted attention as a sign of their character and trustworthiness. 23 29. The Policy is also stated to have the purpose of furthering widely accepted Canadian values. Gender equality, social inclusion, mutual respect, and accommodation of difference are all widely accepted Canadian values. To the extent that the Policy relies on values that deny the dignity and autonomy of Muslim women who wear a niqab, it is based on stereotypic and prejudicial views about the lack of autonomy of women in general, and of Muslim women in particular. The Policy also perpetuates and reinforces the pejorative view that religious Muslim attire is not welcome in Canadian public spaces. 23 R. v. Ewanchuk [1999] 1 SCR 330 at 103 12 D. Section 1 of the Charter: No Sufficient Justification Offered 30. The justifications offered by Appellant for its absolute policy of requiring all candidates for Canadian citizenship without exception to remove their face coverings during the taking of the oath fail to satisfy the s. 1 Oakes test. 31. Religious freedoms protected by s. 2(a) of the Charter can be subject to limitations under s. 1 of the Charter when they “disproportionately [collide] with other significant public rights and interests”. 24 For example, the Supreme Court has recognized that freedom can be limited as necessary to protect “public safety, order, health, or morals or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others”. 25 To this end, the Supreme Court has held that s. 2(a) Charter rights can be limited to protect health 26, true security interests 27, to identify individuals and prevent fraud 28, and to assess witness credibility where necessary to protect the constitutionally protected right of an accused to a fair trial. 29 32. None of these justifications for limiting a Charter right have been offered by the Appellant in this case. Instead, the Appellant asserts two objectives: (i) to ensure that citizenship candidates are actually taking the citizenship oath as required by the Act, and (ii) to “reinforce the Canadian values of openness, transparency, equality and social cohesion in the contemporary democratic but diverse Canada”. 24 Bruker v. Marcovitz 2007 SCC 54 at para 72[QL] [Bruker] Big M, supra at paras 95 and 123; 26 B.(R.) v. Children’s Aid Society of Metropolitan Toronto, [1995] 1 SCR 315 at para 226 [QL]; Multani, supra at para 26 27 Amselem, supra at paras 88-89 28 Hutterian Brethern, supra at paras 85 and 101 29 N.S., supra at para. 46 25 13 33. As stated above, Ontario submits that the second of these objectives reveals an alternative purpose for the Policy – manifesting disapproval of religious practices that the Appellant believes are unpopular among certain segments of the Canadian public. This is not a pressing and substantial objective. It is the opposite of mutual tolerance, which is what Iacobucci J. described in Amselem as the “cornerstones of all democratic societies”. 30 Indeed this purpose is contrary to section 2(a) and s. 15 of the Charter and is therefore not capable of justifying a Charter breach. 34. However, if this Court accepts the Appellant’s proffered two purposes – ensuring that the oath is taken and reinforcing Canadian values – Ontario submits that the Appellant fails the second and third steps of the Oakes analysis. 35. With respect to the second step, there is no rational connection between requiring the removal of a face covering to allow a visual inspection of a person’s face while taking the citizenship oath and ensuring that the oath is taken, nor is it minimally impairing. Visual inspection of a person’s face does not prove that the person has actually spoken the words of the oath or affirmation. The proof is already provided by the existing requirement that citizenship candidates sign a certificate certifying they have taken the oath or affirmation. 31 36. There is similarly no rational connection between requiring the removal of a face covering while taking the oath or affirmation and reinforcing Canadian values such as “openness, transparency, equality and social cohesion”. The very act of participating in 30 Amselem, supra at para. 87 Citizenship Regulations, SOR/93-246, s. 21; Citizenship Act, RSC 1985, c C-29, s. 24; Ishaq v. Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, 2015 FC 156 at para 62, Appeal Book, Vol. I, Tab 8; see also Respondent’s Memorandum of Fact and Law, para 91 31 14 the public citizenship ceremony, regardless of whether one’s face is covered, is an act that respects openness, transparency, equality and social cohesion. It reflects a desire to participate fully in Canadian society as a Canadian citizen. It is only not in accordance with the values cited by the Appellant if one accepts that those who cover their faces for religious reasons while swearing the oath are not legitimate participants in the Canadian multicultural community. Ontario submits that such a value judgment is simply wrong and in any event is certainly not a constitutional justification for infringing a Charter protected right. In contrast, Ontario submits that religious tolerance and equality rather than intolerance and discrimination reflect Canadian values. Singling out certain religious Muslim women and requiring them to remove their face coverings in public, contrary to their religious beliefs, creates social disharmony and exclusion, not cohesion. This singling out is fundamentally inconsistent with s. 2(a) and s. 15 and cannot provide a rational connection under s. 1. 37. Finally, in this case, the Policy’s absolute position also fails the proportionality stage of the Oakes analysis. In NS, even where an accused’s constitutionally protected fair trial rights, including the right to make full answer and defence (protected under ss. 7 and 11(d) of the Charter), conflicted with the witness’s freedom of religion Charter right, a majority of the Supreme Court rejected the requirement of an absolute prohibition on the wearing of a niqab while testifying as a witness in a criminal court proceeding. The majority found that an absolute ban on witnesses wearing a niqab while testifying was “inconsistent with Canadian jurisprudence, courtroom practice, and our tradition of requiring state institutions and actors to accommodate sincerely held 15 religious beliefs insofar as possible”. 32 Witnesses are not automatically required to “park their religion at the courtroom door” as that is “inconsistent with the jurisprudence and Canadian tradition”. 33 Nor should citizenship applicants be required to park their sincerely held religious beliefs at the door to join the Canadian family. 38. Moreover, unlike NS, there is no countervailing Charter interest. While the Appellant has argued that there are core national values of “openness, transparency, equality and social cohesion” that are incompatible with the wearing of a face covering during the taking of the citizenship oath or affirmation, Ontario submits that these values are advanced rather than undermined by respecting and accommodating religious belief during citizenship ceremonies. The Appellant has taken a narrow view of “core national values”; a view that fails to consider Canada’s strong egalitarian, secular, multicultural and democratic tradition, heritage, commitment and interest in protecting the dignity and diversity of Canadians. In NS, the Supreme Court stated: “ …the Canadian approach in the last 60 years to potential conflicts between freedom of religion and other values has been to respect the individual’s religious belief and accommodate it if at all possible…. The need to accommodate and balance sincerely held religious beliefs against other interests is deeply entrenched in Canadian law. For over half a century this tradition has served us well. To depart from it would set the law down a new road, with unknown twists and turns.” 34 39. The balancing urged by the Appellant would, to use the words of the Supreme Court, “set the law down a new road”. Ontario submits that this is a road that is divisive and intolerant, and does not support a multicultural or egalitarian Canada. 