3 Annual Energy Outlook 20 15 with projections to 2040 For further information . . . The Annual Energy Outlook 2015 (AEO2015) was prepared by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), under the direction of John J. Conti (john.conti@eia.gov, 202/586-2222), Assistant Administrator of Energy Analysis; Paul D. Holtberg (paul.holtberg@ eia.gov, 202/586-1284), Team Leader, Analysis Integration Team, Office of Integrated and International Energy Analysis; James R. Diefenderfer (jim.diefenderfer@eia.gov, 202/586-2432), Director, Office of Electricity, Coal, Nuclear, and Renewables Analysis; Sam A. Napolitano (sam.napolitano@eia.gov, 202/586-0687), Director, Office of Integrated and International Energy Analysis; A. Michael Schaal (michael.schaal@eia.gov, 202/586-5590), Director, Office of Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Biofuels Analysis; James T. Turnure (james.turnure@eia.gov, 202/586-1762), Director, Office of Energy Consumption and Efficiency Analysis; and Lynn D. Westfall (lynn.westfall@eia.gov, 202/586-9999), Director, Office of Energy Markets and Financial Analysis. Complimentary copies are available to certain groups, such as public and academic libraries; Federal, State, local, and foreign governments; EIA survey respondents; and the media. For further information and answers to questions, contact: Office of Communications, EI-40 Forrestal Building, Room 2G-090 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W. Washington, DC 20585 Telephone: 202/586-8800 (24-hour automated information line) E-mail: infoctr@eia.gov Fax: 202/586-0727 Website: www.eia.gov Specific questions about the information in this report may be directed to: General questions  ......................................................   National Energy Modeling System  ........................   Data availability  ..........................................................   Executive summary  ...................................................   Economic activity  .......................................................   World oil prices  ..........................................................   International oil production  .....................................   International oil demand  ..........................................   Residential demand  ...................................................   Commercial demand  ................................................   Industrial demand  ......................................................   Transportation demand  ...........................................   Electricity generation, capacity  ..............................   Electricity generation, emissions  ...........................   Electricity prices  .........................................................   Nuclear energy  ...........................................................   Renewable energy  .....................................................   Oil and natural gas production  ...............................   Wholesale natural gas markets  .............................   Oil refining and markets  ...........................................   Ethanol and biodiesel  ................................................   Coal supply and prices  .............................................   Carbon dioxide emissions  .......................................   Paul Holtberg (paul.holtberg@eia.gov, 202/586-1284) Dan Skelly (daniel.skelly@eia.gov, 202/586-1722) Paul Kondis (paul.kondis@eia.gov, 202/586-1469) Perry Lindstrom (perry.lindstrom@eia.gov, 202/586-0934) Kay Smith (kay.smith@eia.gov, 202/586-1132) Laura Singer (laura.singer@eia.gov, 202/586-4787) Laura Singer (laura.singer@eia.gov, 202/586-4787) Linda E. Doman (linda.doman@eia.gov, 202/586-1041) Kevin Jarzomski (kevin.jarzomski@eia.gov, 202/586-3208) Kevin Jarzomski (kevin.jarzomski@eia.gov, 202/586-3208) Kelly Perl (eia-oeceaindustrialteam@eia.gov, 202/586-1743) John Maples (john.maples@eia.gov, 202/586-1757) Jeff Jones (jeffrey.jones@eia.gov, 202/586-2038) Laura Martin (laura.martin@eia.gov, 202/586-1494) Lori Aniti (lori.aniti@eia.gov, 202/586-2867) Nancy Slater-Thompson (nancy.slater-thompson@eia.gov, 202/586-9322) Gwen Bredehoeft (gwen.bredehoeft@eia.gov, 202/586-5847) Terry Yen (terry.yen@eia.gov, 202/586-6185) Katherine Teller (katherine.teller@eia.gov, 202/586-6201) John Powell (john.powell@eia.gov, 202/586-1814) Anthony Radich (anthony.radich@eia.gov, 202/586-0504) Michael Mellish (michael.mellish@eia.gov, 202/586-2136) Perry Lindstrom (perry.lindstrom@eia.gov, 202/586-0934) AEO2015 is available on the EIA website at www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo. Assumptions underlying the projections, tables of regional results, and other detailed results are available at www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/assumptions. Other contributors to the report include Greg Adams, Vipin Arora, Justine Barden, Bruce Bawks, Joseph Benneche, Erin Boedecker, Michelle Bowman, Scott Bradley, Michael Bredehoeft, William Brown, Phil Budzik, Nicholas Chase, Michael Cole, Owen Comstock, Troy Cook, David Daniels, Margie Daymude, Laurie Falter, Mindi Farber-DeAnda, Faouzi Aloulou, Michael Ford, Adrian Geagla, Peter Gross, Susan Hicks, Sean Hill, Behjat Hojjati, Patricia Hutchins, Ayaka Jones, Diane Kearney, Eric Krall, Angelina LaRose, Thomas Lee, Tancred Lidderdale, Danielle Lowenthal-Savy, David Manowitz, Vishakh Mantri, Elizabeth May, Chris Namovicz, Paul Otis, Stefanie Palumbo, Jack Perrin, David Peterson, Chetha Phang, Mark Schipper, Elizabeth Sendich, John Staub, Russell Tarver, Dana Van Wagener, and Steven Wade. Annual Energy Outlook 2015 With Projections to 2040 April 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Office of Integrated and International Energy Analysis U.S. Department of Energy Washington, DC 20585 This publication is on the WEB at: www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo This report was prepared by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), the statistical and analytical agency within the U.S. Department of Energy. By law, EIA’s data, analyses, and forecasts are independent of approval by any other officer or employee of the United States Government. The views in this report therefore