32 N.S., supra at para 51 Ibid at para 2 34 Ibid at para 54 33 16 40. The Appellant argues that the once in a life time importance of the citizenship ceremony dictates that the Respondent should conform and compromise her religious beliefs. Ontario submits that the opposite is true; during a ceremony as important as citizenship, the Respondent should be free to embrace her religious identity, be treated equally with others, and not leave her identity at the door. PART IV: ORDER SOUGHT 41. The Attorney General of Ontario does not seek costs and asks that no costs be awarded against her. ALL OF WHICH IS RESPECTFULLY SUBMITTED. September 9, 2015 __________________________________ Courtney Harris __________________________________ Rochelle S. Fox __________________________________ Hayley Pitcher Counsel for the Attorney General of Ontario 17 PART V: AUTHORITIES 1. Mouvement laïque québécois v. Saguenay (City), 2015 SCC 16 2. R. v. Big M Drug Mart Ltd., [1985] 1 SCR 295 3. S.L. v. Commission scolaire des Chênes 2012 SCC 7 4. R v. Oakes [1986] 1 SCR 103 5. R. v. N.S. 2012 SCC 72 6. Syndicat Northcrest v. Amselem, 2004 SCC 47 7. Alberta v. Hutterian Brethren of Wilson Colony, 2009 SCC 37 8. Multani v. Commission scolaire Marguerite-Bourgeoys, 2006 SCC 6 9. S. Weinrib, An Exemption for Sincere Believers: The Challenge of Alberta v. Hutterian Brethren of Wilson Colony 2011 56 McGill LJ 719 at 725 10. Lavoie v. Canada 2002 SCC 23 11. Kahkewistahaw First Nation v. Taypotat, 2015 SCC 30 12. Quebec (Attorney General) v. A, [2013] 1 SCR 61 13. Withler v. Canada (Attorney General), 2011 SCC 12 14. R. v. Kapp, [2008] 2 SCR 483 15. Andrews v Law Society of British Columbia,[1989] 1 SCR 143 16. R. v. Ewanchuk [1999] 1 SCR 330 17. Bruker v. Marcovitz 2007 SCC 54 18. B.(R.) v. Children’s Aid Society of Metropolitan Toronto, [1995] 1 SCR 315 19. Ishaq v. Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, 2015 FC 156 1. 18 APPENDIX LEGISLATION Citizenship Regulations, s. 21 CITIZENSHIP REGULATIONS 1. [RepealetL SORQOUQ-IDS, 5. 2] 2. In these Regulations, ?Act? means the Citizenship Act; ?citizenship court? Repealed, St s. 3 ?citizenship office" means a place where a citizenship judge or citizenship of?cer performs duties under the Act; (bureau do In ei'wyennet??j ?citizenship officer" means a person who is authorized by the Ntinister in writing to peifoim the duties of a citi? zenship o?'icer prescribed by these Regulations; (agent do In oftoyermeki) ?foreign service of?cer" means a Canadian diplomatic or consular of?cer who is accredited to carr},r out or is car? rying out official duties in the in which a person making an application or a registration or giving a notice pursuant to the Act. resides or, if there is no such officer in that country. such an of?cer who is accredited to carryr out or is carrying out official duties in a near?n}P country; (agent d1: service ext?rfeur) ?Hague Convention on Adoption? means the Convention on the Protection 01' Children and (Io-operation in re- spect of Inter?Country Adoption that was concluded on 29, 1993 and came into force on Ntay 1995; {Convention sur 1 'odoption) ?Element:1 means the father or mother of a child, whether or not the child was born in wedlock, and includes an adoptive parent; (garment) ?prescribed? [Repealed 5?129, s. ?Registrar? means the Registrar of Canadian Citizen- ship. (graffiti?) ?Regulations? means the Citizenship Regdcm'ons. No. 2. (Regiomemil s. l; s. s. 1. GRANT OF CITIZENSHIP 3. Repealed, moms?129, 5. 2 3.1 RepcalecL summits?129. s. 2] REGLEMENI SUR LA CITOYENNETE 1. [shrugs Dons-2009408. art. 2] 2. [.es de?nitions qui suivent s?appliquent au present ?agent de la citoyennet? Personne que le ministre auto? risc par corit :1 Ics Functions d?agcnt do In ci- toy'ennete preserites par le present reglement. {citizen? ship (J?ricer) ?agent du service exterieur? Agent diplomatique ou eonsulaire eanadien accredite ou exereant des i'onetions of?ciellcs dans le pays dc rcsidence d?une personne qui t'ait une demande. fait l'aire une immatrieulation ou donne un avis aux termes de la Loi ou. si on tel agent n"est pas en paste dans ce pays, tout agent accredite ou exereant des functions of?eielles dans un pays voisin. Ubrer'gn service oj?cer) ?bureau de la citoyennete? Lieu of] le juge de la ci? toyennete ou l?agent de la citoyennete exerce les t?onc? lions que lcur attribue la Loi. (mommiup office) ?Convention sur l'adoption 1) La Convention sur la pro? tection des enfants et la cooperation on matiere d'adop- tion internationalc, conclue a Ilayc le mai 1993 ct entree en vigueur le l? mai l995. (Hague Convention an Adoption] gre?ier Le gretlier de la eitoy'ennete eanadienne. {Registrar} ?Lei? La Lot sur? In ei'roveimet?. (Act) ?parent? pere ou la mere d"un enfant, que l?enfant soil on non ne' dans le mariage, compris un parent adoptil?. (parent) prescril [3113109315, 5- 129, an. 1] ?Reglement? Le Regfemem n? 2 .i'ur to eitoyeimere. (Regulations) consume?25:1. art. mansions?ms. arl. 3; consents?129, art. 1. ATTRIBUTIDN DE LA CITOYENNETE 3. Aliroge_. art. 2 3.1 Ab1nge, DORSQDI 5?129, art. 2] snares?246 (2) Unless the Minister otherwise directs, a certi?cate of citizenship issued to a person who has been granted citizenship under subsection 5(1) of the Act shall be pre- sented at a ceremony described in subsection 13. [Repealed, OATH 0F CITIZENSIHP 19. (1) Subject to subsection 5(3) of the Act and sec- tion 22 of these Regulations, a person who has been granted citizenship under subsection 5(1) of the Act shall take the oath of citizenship by swearing or solemnly af? ?rming it before a citizenship judge. (2) Unless the Minister otherwise directs, the oath of citizenship shall be taken at a citizenship ceremony. (3) If a person is to take the oath of citizenship at a citizenship ceremony, a certificate of citizenship shall be forwarded by the Registrar to a citizenship o?icer of the appropriate citizenship office, who shall notify the per- son of the date, time and place at which the person is to appear before the citizenship judge to take the oath of citizenship and receive the person?s certi?cate of citizen- ship. SON-20394133, s. 21 (El. 20. (1) Subject to subsection 5(3) of the Act and sec- tion 22 of these Regulations, a person who is 14 years of age or older on the day on which the person is granted citizenship under subsection 5(2) or (4) or 11(1) of the Act shall take the oath of citizenship by swearing or solemnly allirming it before a citizenship judge, if the person is in Canada; or before a foreign service officer, if the person is outside Canada. (2) Where a person is to take the oath of citizenship pursuant to subsection the Registrar shall torward a certi?cate of citizenship to .31 10 19 ages: 30, 21915 (2) moins dc directives eontraircs du ministre, le certi?cat de eitoyennete d?livre au nom d?une personne qui s?est vu attrihuer la citoyennet? en vertu du para- graphe 511} de la Loi doit lui remis lors de la cere- monie visee au paragraphe (I). 13. [Abroge, couscous?103, art. at? SERWNT D17. 3TH 19. Sous reserve du paragraphc 5(3) dc la Loi et de l?article 22 do present reglement, la personne qui s'est v11 attrihuer la eitoyennete en vertu du paragraphe de la Loi doit prEter le serrnent de citoyennete par un ser? ment ou une af?rmation solcnnelle faite devant 1e juge de la citoyennete. (2) moins de directives eontraircs du ministre, le sentient dc citoyenncte doit C'tre prete lors d?une ceremo- nie de la eitoyennete. (3) Lorsqu?une personne doit pr?ter 1e serrnent de el- toyennete lors d?une ceremonie {le la citoyeruiete, le gre?ier [ail pary'enir 1e certi?eat de eitoyennete a ljagent de la citoyennete du bureau de la citoyennete competent, lequel avise la personne des date, heure ct lieu auxquels elle doit comparaitre devant 1e juge de la citoyennet? pour proter le serrnent de eitoyennete et son cer- ti?eat de eitoyennete. art. 2101}. 20. (1) Sous reserve du paragraphe 5(3) dc la Loi ct de l?anicle 22 du present reglement, la personne qui a 14 ans revolus a la date a laquclle ellc se voit attrihucr la ci- toyennet? en veltu des paragraplies 512] 011 cu 11(1) dc la l.oi doit pretcr le serrnent de citoycnnete par un ser- rnent ou une af?rmation solennelle fail at] au Canada, deeant lejuge de la citoyennete, b} a lietranger, deviant l?agent Llu service exterieur. (2) Lorsqu?une personne doit pr?ter le serment de ci- toyennete en vertu du paragrapbe le grellier doit o) si le serrnent (loit etre prete au Canada, transmettre le certitieat dc citoyennete a I?a gent de la citoyennete HORSE 3-246 it' the oath is to be taken in Canada, a citizenship of?cer of the citizenship oHice that the Registrar con? siders appropriate in the circumstances; or re) if the oath is to be taken in another country. a for- eign service ellieer in that country. (3) A citizenship of?cer or foreign service officer mentioned in paragraph or shall notif}r the per- son of the date, time and place at which the person is to appear and take the oath of citizenship. as. s. not}; st 5. 21. Subject to section 22, a person who takes the oath of citizenship pursuant to subsection 19(1) or 20(1) shall, at the time the person takes it, sign a certificate in prescribed form certifying that the person has taken the oath, and the certi?cate shall be countersigned by the cit? izenship officer or foreign service of?cer who adminis- tered the oath and forwarder] to the Registrar. 22. The Minister or a person authorized by the Minister in writing to act on the Minister?s behalf ma},r administer the oath of citizenship to any person who has been granted citizenship and, in such case, the Registrar shall make all necessary arrangements for the purpose of administering the oath. (2) Where the Minister or a person authorized by the Minister in writing to act on the Minister?s behalf ad- ministers the oath of citizenship, a citizenship officer who is authorized to do so by the Registrar shall counter- sign the certi?cate and forward it to the Registrar. SURINAME, s. .1. 23. [Repeal-ed, s. 2] DATES, SOLEMN AFFIRMATIONS 24. Subject to sections 19 to 22, an}r oath, solemn af- ?rmation or declaration that is made for the purposes of the Act or these Regulations may be taken before the Registrar, a citizenship judge, a citizenship of? ?cer, a commissioner for taking oaths, a notary public or a justice of the peace, it? made in Canada; or 11 20 3t? gear 205 du bureau dc la qu?il jugc competent en l?espece; h] .si le serment doit ctre pr?te dans un autre pays, transmettre 1c certificat dc citoyenncte a l?agent do service exterieur de ce pays. (3) L?agent de la citoj-?ennete ou l?agerit {111 service ext?rieur vise aux alineas {21o} on b) avise la personne des date, heure et lieu ausquels elle dolt eomparaitre pour pr?ter le serment de citoyennete. couscous?ms. art. 22m); consents?129, art. 5. 21. Sous resm?e de l?article 22, la personne qui prete Ic de citojrenncte aux tonnes paragrapth 19(1) ou rloit, au moment de la prestation du ser? ment, signer un certificat. selon la formule prescrite pour certi?er qu?elle a pn?le 1e serment, et le certiticat doil ctre conlresigne' par l?agent de la citoyennet? ou l?agent do service exterieur qui a fait preter 1e sentient et trans- mis au greffier. 22. he ministrc ou la personnc qu"i a deleguec par eerit peut faire preter 1e sermth de citoyennete toute personne qui s?est vu attribuer la citoyennete. Tun parcil cas, le gre?ier les dispositions necessaires pour la prestation du seiment. (2) Lorsque le ministre ou la persenne qu?il a dele- guee par ecrit fail pr?tcr lc dc citoyennete a one personne, l?agent de la eiloyennete autorise par le grell ?er conb'esigne le certi?cat et le transrnet a ce dernier. :In. 4. 23. [Ab-rage. art. 2] SERMFINTS, AFFIRMATIONS FLT DECLARATIONS SOLENNELLES 24. Sous reserve des articles 19 a 22., tout prete ou toutc allirmation ou declaration faite pour l?application de la Loi on do present 1'eglement peul l?clre scares?246 a foreign service officer1 a judge, a magistrate, an of?cer of a court of justice or a commissioner autho- rized to administer oaths in the country in which the person is living. if made outside Canada. REPLACEMENT. SURRENDER .9051) CA NCELLATIUN 01" CljR'l'lli'ICA'l'ES 25. Sulrieet to subsection no person shall hold to) more than one valid certi?cate of naturalization or certi?cate of citi? zenship? and (ii) miniature certificate of citizenship or other eer? tifieate of citizenship that contains the person?s photograph; or more than one certificate of renunciation. (2) Where a person is included in a certi?cate of natu? ralization that relates to more than one person, the per- son may also hold a certificate of citizenship. (3) When a person who has been granted or issued a certificate of naturalization, certificate of citi7enship, miniature certi?cate of citizenship or other certificate of citizenship that contains the person ?s photograph makes an application for a certi?cate of citizenship under sec? tion 14 of the Regulations, the person shall surrender all certificates referred to in paragraph (UM) that are in the person?s possession to a citizenship of?cer or foreign service of?cer at the time the application is ?led or at the time the new certi?cate is received. (4) [Repealed, SCREEN 5-129, s. (5) When a person who has been issued a certi?cate of renunciation makes an application for another certifi- cate. the person shall surrender the previously issued eer- ti?cate to a citizenship of?cer or foreign service of?cer at the time the application is filed or at the time the new certi?cate is received. it 12 21 egos: 30, 28:5 a] au Canada, devant le gret?fier1 1e juge de la eitojren- nete, l?agent de la citoyennete, 1e commissaire aux serments, le notaire ou lejuge de pairs; h} a l?etranger. devant Pagent the service exterieur, 1e juge, 1e magistrat, l?agent d?une cour de justice ou le commissaire autorise a faire pr?ter les serrnents dans le pays oil r?side la personne. E'l' DES 25. (1) Sons reserve du paragraphc il est interdit a quiconque de posseder, selon 1e cas a] plus d'un certi?cat de naturalisation valide ou d'un certificat dc citoj-?enncte validej (ii) d?un certi?eat de citoyennete valide petit for? mat on d?un autre certificat de citoyennete valide portant sa photographic; plus d?un eertifieat de repudiation. (2) [Joe personne comprise dans un certi?cat de natu? ralisation relatif a plus d?une personne peut aussi ?tre ti- tulaire d?un eertifieat dc citoircnnet?. (3) La personne qui s'est vu attribuer ou delivrer un certificat de naturalisation, un certi?cat de citoyennete, un certifieat de eitoyennete' petit format ou autre certi?- cat de portant sa photographic doit. co vue diohtenir un certi?cat de citoyennete en vertu de l?ar? ticle l4 du Reglement, restituer a l?agent de la citoyen- ou a l?agcnt do service cxt?ricur tous les rises 21 l?alinea (Do) qu'elle a en sa possession soit au moment oil elle depose sa demande, soit a celui on elle recoil le nouveau eerti?eat. (4) [Ahrogd DORSIEO 29, art. 6] (5) La personne qui s'est vu delis-Ter un certi?cat de repudiation et qui depose une demande en vue d?en ohte- nir un autre mstitue a l?agent de la eiwyennete on a l?agent du service ext?rieur le certificat dc r?pudiation ant?rieur soit au moment on cl le d?pose sa demande, soil 3 celui ou elle recoit le nouveau certi?cat. Shaft tille D?inili unis "Izugl'lj ?cn i: all" citizen Ihi p? or a'arfr?l'ir'rr! als- cuoyennei?? ?certi?cate of atumlizu?en'? a arti?ce! de- unrn In raw! ra - ?certi?cate of renunciation" (arti?ce! de- rdpuu?mbarr ?chi rt? 1: eaten? Ju ?citizen? t: ?citizenship? Citoyeririet? 1o ?cinema-lip judge" ?th? de fr:- \r ?cultrnul-Iuw cal-Liam! de?m io- L'Dlutf' ?fulmcl Act" ?e amrenm? to: la 2. Citizenship Act, R80 1985, 0-29, 3. 24 An Act respecting citizcmhip SHORT TITLE 1. This fict may he cited as the Citizenship Act. 191133536. c.1118, a. I. WTERPRETATTON 2. (I) In this Act, ?certificate cal' citizenship" means a certificate of citizenship issued or granted under this Act or under U11: former Act; ?certificate of naturalization" means a certifi- cate cf naturalimtion granted under any Act that was in force in Canada at any time before January l, 194?; ?certificate of renunciation" means, unless a contraryr intention appears. a certificate of re- nunciation issued under this Act; ?child? includes a child adopted or legitimized in accordance with the laws of the place where the adoption or legitimation took place; ?citizen? means a Canadian citizen; ?citizenship? means Canadian citizenship; ?citizenship judge" means a citizenship judge appointed under section 35; ?common-law partner", in relation to an indi- vidual, means a peratm who is cohabiting, with the individual in a conjubal relationship, having so cohabited for a period of at least one year; ?Court? means the Federal Court; ?disability? [Repealed 1992, c. 21, a. 6] ?fonner Act? means the Canadian Citizenship Act, chapter (3-19 of the Revised Statutes of Canada, Lat conccmant la citcyermcte .iaRaca 1. Lot sur la ciroyemief?. 191911135456. ch. IDS, art. I. DEFINITIONS ET 2. (1) Lee definitions qui pliquent a la present-c loi. suivcril s?ap? a anciennc a La Lei .sur la citoyennet? cam:? dianne, chapilrc C?lg dea Statute revises du Canada dc l9?0. certi?cnt dc :5 Le ccrtit'icat dc ci? toyennel? delivre en vertu de la presente loi ou accorde en vertu de l?ancienne loi. a certifical. de naturalisalion? Le certificat dc namralisation accorde en vertu d?une loi en vi- gucur au Canada avant le l"_janvicr 194?. ?certi?cat cle repudiation? Sauf indication contraire, le dc repudiation delivre sous le regime de la presente loi. citoyen Citoyen canadieri. or citoyenneti': a canadienne. conjoint dc fait); La personne qui vit avee la personne on cause dans uric relation conjugale depuis au moins uri an. Cour 1) La Cour l'?dcrale. a enfant a Tom enfant, 1! com pris l'enfant adoo te nu legitime au droit du lieu dc l?adoption ou de la le'gitimation. a incapacit? [Abrog?q 1992, ch. art. 6] juge dc 1a citoyennet? a Jugc nomme en vertu de l?article 26. 22 Titre nhl?g? De?ni? one a lai in ??rmer Ar!? c- ccrti Ernl rle ?u?urhjirnru .21! citizenship? at rcr??cal de- nnlumlisa? on 39 ?certificate of or terri?c-rut rh- Idpudia?cm Jo ?carri?rnrr' .gf 0? ciluy or I:in mnct? "citizenship" a cmjnim rll: fair ?common-Mia pen-trier? c- )0 ?Cum!? 90: tr?ai'it a) ?t'hiicf' I.'l iuge In ciloycnnet? ?Minute-r? (t niimrtre a ?millur? 