should not be construed as representing those of the Department of Energy or other Federal agencies. Preface The Annual Energy Outlook 2015 (AEO2015), prepared by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), presents long-term annual projections of energy supply, demand, and prices through 2040. The projections, focused on U.S. energy markets, are based on results from EIA’s National Energy Modeling System (NEMS). NEMS enables EIA to make projections under alternative, internally-consistent sets of assumptions, the results of which are presented as cases. The analysis in AEO2015 focuses on six cases: Reference case, Low and High Economic Growth cases, Low and High Oil Price cases, and High Oil and Gas Resource case. For the first time, the Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) is presented as a shorter edition under a newly adopted two-year release cycle. With this approach, full editions and shorter editions of the AEO will be produced in alternating years. This approach will allow EIA to focus more resources on rapidly changing energy markets both in the United States and internationally and how they might evolve over the next few years. The shorter edition of the AEO includes a more limited number of model updates, predominantly to reflect historical data updates and changes in legislation and regulation. The AEO shorter editions will include this publication, which discusses the Reference case and five alternative cases, and an accompanying Assumptions Report.1 Other documentation— including documentation for each of the NEMS models and a Retrospective Review—will be completed only in years when the full edition of the AEO is published. This AEO2015 report includes the following major sections: • Executive summary, highlighting key results of the projections • Economic growth, discussing the economic outlooks completed for each of the AEO2015 cases • Energy prices, discussing trends in the markets and prices for crude oil, petroleum and other liquids, 2 natural gas, coal, and electricity for each of the AEO2015 cases • Delivered energy consumption by sector, discussing energy consumption trends in the transportation, industrial, residential, and commercial sectors • Energy consumption by primary fuel, discussing trends in energy consumption by fuel, including natural gas, renewables, coal, nuclear, liquid biofuels, and oil and other liquids • Energy intensity, examining trends in energy use per capita, energy use per 2009 dollar of gross domestic product (GDP), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per 2009 dollar of GDP • Energy production, imports, and exports, examining production, import, and export trends for petroleum and other liquids, natural gas, and coal • Electricity generation, discussing trends in electricity generation by fuel and prime mover for each of the AEO2015 cases • Energy-related CO2 emissions, examining trends in CO2 emissions by sector and AEO2015 case. Summary tables for the six cases are provided in Appendixes A through D. Complete tables are available in a table browser on EIA’s website, at http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/aeo/tablebrowser. Appendix E provides a short discussion of the major changes adopted in AEO2015 and a brief comparison of the AEO2015 and Annual Energy Outlook 2014 results. Appendix F provides a summary of the regional formats, and Appendix G provides a summary of the energy conversion factors used in AEO2015. The AEO2015 projections are based generally on federal, state, and local laws and regulations in effect as of the end of October 2014. The potential impacts of pending or proposed legislation, regulations, and standards (and sections of existing legislation that require implementing regulations or funds that have not been appropriated) are not reflected in the projections (for example, the proposed Clean Power Plan3). In certain situations, however, where it is clear that a law or a regulation will take effect shortly after AEO2015 is completed, it may be considered in the projection. AEO2015 is published in accordance with Section 205c of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Organization Act of 1977 (Public Law 95-91), which requires the EIA Administrator to prepare annual reports on trends and projections for energy use and supply. 1 U.S. Energy Information Administration, Assumptions to the Annual Energy Outlook 2015, DOE/EIA-0554(2015) (Washington, DC, to be published), http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/assumptions. 2 Liquid fuels (or petroleum and other liquids) include crude oil and products of petroleum refining, natural gas liquids, biofuels, and liquids derived from other hydrocarbon sources (including coal-to-liquids and gas-to-liquids). 3 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Carbon Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Stationary Sources: Electric Utility Generating Units,” Federal Register, pp. 34829-34958 (Washington, DC: June 18, 2014), https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2014/06/18/2014-13726/carbon-pollutionemission-guidelines-for-existing-stationary-sources-electric-utility-generating. ii U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Projections by EIA are not statements of what will happen but of what might happen, given the assumptions and methodologies used for any particular case. The AEO2015 Reference case projection is a business-as-usual trend estimate, given known technology and technological and demographic trends. EIA explores the impacts of alternative assumptions in other cases with different macroeconomic growth rates, world oil prices, and resource assumptions. The main cases in AEO2015 generally assume that current laws and regulations are maintained throughout the projections. Thus, the projections provide policy-neutral baselines that can be used to analyze policy initiatives. While energy markets are complex, energy models are simplified representations of energy production and consumption, regulations, and producer and consumer behavior. Projections are highly dependent on the data, methodologies, model structures, and assumptions used in their development. Behavioral characteristics are indicative of real-world tendencies rather than representations of specific outcomes. Energy market projections are subject to much uncertainty. Many of the events that shape energy markets are random and cannot be anticipated. In addition, future developments in technologies, demographics, and resources cannot be foreseen with certainty. Some key uncertainties in the AEO2015 projections are addressed through alternative cases. EIA has endeavored to make these projections as objective, reliable, and useful as possible; however, they should serve as an adjunct to, not a substitute for, a complete and focused analysis of public policy initiatives. U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 iii Contents Preface .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ii Executive summary ...................................................................................................................................................................................... ES-1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Text box: Changes in release cycle for EIA’s Annual Energy Outlook  ............................................................................................... 2 Economic growth ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2 Energy prices ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Crude oil  ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4 Petroleum and other liquids products  ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 Natural gas  .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Coal  ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7 Electricity  ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Delivered energy consumption by sector ....................................................................................................................................................... 9 Transportation  ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Text box: F uture gasoline vehicles are strong competitors when compared with other vehicle technology types on the basis of fuel economics  .............................................................................................................................................. 11 Text box: T he Annual Energy Outlook 2015 includes several types of light-duty vehicle hybrid technology  ........................... 11 Industrial  ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 Residential and commercial  .................................................................................................................................................................... 13 Energy consumption by primary fuel ............................................................................................................................................................ 15 Energy intensity ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 Energy production, imports, and exports .................................................................................................................................................... 17 Petroleum and other liquids  .................................................................................................................................................................... 18 Natural gas  ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 20 Coal  ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 22 Electricity generation ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Energy-related carbon dioxide emissions .................................................................................................................................................... 26 List of acronyms ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 29 Figure and Table Sources ................................................................................................................................................................................ 31 iv U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Contents Appendixes A. Reference case  ............................................................................................................................................................................... A-1 B. Economic growth case comparisons  .......................................................................................................................................... B-1 C. Price case comparisons  ................................................................................................................................................................ C-1 D. High oil and gas resource case comparisons  ........................................................................................................................... D-1 E. Comparison of AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases and key updates to models and data  .................................. E-1 F. Regional Maps.................................................................................................................................................................................. F-1 G. Conversion factors........................................................................................................................................................................... G-1 Tables Executive summary ES-1.  Growth of trade-related factors in the Reference case, 1983-2040  ................................................................................. ES-3 Introduction 1.  Summary of AEO2015 cases  ............................................................................................................................................................... 1 Economic growth 2.  Growth in key economic factors in historical data and in the Reference case  ............................................................................ 2 3.  Average annual growth of labor productivity, employment, income, and consumption in three cases  .................................. 4 Delivered energy consumption by sector 4.  Residential households and commercial indicators in three AEO2015 cases, 2013 and 2040  ............................................ 14 Appendix E E1.  