1t tummy um?. legislation" a i'?gtei'nrmn criteria-tire )6 Interpretation Palsan who are citizens Citizenship ?Minister? means such member of the Queen?s Privy Council for Canada as is designated by the Govemor in Council as the Minister for the purposes of this fret; ?minor? means a person who has not attained the age of eighteen years; ?prior legislation" means an}? Act respecting naturalization or citizenship that was in force in Canada at an}r time before February [51 19W. (2) For the purposes of this Act, a person is deemed to be born in Canada if the person is born on a Canadian vessel as defined in section 2 ol' the Canada ?apping 2001, or on an aireraft registered in Canada under the Aeronautics Act and regu- lations made under that Aer; a person who is lanuliI'r' present and en? titled to pennanently reside in Canada is deemed to have been admitted to Canada for permanent residence; and a person against whom a removal order has been made remains under that order unless all rights of review try or appeal to the Immigration Appeal Division of the Immigration and Refugee Board, the Fed? eral Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court of Canada have been exhausted with respect to the order and the linal result ol? those reviews or appeals is that the order has no force or elleet, or (ii) until the order has been executed. R.S.. 1935. c. [3?29. s. 2; ELEL. 1935, e. 28 Hill Supp}. 36;199'2, e. 21, s. 1030, c. 12, a 74: 2001. c. 26, 5. 286. e. s. 21102. e. s, s. an; 2mm, 14, s. i. PART I THE RIGHT TO CITIZENSHIP 3. (1) Subject to this Act. a person is a citi- zen if the person was born in lCanada after Febmary 142 the person was born outside Canada after February 14, 19?? and at the time of his birth one of his parents, other than a parent who adopted him. was a citizen; the person has been granted or acquired eitiaenship pursuant to section 5 or and in the ease of a person who is fourteen years of A ?grist .30, 205 legislation anterieure ii Ensemble des iois eoneernant la naturalisation no la eiloyennete et en vigueur au Canada avant 1e l5 I?vrier 19?? mineur )1 de moins de dix-huit ans. ministren) Le membre du Conseil prive de la Reine pour le Canada charge par le gouvemeur en conseil de l'applieatiori de la presente loi. (2) Pour i'applieation de la presente a) la personne nee a bord d'un batiment ea? nadien, au sens de l'article 2 de la Lei a'e 200i star la marine mareirande (in Canada, on a herd d'un aeronei' immatricule au lCanada sous le regime de la Lot sur i?a?ro? et de ses reglemems est reputee nee au Canada; b) is personne qui se trouve legalement au ITianada et qui a te droit d?y r?sider en perma- nence est republic avoir l?galement ad? mise a titre dc resident permanent; e) une mesure de renvoi reste en vigueur jusqu?a, selon le cas son annulation apr?s ?puisement des voies de recours devant to motion d?appe1 de [immigration de la Commission do i?immigration ct du statut de refugie, la Cour d?appel [tiderale et la Cour supr?me du Canada, (ii) son ex?cution. LR. {1935), ch. (3?29, art. 2: LR. (1935), ch. 18 auppl.}. art. 36; 1992.:11. 21, art. a; ch. 16, art. 286, 111.21 an. 227.1; 2002, ch. 8, art. 183: 2008. eh. 14, art. mans I LE DROIT a. La errorarmara 3. (1) Sous reserve des autres dispositions de la presente loi, a qualit? de citoyen toute personne I a) nee au lCanada apres le '14 fevrier 1977', b) nee a l?elranger apr?s le 14 fevrier 19'1"? d?un pore ou d?une mere avant qualite de ei? toyen au In em ent de la naissanee?, c) ayant obtenu la eitoyennete par attri- bution ou acquisition sous le r?gime des articles 5 ou ii at ayant, si elle elait ago.- 23 a legislation :9 it'grsiutmn" tr mineur? ?mam? a ministn: a ?Manner? Interpretation (.?imyens Cfrayeme r? age or over on the day that he is granted eili- zenahip, he has laken the oath nl'eilizenship?, i) Ihe person has been granted eilinenship under section 5. l; the person was a eitizen immediately be? fore February 15, the person was entitled, immediater be? fore February l5. 193T to become a eiliireri under paragraph of the Act; before the coming into force of this para? graph, the person eeased to be a citizen for any reason other than the following reasons and did not subsequently heecrme a eitizen: the person renounced his or her eili- zenship under any of the following provi- sierra: (A) paragraph 19(3)(e) of the Canadian Citizenship Act, SC. 194?, e. 15, as en? aebed by SC. 1951, e. 12, 3. paragraph ol' the Canadian Citizenship ACE, R. SC. 1953, e. 33, (C) subparagraph 19f of the Canadian Aer, REE. 1952, e. 33-, as enacted by SC. e. 4, s. 5, (D) subparagraph of the former Act, (E) section 8 of the Citizenship Aer, SC. e. 108, or (F) section 9 Uli'll'II-S Act, (ii) the person's eilimnship was revoked for false representation, fraud or conceal- ment of material circumstances under any of the following provisions: (A) paragraph 21(1)(b) of the Canadi? SC. 1946,e. 15, (13) paragraph 19(1}(b) ol'lhe Canadian Citizenship/Jet, SC. 1946, e. 15, as en? acted 195i), c. 29, s. 8, paragraph 19(1)(b) of' the Canadian Citizenship Act, REC. 1052, e. 33, as it read before the coming into force of An Act to amend the Canada}: Cirizemhip Aer, 196168, e. 4, .30 d?au mains quatorae ans, pr?l? le serment Lie eitayennele', C. i) ayanl (hblenu la citeyennele par attribu? tion au litre de ljartiele a) ayanteette qualite au 14 f?vrier 193?; e) habile, au 14 f?vrier 1977, a devenir ei- toyen aux tenures de I?alin?a 5(13b) ele l'an? eienne loi; j) qui, avanl Pentree en vigueur (lu present alinea, a cease (ran: eiloyen pour un motil' autre que les motifs ei-apree ct n?est pas sol} sequent ment deve nu eitoyen elle a renone? a sa eilnyennet? au titre Lie l'une des dispositions suivantes (A) 1?alinea de la La! .mr ia ci? rayennet? eanaa'ienne, SC. 1946, eh. 15, same par SC. 1951, eh 12, an. 3, (B) I?alinea de la Loi sur ia ei- Irnnennei? L'anasi'ienne, SEC. 1952, ch. 33, (C) lo sows-almost de la Lei sm- ia eiioyennei? eanadie?ime, 1952, ch. 33, ?eliet? par at: tom?es, ch. 4, art. 5, (D) 16 sous?alin?a Lie 1"an? eienneloi, (E) l?artielc 8 de la Loi 3w ia ctroyen? nere?, 31.2. 1934-?5?7?6, eh. 108, (F) l'artiele 9 de la presume lei, (ii) aa eitayennete a as retroquee pour muse de l'ausae declaration, fraud-e on dis? simulation do fairs essentier au titre de l?une des dispositions suivantes (A) l?alin?a de la Loi Stir ia ci? onemiei?? canaa?ieime, 1946, ch. 15, (El) l?alim'm 19(1)b) de la Loi am is: ei- rayennei?? cama?isnne, SC. 1946, eh. 1S, ?diet? par SC. 1950, ch. 29, art. a, (C) l?a1in?a 19(1333) ole la i'.ai .wr ia ei- tayennei? canadienne, SEC. 1952, eh. 33, Clans ses versions anterieuree a 1'en? tree on vigueur rle la Loi modifiam ia Lei Stir ia eiraysimet? canadismte, SAC. 19457-68, ch. 4, 24 De?nition of ?try way of great" eat-nut! cll'tld Child n?tr dealh of citizenship Citizenship (9) ln subsections (2.1) to (2.4) and (6.2.), ?by way ol'granl? means by way of grant under this Act or under prior legislation, by way of acquisition under this Act or by way of rcsump tion under prior legislation. 11.3., 1985. 15.029, 5.3;1995. 15.5.5. 15', 2007, e. 24. 5.1: ZEIUH, C. 22. s.1. 4. (1) For the purposes of paragraph 3(1) (0), every person who, before apparently attain? ing the age of seven years, was found as a de- serted child in Canada shall be deemed to have been born in Canada, unless the contrary is proved within seven years from the date the person was found. (2) For the purposes of paragraph 30312)) and subsection where a child is born after the death of either ol'his parents, the child shall be deemed to have been bon?l bet-ore the death of that parent. (3) [Repealed 2008, c. 14, s. 3] as, lasts, a. 0?29, 5. 4-, ?lms, c. I4, s. s. 5. The Minister shall grant eitiaenship to an}.r person who makes application for citizenship; is eighteen years of age or over; is a permanent resident within the mean- ing of subsection 2(1) of the Immigration and Re?rgee Protection Act, has, subject to the regulations, no unful?lled conditions un- der that Act relating to his or her status as a permanent resident and has, since becoming a permanent resident, been physically present in Canada for at least 1,450 days during the six years im? mediately before the date of his or her ap- plication, (ii) been physically present in Canada for at least 133 days during each of four cal? endar years that are fully or partially with- in the six years immediately before the date of his or her application, and met any applicable requirement under the Inc'rmre Terr Act to ?le a return of in- come in respect of four taxation years that are fully or partially within the six years August .30, 205 f9) Aux paragraphes (2.1) a (14) at (6.2), a obtenir la citoyennete par attribution s?en? lend du iait d?obtenir Ia ciloyennete par attribu- tion en vertu de la presente loi ou de la legisla? tic-n anterieure, par acquisition en vertu de la presente loi ou par reprise en vertu de la legis lation anterieure. LR. {1935}. ell. 0-29. art. 3; 1995, m. 5,311. 25-, sent. ch. 14, an. 1-, was. en. 14, art. 24:1 13'. 2:114, eh. 22.311. 2. 4. (1) Pour l?application de llalinea 3(l)tr), l?enfant ahandonn? trouve au Canada avant l??ge apparent de sept ans est repute Etre ne au Canada saut' prettye do contraire faite dans les sepl ans qui suivent Ia date a laquelle il a are Irouv?. (3) Pour l?applieation de l?alinea 3(135) ct du paragraphe l?enfant ne apres 1e de son pere ou de sa mere est repute Etre ne avant ce deaths. (3) [Abrogi 2008, ch. 14, art. 3] Lit. (19:15}, ell. (1.29. art. 4: tuna. d1. 14. art. 3. 5. (1) Le ministre attrihue Ia citoyennete a mute personne qui, a la Ibis en t?aitlademandej. b) est ?g?e d'au moins dix?huit ans; 6) est un resident permanent au sens du pa- ragraphe 2(1) de la Loi stir t?r'mmigrarion e! to protection Lies r?firgi?s?, a, sous reserve dos reglements. satisfait a toute condition ratta- eh?e a son statut de resident permanent en yertu de celle loi et, apres Etre deyenue re? sident permanent a as el'iectiyement pr?sent au Canada pendant au moins millc quatrc cent soixante jours au cours des six ans qui ont precede la date de sa demande. [ii] a ete effectivement present au Canada pendant au moins cent qualre?vingt trois jours par annec civile au cours de quatre des amides completement ou partiellement comprises dans les six ans qui ont precede la date de sa demande, a rempli toute exigence applicable prevue par la Lei" de I 'r'mpdr sur la ravens de presenter unc declaration dc rcvenu pour quatrc des annees d?impoaition com- 14 25 De?nition de a ublmirla draft-uncle par allrihutitm Elilaill En?nt e' arm}! I: d?c'es d?un de 595 Arh'ihllti en ti: la citrlyennete Folio-Ii of physical presence spouse ucr cummem-lsw partner of tilian Period of physical presmce permanent residents C'froyerme t? immediately belinre the date of his or her applicalion', intends, il' granted citizenship, to continue to reside in Canada, (ii) to enter into, or continue in, employ? ment outside lCanada in or with the Cana- dian Armed l-?orces, the federal public ad? ministration or the public service of a province. otherwise than as a loeallj,r en- gaged person, or to reside with his or her spouse or common-law partner or parent, who is a Canadian citinen or permanent resident and is employed outside lCanada in or with the Canadian Armed Forces, the federal public administration or the public service of a province, otherwise than as a locally engaged person; (at) it under 65 years of age at the date of his or her application, has an adequate knowl? edge of one of the of?cial languages of Canada; if under {15 years of age at the chute of his or her application, demonstrates in one of the official languages of Canada that he or she has an adequate knowledge of Canada and of the reaminsibilities and privileges of citinen- ship, and is not under a removal order and is not the subject of a declaration by the Governor in Council made pursuant to section 10. (1.01] Any day during which an applicant for citizenship resided with the applicantls spouse or common-law partner who at the time was a Canadian citizen and was employed out- side Canada in or with lhe Canadian Armed Forces2 the federal public administration or the public service of a province, otl'ierwise than as a locall'j.r engaged person, shall be treated as equivalent to one day of physical presence in Canada for the purposes of paragraphs (1313:) and 1 1(1 (1.02] Any day during which an applicant tor citizenship was a permanent resident within the meaning of subsection 2(1) of the Immigra- tion and Ra?rgea Protection Act and was em- ployed ouLside Canada in or with the Canadian Armed Forces, the federal public administra? 30 pletement ou partiellem ent comprises dans les sit-t ans qui ont pr?cede la date de sa demande; of) a l?intention, si elle obtient la eitoyen- note, selon le eas de continuer a r?sider au Canada, [ii] d?occuper ou de continuer occuper un emploi a l'?lranger. sans avoir etc en- gagtic sur place, au service Forces ar- mces canadiennes ou dc l?administration puhlique federale oru de celle cl?une pro- vince, de resider avec son repute: conjoint de l'ail, son pere on sa mere qui est ci? toycn ou resident penuanent ct est, sans avoir as engagee sur place, an service, 5 l??tranger, des Forces armees canadiennes ou de l?adminisb'ation publique [seems ou de cello dlunc province. Li] si ellc a moins de 55 ans a la date de sa demande, a une connaissance suffisante de l'tlne des langues officialles du Canada; e) si elle a mains de 65 ans a la date cle sa demande, d?ntontrc dans l?une des langues offieielles du Canada qu?elle a unc eonnais sance suffisante du Canada et des responsa- hilit?s et avantages conl'eres par la eitoyen- nete', j} nest pas sous le coup d?une mesure de renvoi et n?est pas visee par une declaration du gouverneur en conseil faite en application de l?artiele 2t). (1.01) List assimile a unjour de presence ef- fective au Canada pour l?application alin?as (Dc) et tout jour pendant lequel l?au? teur d?une dcmande de eitoyennete a reside avec son epoLot ou conjoint de fait alors que ce- lLli?ci etait ciloyen et etait, sans avoir as enga? ge stir place, an service, a l'?lranger, des Forces canadiennes ou de l?administration pu? blique federale ou de cclle d?une province. (1.02) Est assimilc a unjour dc ct? tective au Canada pour l?application dos alincas (Dc) et tout jour pendant lequel l?au? teur d'une demande de eitoyennete' etait re- sident permanent au sens du paragraphe 2(1) de la Loi immigration at to protection obs re? 26 Period: t?b praise-u cc e?'ectitre ?puut uu mnincinl dc fail d?un dim-'11] P?'riudc press-n or effective residerls permaan Folio-d of physical presence residing with per-man art residents Jnlealtiun Canadian Armed Forte-s per-rum: ell! resident Calla?all Forte-s person attached or seconded ti-ranl citizenship Citizenship lion or the public service of' a province1 olher? wise than as a locally engaged person? shall he. treated as equivalent to one day of physical presence in Canada for the purposes of para? graphs (1)03) and 110K610- Any day during, which an applicant for citizenship was the spouse or common?law partner, or child, of a permanent resident re? ferred to in subsection and resided with that permanent resident shall be treated as equivalent to one day of physical presence in Canada For the purposes of paragraphs and ll?ljftij. (1.1) For the purposes of paragraphs (1)11: I) and 11(1)(d1), the person's intention must be continuous front the date of his or her applica? tion until they have taken lhe with of eitinen? ship. (1.2) Paragraph does not apply to a permanent resident within the meaning of set} section 2U) of the Immigration and Re?rgec Protection Act who has, subject to the regula- tions. no unful?lled conditions under that Act relating to his or her status as a permanent resi- dent and who during the six years immediately before the date of his or her application? completed three years of- service in [he Canadian Armed Forces; and has met any applicable requirement un- der the Income Tax Act to ?le a return of in- come in respect of three taxation years that are fully or partially within the six years l1'l'l- mediately before the date of his or her appli? cation. However: paragraph does apply to the permanent resident it" he or she was released other than honourahly Item the ICanadian Armed Forces. (1.3) Paragraph (121(0) does not apply to a person who is or was attached or seconded to the Canadian Armed Forces and who, within the six years immediately before the date of his or her application, completed three years ol'ser- vice with the Canadian Armed Forces. The Minister shall grant citizenship to an}.r person who is a permanent resident within lhe meaning of suhseclion 2U) of lhe Immigra- .30, 205 jirgr?s el ?tait, sans ayoir rile engage sur place, an serviceP l'etranger? des Forces armees ca? nadiennes ou de l?adrninistration publique I'?de- rale ou de oellc d?une province. (1.03) Dans le cas oil l?auteur d?une de- mande de citoyennet? etait l?epoux ou le conjoint dc i'ait ou l?cnt'ant d?un resident per? manent vise au paragraphs (1.02:1, est assimil? a un jour dc presence effective au Canada pour l'application des alineas et ?