Comparison of projections in the AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases, 2012-2040  ................................................. E-2 Figures Executive summary ES-1.  North Sea Brent crude oil spot prices in four cases, 2005-40  ......................................................................................... ES-2 ES-2.  Average Henry Hub spot prices for natural gas in four cases, 2005-40  ........................................................................ ES-2 ES-3.  U.S. net energy imports in six cases, 2005-40  ................................................................................................................... ES-3 ES-4.  Net crude oil and petroleum product imports as a percentage of U.S. product supplied in four cases, 2005-40  ............................................................................................................................................................. ES-4 ES-5.  U.S. total net natural gas imports in four cases, 2005-40  ................................................................................................. ES-4 ES-6.  Change in U.S. Lower 48 onshore crude oil production by region in six cases, 2013-40  ........................................... ES-5 ES-7.  Delivered energy consumption for transportation in six cases, 2008-40  ....................................................................... ES-6 ES-8.  Total U.S. renewable generation in all sectors by fuel in six cases, 2013 and 2040  .................................................... ES-7 Economic growth   1.  Annual changes in U.S. gross domestic product, business investment, and exports in the Reference case, 2015-40  ........................................................................................................................................................ 3   2.  Annual growth rates for industrial output in three cases, 2013-40  .............................................................................................. 3 Energy prices   3.  North Sea Brent crude oil prices in three cases, 2005-40  ........................................................................................................... 5   4.  Motor gasoline prices in three cases, 2005-40  .............................................................................................................................. 5   5.  Distillate fuel oil prices in three cases, 2005-40  ............................................................................................................................. 5   6.  Average Henry Hub spot prices for natural gas in four cases, 2005-40  .................................................................................... 6   7.  Average minemouth coal prices by region in the Reference case, 1990-2040  ........................................................................ 7   8.  Average delivered coal prices in six cases, 1990-2040  ................................................................................................................ 8   9.  Average retail electricity prices in six cases, 2013-40  .................................................................................................................. 8 Delivered energy consumption by sector 10.  Delivered energy consumption for transportation by mode in the Reference case, 2013 and 2040  ................................. 10 11.  Delivered energy consumption for transportation in six cases, 2008-40  ............................................................................... 10 12.  Industrial sector total delivered energy consumption in three cases, 2010-40  ...................................................................... 12 13.  Industrial sector natural gas consumption for heat and power in three cases, 2010-40  ...................................................... 12 14.  Residential sector delivered energy consumption by fuel in the Reference case, 2010-40  ................................................ 13 15.  Commercial sector delivered energy consumption by fuel in the Reference case, 2010-40  .............................................. 13 16.  Residential sector delivered energy intensity for selected end uses in the Reference case, 2013 and 2040  .................. 15 17.  Commercial sector delivered energy intensity for selected end uses in the Reference case, 2013 and 2040  ................ 15 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 v Contents Energy consumption by primary fuel 18.  Primary energy consumption by fuel in the Reference case, 1980-2040  ............................................................................... 15 Energy intensity 19.  Energy use per capita and per 2009 dollar of gross domestic product, and carbon dioxide emissions per 2009 dollar of gross domestic product, in the Reference case, 1980-2040  .................................................................... 17 Energy production, imports, and exports 20.  Total energy production and consumption in the Reference case, 1980-2040  ..................................................................... 17 21.  U.S. tight oil production in four cases, 2005-40  .......................................................................................................................... 18 22.  U.S. total crude oil production in four cases, 2005-40  ............................................................................................................... 18 23.  U.S. net crude oil imports in four cases, 2005-40  ....................................................................................................................... 19 24.  U.S. net petroleum product imports in four cases, 2005-40  ..................................................................................................... 20 25.  U.S. total dry natural gas production in four cases, 2005-40  .................................................................................................... 20 26.  U.S. shale gas production in four cases, 2005-40  ...................................................................................................................... 21 27.  