(Bail tout jour pendant lequel l?epoux, le conjoint de i'ait ou l'enl'ant a r?sidi? ayec ce residenl permanent. (1.1) Four l?applieation des alineas I) or ll?ljd I), do la personne doit titre continue, de la date de la demande de citoyen- net? jusqu?a ce que la personne prom: le serment do eitoycnnete. Llalinea nc fapplique pas au re- sident pennanent, au sens du paragraphe 2(1) de la Lori stir i ?immr'g ration at in protection dos reffiigr'?s, qui a, sous reserve cles reglemean, sa- tisfait a toute condition rattachric a son stalut do resident permanent en vertu dc eette loi et qui, a la fois a) a acerunule trois annees de service dans les Forces arm?es canadiennes au cours Ides six ans qui ont precede la date de as de- mantle; b) a rempli toute exigence applicable pr?i'ue par la Lor? tie l'r'mpr?t sur la reverie de presen- ter une d?claration de revenu pour trois des d?imposition conipletemcnt ou par- ticllement comprises dans les so: ans qui ont precede is date de sa dcmande. Toutet'ois, l?aline?a (Dc) s?applique a lui s'il a as lihere des Forces annees canadiennes autre- ment qu?honorahlement. (1.3) L"alin?a (Us) no s?applique pas a la personne qui est ou a as affectee cu detach?e aupres des Forces armees canadiennes et qui, dans six ans qui ont preccde Ia date do demandc, a accumulc auprcs de cellos-oi trois amides dc service. (2) Le ministre attrihue en outre la citoyen- net? a l?enfant mineur cl?un citoyen qui est re- sident permanent au sens du paragraphe 2(1) die 16 27 Period: d: prise-u re effective lest resident aver: 1e rdrsa'dell permanent Forces arrn?es canes r?rsridrll Forces aml?e: I: Randi cones persmrie effectors ou d?larb Ee Al'o'ihnn on do I: C'troyeme t? Iran and Rejirgee Protection ale! and is the mi- nor ehild ol'a eitizen, il' an application Iiir eitiaenship is made to the Minister by a person authm-i'zed regu? lation to make the application on behalf of the minor child; the person has, subject to the regulations, no unful?lled conditions under that Aet re- lating to his or her status as a permanent resi? dent; in die case ofa person who is 14 years of age or over at the date of? the application, he or she has an adequate knowledge of one of the official languages of Canada; and in the ease of a person who is 14 years of age or over at the date of the applieation, he or she demonstrates in one of the official lan- guages of Canada that he or she has an ade- quate knowledge or Canada and out the re? sponsibilities and privileges ot'eitizenship. Waiverby (3) The Minister age, in his or her discre? Mlm?mfl'l lion, after having reviewed a person's particular gimme: clremnstances, waive on compassionate grounds, in the ease of an},r person the require? ments of paragraph (1)01) or or (231(0) or in the ease of a minor, the requirement respecting age set out in paragraph (ii) the requirement respecting length of physical presence in Canada set out in paragraph (Uta), the requirement respecting intent set out in paragraph (1)321), or (iv) the requirement respecting the taking of the oath of citizenship; in the ease of any person 1who is inca- pahle of [tanning lhe intent rel'erred to in paragraph (1)131!) or because of a mental disability, the requirement respecting that intent; and in the ease of any person who is prevent- ed from understanding the signi?cance of taking the oath of citizenship by reason of a mental disability, the requirement to take the oath. .30 aomfz??t? la Lot sur 1' at l'a des jiigi?s si Ies eondilions suivantes sont reunies a) la demande lui est present?e par la per? sonne autorisee par reglement a representer le mineurj. le mineur a, sous r?serve des reglements, satisfait a toute condition rattach?e a son sta- tut tle resident permanent en vertu de eette loi; c) all est age d?au moins 14 ans la date de la demands:j le mineur a une connaissance sut'tisante de l'une des langues ottieielles du Canada; (I) s'il esl age d'au moins 14 ans {1 la date de la demande, 1e mineur demontre dens l?une des langues officielles du Canada quit a one conneissance suf?sante du Canada et des responsahilit?s e1 avantages eonl'?res par la eitoytmnele. (3) Pour des raisons d?ordre humanitaire, le ministre a Ie pouvoir d"exemp- ter, apres examen de ses cireonstances particu- lieres a) toute pcrsonne des conditions prevues aux alineas (1)51) on e) ou on b) clans 1e eas d?un mineur: de la eondition relative a PageT enon- e?e a l?alinea (ii) de la condition relative a la duree tie presence effective au Canada, a l?alinea de la condition relative a l'intention, enonc?e a [iv] de la condition relative a la prestation du serment de eitoyem'iete; bi) dans le eas d?une personne incapable de form er l?intention vis?e aux alineas I) on en misrin d'une del'ieienee men? tale, de la eondilinn relative a eette intention; e) dans le eas d?une personne ineapahle de saisir la portee du sentient de eitoyennete en raison d?une d??eienee mentale= de l?exi? gence de prEter ee serment. l? Dime-tees 28 Spen' a] re at; Starch-amen bloodline connection No oath Icquirtrl Adopter-s miners: Citizenship (-4) Despite any other prtn'ision or this Act, [he Minister may, in his or her discretion, grant citiaensliip to an}.r person to alleviate cases of special and unusual hardship or to reward ser? vices of an exceptional value to Canada. The Minister shall, on application, grant citizenship to a person who is born outside Canada after the coming into force of this subsection; has a birth parent who was a citizen at the time of the hitth; is less than 23 years Mags: has been physically present in Canada for at least 1.095 days during the four years immediately before the date of his or her ap? plieation; has always been stateless; and (I) has not been convicted of any of the fol? lowing ell-ences: a terrorism oil'iaicc, as de?ned in sec? tion 2 of the Criminal Corie, (ii) an offence under section 51 or 52 of the Criminal Code, an offence under subsection 5(1) or any of sections 6 and 16 to 22?. of the Secu? rin or (iv) a conspiracy or an attempt to commit. being an accessory alter the fact in relation toP or any counselling in relation to, an of? Fence relen'ed to in subparagraph or A person who is granted citizenship un- der subsection (5) is not required to lake the oath of citizenship. as. lasts. {3?29, 5. 1935. c. 4-1 {3 rd Supp]. 5. 1992. c. 21. s. 2000. c. 12. s. is: 2001. e. 27. 5. 22s. 21.5.3. 5.1 Subject to subsections (3) and (4), the Minister shall, on application, grant eitiaen- ship to a person who, while a minor child, was adopted by a citizen on or after January.r 1, 1947, was adopted before that dajir by a person who became a citizen on that day, or was adopted before April 1, [9453' by a person who became a citizen on that later day further to the August .30, 205 f4) Malgre les autres dispositions de la pre- senle loi, Ie minislre a Ie pouvoir discretion? naire d?attrihuer Ia citoyenneb? a touts personne a?n de remedier a une situation particulicrc et inhabituelle de d?tresse ou de recompenser des services exceptionnels rendus au Canada. Le ministre attribue, sur demande, la ci- loyennett?; a quiconque les conditions suivantes o) il est no a l??trangcr apres l'entrce en ri- gueur du prose nt paragrap he; is) l'un de ses parents naturels avait qualit? de citoyen au momenl de sa naissanoe; e) il est age dc moins dc 1.iingt?lrois ans; :10 il a etc effectircrnent present au Canada pendant au moins millc quatre-vingt?quinze jours au cours dos quatre ans precedent to date de sa demands; e) il a toujours are apatride; f) il nla jamais as declare eoupal'ile de l'une dos infractions suivantes ti) l?infraction de terrorisme au sens de l?articlc 2 du Code criminal, {ii} I?infraction visec aux articles 41": 51 Du 52 du Code criminal, T.riscc au paragraphc 5(1) ou a l"un articles Loi Stir in protection tie i information, (iv) le complot ou la tentative en dc oommelire l'inli?aclion visee aux sous?ali? neas (ii) ou ou. relativement a une tellc infraction, la eomplicitt?: aprcs le fait ou l?encouragement a la perp?tration. to) La personne qui la citoyennete est attri- so titre du paragraphs n?cst pas tcnuc dc pr?tta 1c do Lit. an. 5; Lit. (19:45). ch. .14 {s'mppL}, an. I: 1992. Ch. 21.511.3'12000. Ch. 12. art. 75'. 2001. Ch. 17, art. 223; 2003.111. 22. art. 149m}; 2003, (Ill. 14, arl. 4; mm. ch. 22, art. 3. 5.1 Sous reserve des paragraphes (3) et (4), le ministre attrihue. sur demands, la ei- toyennete suit a la personne adoptee avant le 1? janvier 194? par une personne qui a obtenu qualit? dc citoyen cette date ou avant le 1" arril 1949 par une personnc qui a obtenu quali- It?: dc eitoyen a cette date par suite de l?adh?sion dc Tcrre?Ncuvc-et?Labrador i la Federation ca? 13 29 Apalridie droil dc Eng Alleln emigre Cars de persmnes aqul?t'a mineurs wi Ill Festival Court: Act Delegation of authority Addilional infonnalion. evidence or appearance Requirement [in like oath of citizenship Evidence of declarations Proofof certi?cates or ollicr documents C'r'mysime t? 22.4 ln the event ol' an inconsistency he- lween the provisions of this Part and any provi? sion of the Federal Court's Act this Part pre- vails to the extent of the inconsistency. 2014. C. 22. 5. EU. PART VI ATTON 23. Anything that is required to he done or that may be done by the Minister or the Minis ter of Public Safety and Emergency Prepared- ness under this Act or the regulations may be done on that Minister?s behalf by any person authorized by that Minister in writing to act on that Minister?s behalf wilhout proof of the au? thenticity of the authorization. R.S., was, c. (2?29, 5. 2.1: mm. c. 22. s. 21. 23.1 The Minister may require an applicant to provide any additional inlorrnatitm or evi? dence relevant to his or her application, speci? fying the date by which it is required. For that purpose: the Minister may require the applicant to appear in person or by any means of telecommunication to be examined before the Minister or before a citizenship judge, specify? ing the time and the place or the time and the means for the appearance. 2014. c. 22. s. 22. 24. Where a person is required under this Act to take the oth ol' citinenshipP the person shall swear or onion in the Form set out in the schedule and in accordance with the regula? tions. c. loo, 1-113. 25. Any declaration made under this Act or prior legislation or any regulations made thereunder may he proved in any legal proceed? ing by the production of the original declaration or of any copy thereof certi?ed to be a true copy by the l'y?linister, and the production of the declaration or copy is conclusive evidence of the contents thereof and of the person named therein as deelarant having made the declara- tion at the date therein mentioned. (2) A certi?cate of citizenship? a document provided under paragraph l?l?b) or a certificate of naturalization or a certi?cate of renunciation may be proved in any legal pro? ceeding by the production of the original cer? ti licate or document or of a document that is .30 aomfi?i? 22.4 Les dispositions de la pr?sente partie l'ernportent sur les dispositions incompatibles de la Loi sm? .lcs Cours??ri?mles. 20 Ell. 22. BIL 20. PARTIF. VI APPLICATTON 2.3. Le ministre ou le ministre de la S?curit? publique ct de la Protection civile pcut dele? guer, par eerit, lea pouvoirs qui lui sent confe- res par la presente lot on ses ct il n?est pas n?cessaire de prouyer l'authenticit? de la delegation. (1935i. ch. (2?29, art. ant-1, ch. 22, art. 21. 23.1 T.e ministre peul exiger que le deman? dcur tournissc des renseignernents ou des ele- ments dc prcuvc suppl?mentaires 5c rapportant a la demande et pr?ciser la date limite pour le faire. [l peut exiger a cette fin que le deman- dcur comparaisse deyant lui ou dcyant le juge dc 1a citoycnnete pour interrogc soit en personnc ct aux moment ct lieu qu?il fixe, soit par le moyen de telecommunication et au moment qu?il Ilse. 20 Clt. 22. art. 22. 14. Le dc est pr?te dans les termes prescriLs par l'annexe el selon lea modalit?s fix?es par reglement. IBM?Third. cl]. 103. an. 23. 25. fl) l.?original ou une copie certili?e contonne par le ministre dos declarations taites sous la regime de la presentc lei, de la legisla? tion anterieure ou de [curs reglements d?appli? cation fail: p?remptoircment fol. cn justice. de leur contenu, de l?identit? des d?elarants et de leur date. (2) Fail [oi en justice l?original du certil?icat de ciloyennete, do [out document l'oLuni en ap- plication des alin?as ou du certi- ficat. dc naturalisation, cu du eertificat dc repu- 43 30 Incompatihilitt wee 1a Icy mr ta: Cow-r ?eld-rules Delegation dc pmiunils sic-i gunmen?, dc pretwe ct (Jhligation rle print-r 1c sentient de ciloyenncl? Pruitt: deg didar?imc Prcuve the certi?cate on [iitirendlip judges T?inties Regulaliuns Citizenship certified by the Minister as hearing 1he same in- Formation. 11.3.. ?185. c. (3-29. 5. 25: 20H. (2. 22. 5. 23. 26. (1) The Governor in Council may at} point any (2 itij'en to he a itirenship judge. (2) In addition to his other duties set out in this Act, a eitirenship judge shall perform such other duties as the Minister prescribes [or car? rying into effect. the purposes and provisions of this Act. Hid-717M. c. [018, 5.15. 27. (1:1 The llilovemor in lL?louncil may make regulations [Repealed 2014, c. 23, s. 34] respecting fees for services provided in the sdininislration of this Act, and cases in which those fees ma}.r he waived; providing lor the remission of- lees re? ferred to in paragraph providing for the ciretunstances in which an unfulfilled condition referred to in paragraph (2)th or 1 1(1)(dj need not be ful?lled; providing for various criteria that may be applied to determ ine whether a person has an adequate knowledge of one of the of?cial languages ol'Canada, or (ii) has an adequate knowledge of Canada and 01' the responsibilities and privileges of citizenship, as demonstrated in one of the of?cial languages of Canada; [Repealed 2008providing for the factors to be consid- ered in delen'riining whether Ihe require- ments set out. in section 5.1 are met; (at .2) providing for the circumstances in which the Minister shall detennine that any ol'lhe requirements of subsections 5.1(1) and (2) are met; 3) providing for the circumstances in which a review of an application under sec- tion 5.1 is suspended; prescribing the procedures to be fol- lowed in 1he referral ol? applications to citi? zenship judges; August .30, 2015 distion ou tout document certifie equivalent par le minislre. LR. {19351. ch. (1-29. art. 25'. 1014. 011.22. 511.23. 26. (1) Le gouvcmeur cn conscil pcut nom? mer tout citoyen juge de la citoyennet?. (2) En plus des l'onclions que lui attrihue la presente loi; le juge de la citoyennel? s'acquilte de eelles que lui cont?1e le ministre en vue de la misc en oeuvre de la presentc lei. 19?4?i'5?T6. Cl]. 103. art. 25. 2'7. Le gouverneur en conseil peut7 par reglement: a) [rttiroge= EUH, ch. 33, art. 24] b) prendre des inesures concemant les droits a acquitter pour les services snare dans le cadre de l?applieation de la pr?sente loi, ainsi que les cas de dispense de ces droits; c] determiner les eas diexemption des droils mentionnes a Falinea c. pr?voir les cireonstanees dans lesquelles une condition vis?e aux alin?as 5(l)c] ou on a l?alinca n?a pas a dire rem? plie; d) ?tablir les divers critercs pennettant dc determiner is connsissanee sul'l'isante de l'une des lsngues of?cielles au Canada; (ii) ls connaissanee sul'l'isante du Canada et des responsabilit?s et avantages confe- res par la citoyennet?, Clem entree dens l?une des langues of?cielles du Canada; [Abroge 2003, ch. 14, art 12 LU) prcvoir les facteurs considerer pour crablir si les conditions prcvues l?articlc 5.1 sent rem plies; r12) pr?voir les eireonstances dans les_ quelles le ministre decide si l?une ou l?aulre Lles conditions prevues suit {miragmphes 5.1(1) cu (2) cont remplies; d3) preveir les eitconstances dans les- quelles l?exam en des demandes pr?sent?es en vertu de llar?licle 5. est suspendu; e) ?xer la procedure de saisine dujuge de la citoyeimelc; 44 Inger: do is Lilqvenilel? Functions Rigglenlents 31 C'r'rcyerme r? prescribing the procedures to he lollowed by citizenship judges in the performance of their duties; (3) prescribing the ceremonial procedures to be followed by citizenship judges; respecting the taking of the cam of citi? zenship?, providing for ll'ie number of copies declaration, certi?cate, or other document made, issued or provided under this Act or prior legislation that any person is entitled to have; I) respecting the provision under para- graph 12Hbe or (2)132) ol'a means of eslab lishing citizenship other than a certi?cate of citizenship; providing for the surrender and retention of certi?cates of citizenship, certi?cates of naturalization and certi li cates of renunciation issued or granted under this Act or prior [cg? islation and of documents provided under paragraph I 2fl)(b) or (2)05) if there is reason to believe that their holder may not he enti- tled to them or has contravened any of the provisions of this Act; providing for the renunciation of citi- zenship by persons who are citizens under paragraph 30) UV (ii) who are citizens under any of para? graphs 3(1)(Jr) to and who did not, be? fore the commg into force of this subpara? graph, become citizens by way of grant as defined in subsection or who are citizens under paragraph (It) for the sole reason that one or both par? ents are persons referred to in any of para- graphs lo and who did not7 he- l'ore the coming into force of this subparagraph, become citizens by way of grant as defined in subsection 0.2) prescribing the factors that the Miniaer shall consider in forming an opinion as to whether a hearing is required under subsec- tion 10(4); providing for Iho surrender and cancella? tion of certificates and documents referred to .30 f) fixer la procedure a suivre par le juge de la citoyennete', g) prevoir le ceremonial a suivre par le juge de la citoyennete; h) regir la prestotion do serment dc citoyen- net?; r) pr?ciser le nombre de copies dc declara? tions, certi?cats ou autres documean etablis, delivrcs ou toumis cn vcrtu dc la presentc loi ou dc la legislation anterieure qu?une per? sonne a le droit d'avoir; H) regir la foumitureD en application des alineas ou (23b)? des moyens Lle prouver la qualit? dc citoyen autres que les certificate dc citovennete; j) regir la restitution et to retention des certi- ficate dc de naturalisation ou dc repudiation delivr?s en vertu de la presente loi ou tle Ia legislation anterieure ou des do- cuments lburnis on application des alincas 12(1ij ou lorsqu?il a des raisons de croire que leur titulaire a peut-?tre pas droit ou a enfre int Ia pre'sente loi; regir la