U.S. total natural gas net imports in four cases, 2005-40  ......................................................................................................... 21 28.  U.S. liquefied natural gas net imports in four cases, 2005-40  .................................................................................................. 22 29.  U.S. coal production in six cases, 1990-2040  .............................................................................................................................. 23 30.  U.S. coal exports in six cases, 1990-2040  ................................................................................................................................... 23 Electricity generation 31.  Electricity generation by fuel in the Reference case, 2000-2040  ............................................................................................. 24 32.  Electricity generation by fuel in six cases, 2013 and 2040  ........................................................................................................ 24 33.  Coal and natural gas combined-cycle generation capacity factors in two cases, 2010-40  ................................................. 25 34.  Renewable electricity generation byfuel type in the Reference case, 2000-2040  ................................................................ 25 35.  Cumulative additions to electricity generation capacity by fuel in six cases, 2013-40  ......................................................... 26 Energy-related carbon dioxide emissions 36.  Energy-related carbon dioxide emissions in six cases. 2000-2040  ......................................................................................... 26 37.  Energy-related carbon dioxide emissions by sector in the Reference case, 2005, 2013, 2025, and 2040  ...................... 27 Appendix E E1.  Average annual Brent crude oil spot prices in the AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases, 1990-2040  ................... E-6 E2.  Delivered energy consumption by end-use sector in the AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases, 2013, 2020, 2030, and 2040  .......................................................................................................................................................... E-8 E3.  Primary energy consumption by fuel in the AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases, 2013 and 2040  ........................ E-9 E4.  Total energy production and consumption in the AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases, 1980-2040  .................. E-10 E5.  Share of U.S. liquid fuels supply from net imports in the AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases, 1970-2040  ..... E-10 E6.  Electricity generation by fuel in the AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases, 2013, 2020, 2030, and 2040  ........... E-12 Appendix F F1.  United States Census Divisions...................................................................................................................................................... F-1 F2.  Electricity market module regions................................................................................................................................................... F-3 F3.  Liquid fuels market module regions................................................................................................................................................ F-4 F4.  Oil and gas supply model regions................................................................................................................................................... F-5 F5.  Natural gas transmission and distribution model regions........................................................................................................... F-6 F6.  Coal supply regions........................................................................................................................................................................... F-7 F7.  Coal demand regions........................................................................................................................................................................ F-8 vi U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Executive summary Executive summary Projections in the Annual Energy Outlook 2015 (AEO2015) focus on the factors expected to shape U.S. energy markets through 2040. The projections provide a basis for examination and discussion of energy market trends and serve as a starting point for analysis of potential changes in U.S. energy policies, rules, and regulations, as well as the potential role of advanced technologies. Key results from the AEO2015 Reference and alternative cases include the following: • The future path of crude oil and natural gas prices can vary substantially, depending on assumptions about the size of global and domestic resources, demand for petroleum products and natural gas (particularly in non-Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (non-OECD) countries), levels of production, and supplies of other fuels. AEO2015 considers these factors in examining alternative price and resource availability cases. • Growth in U.S. energy production—led by crude oil and natural gas—and only modest growth in demand reduces U.S. reliance on imported energy supplies. Energy imports and exports come into balance in the United States starting in 2028 in the AEO2015 Reference case and in 2019 in the High Oil Price and High Oil and Gas Resource cases. Natural gas is the dominant U.S. energy export, while liquid fuels4 continue to be imported. • Through 2020, strong growth in domestic crude oil production from tight formations leads to a decline in net petroleum imports5 and growth in net petroleum product exports in all AEO2015 cases. In the High Oil and Gas Resource case, increased crude production before 2020 results in increased processed condensate6 exports. Slowing growth in domestic production after 2020 is offset by increased vehicle fuel economy standards that limit growth in domestic demand. The net import share of crude oil and petroleum products supplied falls from 33% of total supply in 2013 to 17% of total supply in 2040 in the Reference case. The United States becomes a