repudiation de la eitoyeimete dc quiconque a qualite de citoyen au titre dos alineas DU (ii) a qualite de citoyen au litre des alineas 3(1ij a F) et n'a pas ohtenu, avant l?enlr?e en vigueur (lu present sous?alinea1 la ci? toyennete par attribution au sens du para- craphe a qualite de citoyen en vertu de l?ali? nea 3(l)b) pour la sculc raison qoc son ou sa ou sea dcux parents sont vises 1'1 l?un alineas a H) et n?a pas olitenu, avant I?entr?e en vigueur du present sous-alinea, Ia cilovennet? par at- tribution au sens du paragraphe jj?) ?tahlir les facteurs dont le ministre doit tenir compte pour fender ea decision quanta la necessite de la tcnuc d'une audience viscc au paragraphe k) regir la restitution e1 l?annuiation des cer- titicats ou documents a Pali- nca?, lursquc lcur titulairc nly a pas droit; to!) pr?voir la collects, la conservation, l?u? tilisationa la communication et la destruction 32 Cuudlims Laying of proposed renal ati ma Citizenship in paragraph it their holder is nol entitled to them; providing for the collection, retention, use; disclosure and disposal of information for the purposes of this Act; (A12) providing for die disclosure of infor? mation for the purposes of national security, the defence of Canada or the conduct of in- ternational affairs, ir?icludirigl the implementa? tion of an agreement or arrangement entered into under section 5 of the Depamnem? of and Immigration Act; (.7113) providing for the disclosure of" inl'or? mation to verify the citizenship status or identity of any person for the purposes of ad? ministering any federal or provincial lavv or law ol'another counh'y; providing for the disclosure of infor- mation for the purposes or cooperation with? in the of Canada and between the Government of Canada and the govern- ment ofa province; respecting the disclosure of informa- tion relating to the professional or ethical conduct of a perwn referred to in any of paragraphs 21.1(2jte) to in connection with a proceeding other than a proceeding before a superior court or application un? der this Act to a body that is responsible for governing or investigating that conduct or to a person who is responsible for investigating that conduct; for die purposes of ensuring that persons referred to in those paragraphs offer and provide professional and ethical representation and advice to persons in con? nection wilh such proceedings and applica- tions; and (I) generally; to carry out the purposes and provisions of this Act. (2) Regulations made under paragraphs (1) to mayr include conditions under 1.vhich the collection, retention, use, disposal and disclosure may he to ade. 11.3., 1985, c. (3-39, 5. 27", c. 24, 5. 2008. c. 14. 5. 2013, c. 33, s. 1m; 1:114, c. 22. s. 24-, 2:115, e. 9. s. m. 27.1 (1) The h-tinister shall cause a copy of each regulation proposed to be made under paragraph 27(1)(d1) to be laid before each August .30, 205 de renseignemenls pour l?applicalion de la presente loi; k2) prevoir lH communication de renseigne? ments aux Iins de s?curit? natitmale; de (le- fense du Canada; de eonduitc des affaires in? ternationales, compris la mise en oeuvre d?aecords ou d'ententes eonclus au titre de l'article 5 do 13 Lot Is ministers do it: Ci? e! etc I 'Immigmo?on; ?23) prevoir la communication dc renseigne- ments aux ?ns de verification du statut de ci- loyennete el de I?identite d?une personne dans le cadre de l?adminislmtion de loute loi federale; provinciale ou errangere; Jedi) prevoir la communication dc renscignc? ments aux ?ns do cooperation au sein do l'administration puhlique l'?d?rale et entre l'Hdministration publique E'Ederale et celle dlune province; regir la communication do renseigne- ments relatifs a la conduite, sur le plan pro- fessionnel ou de l"ethique, d?une personne vis?e a l'un des sliness a c} relati- vemcnt a one demande on a one instance prevue par la presentc loi a l?exeeption d?une instance devant unc cour superieure a I?organisme qui regit la conduite de cette personne ou a l'organisme no a la personne qui enquele sur celle conduite; et ce en vue de veiller a ce que la personne visee a l?un ou l?autre de ces alin?as represente ou conseille des personnes; ou offre de Ie faire, en contomitri avec les reglcs dc sa motes- sion et les reglcs d?ethique relativement a one te] lo ande ou instance; prendre loute aut?re mesure d?applieation de la presente loi. 3) Les reglements pris en vertu des alin?as (Dial) a a5) peuvent notamment prevoir lee conditions relatives :3 la collecte, la conserva? tion, l?utilisation, la destruction ct la communi- cation de renseignements. Lit. (1935:, ch. (1.29, an. at; zero, chi-111m. 3; aunts, ch. M. an. 12', 2013-. ch. 33. art. ND: 2014. ch. 32!. art. 24: l?li ch. 9. art. 10. 27.1 fl) Le ministre l'ait deposer loul projet de rcglemcnt fonde sur l?alinea de- vant chaque ehambre du l?arlcment; celle?oi 46 ledtiolls D?pi'i Ides pmj?s ete- ri-QJ uncut 33 Exes-pd ul Making; 01' rqulati ale Regulations Minisch C'r'rcyerme t? ol? Parliament, and each House shall re- l'er the proposed regulation to the appropriate Committee of that House. (2) No [imposed regulation that has been laid under subsection need again be laid un? der that subsection. whether or not it has been altered. (3) The Governor in Council may make the regulation at any time after the proposed regu? lation has been laid before each House of Far? liament under subsection mm. c. 24. s. 3.1: 2014. e. 22. as. 27.2 The Mnister may make regulations prescribing the manner in which and the place at which applications are to be made and notices are to he given under this Act and specifying the information and evidence that is to be provided in support of them; (.5) respecting the acceptance for processing of applications made under this Act by a per? son who has been represented or advised by a third party For consideration; with regard to the requiremean of para? graphs and and and respecting the procedures to be fol- lowed or evaluation methods or tools to be used in determining whether an applicant meets those requirements or any ol'thc cri- teria provided for under paragraph 21% 1) (63). (ii) respecting' the organizations or institu? tions that conduct assessm ents related to those requirements or criteria? and respecting what constitutes evidence that an applicant meets those requirements or criteria; and requiring an applicant who seeks a waiv- er by the Minister under subsection 5(3) or 9(2) to request the waiver. specifying the time and marmcr for making the request and respecting the justification or evidence to he provided in support. 2011c. 22. s. 26. .30 renvoie le projet de reglemenl a son cornite competent. (2) ll o?est pas necessaire dc deposer de nouveau 1e projet dc reglemcnt dcvant le Parle? ment m?me sit a subi des modifications. (3) Le gouvcmcur en conseil pcut lc reglcmenl spree lc tlcp?t du projct dc devant cheque chamhre du Parlement. IUUF. Eli. 24. 3.11. ll; 'Elil4, cl1.22.arl.25. 27.2 Lc minislrc pcul, par rcglemcnt a] ?xer modalitcs dcmandcs ct avis prevus sous le regime de la presente lei. le lieu on ils doivent se t?aire ou se donner et preciser les tenseignemenls a l'ournir ainsi que les elements dc preuve a produire a leur apput b) r?gir, dans le cas of: to dem andeur s?est fait representcr ou eonseillcr par un tiers moyennant retribution, la reception am: tins d?examen des demandes pr?sent?es au titre do is presenle loi', c) cencernant les conditions prevues aux ali- neas et e)et et re'gir la procedure a suivre, lost me- lhodcs ct outils a uliliscr pour decider si 1-: demandeur remplit ces conditions on tout critere etain en vcrtu dc l?alin?a 270 3d); (ii) regir les institutions on organisations qui peuvent ?valuer la comp?tence se rap- purtant a ces conditions on a ces crit?res, regir ee qui constitue une preuve que le demandeur remplit ces conditions on ces crit?res; ti) exiger du demandeur qui veut que le rni? nistrc exerce son pouvoir dc dispense au titre ties paragraphes 5(3) cu 9(3) qu?il le de- mande, pr?ciser Ie moment et les modalit?s de la presentation de la demande et regir les motil's et les elements de preuve qui doivent ctre fournis a son appui. 20 c 1.22. art. 26. 47 34 Mu??tatiun Ill prajet the rep) Prise du r?gJ (mull Remus-mute du ministn: Court File No.: A-124-15 FEDERAL COURT OF APPEAL BETWEEN: THE MINISTER OF CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION Appellant (Respondent in the Federal Court) - and ZUNERA ISHAQ Respondent (Applicant in the Federal Court) MEMORANDUM OF FACT AND LAW OF THE INTERVENER, ATTORNEY GENERAL OF ONTARIO THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF ONTARIO Constitutional Law Branch 720 Bay Street, 4th Floor Toronto, ON M7A 2S9 Fax: (416) 326-4015 Courtney Harris LSUC No.: 48418P Tel.: (416) 326-4137 Rochelle S. Fox LSUC No.: 40836V Tel: (416) 326-4455 Hayley Pitcher LSUC No.: 68538H Tel. : (416) 326-0890 Counsel for the Intervener, Attorney General of Ontario