net exporter of petroleum and other liquids after 2020 in the High Oil Price and High Oil and Gas Resource cases because of greater U.S. crude oil production. • The United States transitions from being a modest net importer of natural gas to a net exporter by 2017. U.S. export growth continues after 2017, with net exports in 2040 ranging from 3.0 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) in the Low Oil Price case to 13.1 Tcf in the High Oil and Gas Resource case. • Growth in crude oil and dry natural gas production varies significantly across oil and natural gas supply regions and cases, forcing shifts in crude oil and natural gas flows between U.S. regions, and requiring investment in or realignment of pipelines and other midstream infrastructure. • U.S. energy consumption grows at a modest rate over the AEO2015 projection period, averaging 0.3%/year from 2013 through 2040 in the Reference case. A marginal decrease in transportation sector energy consumption contrasts with growth in most other sectors. Declines in energy consumption tend to result from the adoption of more energy-efficient technologies and existing policies that promote increased energy efficiency. • Growth in production of dry natural gas and natural gas plant liquids (NGPL) contributes to the expansion of several manufacturing industries (such as bulk chemicals and primary metals) and the increased use of NGPL feedstocks in place of petroleum-based naphtha7 feedstocks. • Rising long-term natural gas prices, the high capital costs of new coal and nuclear generation capacity, state-level policies, and cost reductions for renewable generation in a market characterized by relatively slow electricity demand growth favor increased use of renewables. • Rising costs for electric power generation, transmission, and distribution, coupled with relatively slow growth of electricity demand, produce an 18% increase in the average retail price of electricity over the period from 2013 to 2040 in the AEO2015 Reference case. The AEO2015 cases do not include the proposed Clean Power Plan.8 • Improved efficiency in the end-use sectors and a shift away from more carbon-intensive fuels help to stabilize U.S. energyrelated carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, which remain below the 2005 level through 2040. The future path of crude oil prices can vary substantially, depending on assumptions about the size of the resource and growth in demand, particularly in non-OECD countries AEO2015 considers a number of factors related to the uncertainty of future crude oil prices, including changes in worldwide demand for petroleum products, crude oil production, and supplies of other liquid fuels. In all the AEO2015 cases, the North Sea 4 Liquid fuels (or petroleum and other liquids) includes crude oil and products of petroleum refining, natural gas liquids, biofuels, and liquids derived from other hydrocarbon sources (including coal-to-liquids and gas-to-liquids). 5 Net product imports includes trade in crude oil and petroleum products. 6 The U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry and Security has determined that condensate which has been processed through a distillate tower can be exported without licensing. 7 Naphtha is a refined or semi-refined petroleum fraction used in chemical feedstocks and many other petroleum products. For a complete definition, see www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/index.cfm?id=naphtha. 8 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Carbon Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Stationary Sources: Electric Utility Generating Units,” Federal Register, pp. 34829-34958 (Washington, DC: June 18, 2014) https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2014/06/18/2014-13726/carbonpollution-emission-guidelines-for-existing-stationary-sources-electric-utility-generating. U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 ES-1 Executive summary Brent crude oil price reflects the world market price for light sweet crude, and all the cases account for market conditions in 2014, including the 10% decline in the average Brent spot price to $97/barrel (bbl) in 2013 dollars. In the AEO2015 Reference case, continued growth in U.S. crude oil production contributes to a 43% decrease in the Brent crude oil price, to $56/bbl in 2015 (Figure ES1). Prices rise steadily after 2015 in response to growth in demand from countries outside the OECD; however, downward price pressure from continued increases in U.S. crude oil production keeps the Brent price below $80/bbl through 2020. U.S. crude oil production starts to decline after 2020, but increased production from non-OECD countries and from countries in the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) contributes to the Brent price remaining below $100/bbl through 2028 and limits the Brent price increase through 2040, when it reaches $141/bbl. There is significant price variation in the alternative cases using different assumptions. In the Low Oil Price case, the Brent price drops to $52/bbl in 2015, 7% lower than in the Reference case, and reaches $76/bbl in 2040, 47% lower than in the Reference case, largely as a result of lower non-OECD demand and higher upstream investment by OPEC. In the High Oil Price case, the Brent price increases to $122/bbl in 2015 and to $252/bbl in 2040, largely in response to significantly lower OPEC production and higher non-OECD demand. In the High Oil and Gas Resource case, assumptions about overseas demand and supply decisions do not vary from those in the Reference case, but U.S. crude oil production growth is significantly greater, resulting in lower U.S. net imports of crude oil, and causing the Brent spot price to average $129/bbl in 2040, which is 8% lower than in the Reference case. Future natural gas prices will be influenced by a number of factors, including oil prices, resource availability, and demand for natural gas Projections of natural gas prices are influenced by assumptions about oil prices, resource availability, and natural gas demand. In the Reference case, the Henry Hub natural gas spot price (in 2013 dollars) rises from $3.69/million British thermal units (Btu) in 2015 to $4.88/million Btu in 2020 and to $7.85/million Btu in 2040 (Figure ES2), as increased demand in domestic and international markets leads to the production of increasingly expensive resources. In the AEO2015 alternative cases, the Henry Hub natural gas spot price is lowest in the High Oil and Gas Resource case, which assumes greater estimated ultimate recovery per well, closer well spacing, and greater gains in technological development. In the High Oil and Gas Resource case, the Henry Hub natural gas spot price falls from $3.14/million Btu in 2015 to $3.12/million Btu in 2020 (36% below the Reference case price) before rising to $4.38/million Btu in 2040 (44% below the Reference case price). Cumulative U.S. domestic dry natural gas production from 2015 to 2040 is 26% higher in the High Oil and Gas Resource case than in the Reference case and is sufficient to meet rising domestic consumption and exports—both pipeline gas and liquefied natural gas (LNG)—even as prices remain low. Henry Hub natural gas spot prices are highest in the High Oil Price case, which assumes the same level of resource availability as the AEO2015 Reference case, but different Brent crude oil prices. The higher Brent crude oil prices in the High Oil Price case affect the level of overseas demand for U.S. LNG exports, because international LNG contracts are often linked to crude oil prices—although the linkage is expected to weaken with changing market conditions. When the Brent spot price rises in the High Oil Price case, world LNG contracts that are linked to oil prices become relatively more competitive, making LNG exports from the United States more desirable. In the High Oil Price case, the Henry Hub natural gas spot price remains close to the Reference case price through 2020; however, higher overseas demand for U.S. LNG exports raises the average Henry Hub price to $10.63/million Btu in 2040, which is 35% Figure ES1. North Sea Brent crude oil spot prices in four cases, 2005-40 (2013 dollars per barrel) 300 History 2013 Projections 250 Figure ES2. Average Henry Hub spot prices for natural gas in four cases, 2005-40 (2013 dollars per million Btu) 12 History 2013 Projections High Oil Price High Oil Price 9 200 Reference 150 6 Reference Low Oil Price 100 50 0 2005 ES-2 3 Low Oil Price High Oil and Gas Resource High Oil and Gas Resource 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 0 2005 2013 2020 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 2025 2030 2035 2040 Executive summary above the Reference case price. Cumulative U.S. exports of LNG from 2015 to 2040 in the High Oil Price case are more than twice those in the Reference case. The opposite occurs in the Low Oil Price case: low Brent crude oil prices cause oil-linked LNG contracts to become relatively less competitive and make U.S. LNG exports less desirable. Lower overseas demand for U.S. LNG exports causes the average Henry Hub price to reach only $7.15/million Btu in 2040, 9% lower than in the Reference case. Global growth and trade weaken beyond 2025, creating headwinds for U.S. export-oriented industries In the AEO2015 projections, growth in U.S. net exports contributes more to GDP growth than it has over the past 30 years (partially due to a reduction in net energy imports); however, its impact diminishes in the later years of the projection, reflecting slowing GDP growth in nations that are U.S. trading partners, along with the impacts of exchange rates and prices on trade. As economic growth in the rest of the world slows (as shown in Table ES1), so does U.S. export growth, with commensurate impacts on growth in manufacturing output, particularly in the paper, chemicals, primary metals, and other energy-intensive industries. The impact varies across industries. Recent model revisions to the underlying industrial supply and demand relationships9 have emphasized the importance of trade to manufacturing industries, so that the composition of trade determines the level of industrial output. Consumer goods and industrial supplies show higher levels of net export growth than other categories throughout the projection. The diminishing net export growth in all categories in the later years of the projection explains much of the leveling off of growth that occurs in some trade-sensitive industries. U.S. net energy imports decline and ultimately end, largely in response to increased oil and dry natural gas production Figure ES3. U.S. net energy imports in six cases, 2005-40 (quadrillion Btu) 40 History 2013 Low Oil Price High Economic Growth Reference Low Economic Growth Energy imports and exports come into balance in the United States in the AEO2015 Reference case, starting in 2028. In the High Oil Price and High Oil and Gas Resource cases, with higher U.S. crude oil and dry natural gas production and lower imports, the United States becomes a net exporter of energy in 2019. In contrast, in the Low Oil Price case, the United States remains a net energy importer through 2040 (Figure ES3). High Oil Price Economic growth assumptions also affect the U.S. energy trade balance. In the Low Economic Growth case, U.S. energy imports are lower than in the Reference case, and the United States becomes a net energy exporter in 2022. In the High Economic Growth case, the United States remains a net energy importer through 2040. Projections 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 2005 High Oil and Gas Resource 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 The share of total U.S. energy production from crude oil and lease condensate rises from 19% in 2013 to 25% in 2040 in the High Oil and Gas Resource case, as compared with no Table ES1. Growth of trade-related factors in the Reference case, 1983-2040 (average annual percent change) Measure History: 1983-2013 2013-20 2020-25 2025-30 2030-35 2035-40 U.S. GDP 2.8% 2.6% 2.5% 2.3% 2.2% 2.3% U.S. GDP per capita 1.8% 1.8% 1.8% 1.6% 1.6% 1.8% U.S. exports 6.1% 4.8% 6.2% 4.8% 4.5% 4.1% U.S. imports 6.0% 4.6% 4.1% 3.7% 3.7% 3.7% U.S. net export growth 0.1% 0.3% 2.1% 1.1% 0.8% 0.3% Real GDP of OECD trading partners 2.4% 2.1% 1.9% 1.8% 1.7% 1.7% Real GDP of other trading partners 4.7% 4.3% 4.2% 3.7% 3.4% 3.2% Note: Major U.S. trading partners include Australia, Canada, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Japan, Sweden, and the Eurozone. Other U.S. trading partners include Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Mexico, Hong Kong, Indonesia, India, Israel, South Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Thailand, Taiwan, and Venezuela. 9 EO2015 incorporates the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) updated 2007 input-output table, released at the end of December 2013. See U.S. A Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, “Industry Economic Accounts Information Guide (Washington, DC: December 18, 2014), http://www.bea.gov/industry/iedguide.htm#aia. U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 ES-3 Executive summary change in the Reference case. Dry natural gas production remains the largest contributor to total U.S. energy production through 2040 in all the AEO2015 cases, with a higher share in the High Oil and Gas Resource case (38%) than in the Reference case (34%) and all other cases. In 2013, dry natural gas accounted for 30% of total U.S. energy production. Coal’s share of total U.S. energy production in the High Oil and Gas Resource case falls from 26% in 2013 to 15% in 2040. In the Reference case and most of the other AEO2015 cases, the coal share remains slightly above 20% of total U.S. energy production through 2040; in the Low Oil Price case, with lower oil and gas production levels, it remains essentially flat at 23% through 2040. Continued strong growth in domestic production of crude oil from tight formations leads to a decline in net imports of crude oil and petroleum products U.S. crude oil production from tight formations leads the growth in total U.S. crude oil production in all the AEO2015 cases. In the Reference case, lower levels of domestic consumption of liquid fuels and higher levels of domestic production of crude oil push the net import share of crude oil and petroleum products supplied down from 33% in 2013 to 17% in 2040 (Figure ES4). In the High Oil Price and High Oil and Gas Resource cases, growth in tight oil production results in significantly higher levels of total U.S. crude oil production than in the Reference case. Crude oil production in the High Oil and Gas Resource case increases to 16.6 million barrels per day (bbl/d) in 2040, compared with a peak of 10.6 million bbl/d in 2020 in the Reference case. In the High Oil Price case, production reaches a high of 13.0 million bbl/d in 2026, then declines to 9.9 million bbl/d in 2040 as a result of earlier resource development. In the Low Oil Price case, U.S. crude oil production totals 7.1 million bbl/d in 2040. The United States becomes a net petroleum exporter in 2021 in both the High Oil Price and High Oil and Gas Resource cases. With lower levels of domestic production and higher domestic consumption in the Low Oil Price case, the net import share of total liquid fuels supply increases to 36% of total domestic supply in 2040. Net natural gas trade, including LNG exports, depends largely on the effects of resource levels and oil prices In all the AEO2015 cases, the United States transitions from a net importer of 1.3 Tcf of natural gas in 2013 (5.5% of the 23.7 Tcf delivered to consumers) to a net exporter in 2017. Net exports continue to grow after 2017, to a 2040 range between 3.0 Tcf in the Low Oil Price case and 13.1 Tcf in the High Oil and Gas Resource case (Figure ES5). In the Reference case, LNG exports reach 3.4 Tcf in 2030 and remain at that level through 2040, when they account for 46% of total U.S. natural gas exports. The growth in U.S. LNG exports is supported by differences between international and domestic natural gas prices. LNG supplied to international markets is primarily priced on the basis of world oil prices, among other factors. This results in significantly higher prices for global LNG than for domestic natural gas supply, particularly in the near term. However, the relationship between the price of international natural gas supplies and world oil prices is assumed to weaken later in the projection period, in part as a result of growth in U.S. LNG export capacity. U.S. natural gas prices are determined primarily by the availability and cost of domestic natural gas resources. In the High Oil Price case, with higher world oil prices resulting in higher international natural gas prices, U.S. LNG exports climb to 8.1 Tcf in 2033 and account for 73% of total U.S. natural gas exports in 2040. In the High Oil and Gas Resource case, abundant U.S. dry natural gas production keeps domestic natural gas prices lower than international prices, supporting the growth of U.S. LNG exports, which total 10.3 Tcf in 2037 and account for 66% of total U.S. natural gas exports in 2040. In the Low Oil Price case, Figure ES4. Net crude oil and petroleum product imports as a percentage of U.S. product supplied in four cases, 2005-40 (percent) 75 History 2013 Projections Figure ES5. U.S. total net natural gas imports in four cases, 2005-40 (trillion cubic feet) 5 50 Low Oil Price History 2013 Projections 0 Low Oil Price 25 Reference -5 Reference 0 High Oil Price -25 High Oil Price -10 High Oil and Gas Resource High Oil and Gas Resource -50 2005 ES-4 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 -15 2005 2013 2020 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 2025 2030 2035 2040 Executive summary with lower world oil prices, U.S. LNG exports are less competitive and grow more slowly, to a peak of 0.8 Tcf in 2018, and account for 13% of total U.S. natural gas exports in 2040. Additional growth in net natural gas exports comes from growing natural gas pipeline exports to Mexico, which reach a high of 4.7 Tcf in 2040 in the High Oil and Gas Resource case (compared with 0.7 Tcf in 2013). In the High Oil Price case, U.S. natural gas pipeline exports to Mexico peak at 2.2 Tcf in 2040, as higher domestic natural gas prices resulting from increased world demand for LNG reduce the incentive to export natural gas via pipeline. Natural gas pipeline net imports from Canada remain below 2013 levels through 2040 in all the AEO2015 cases, but these imports do increase in response to higher natural gas prices in the latter part of the projection period. Regional variations in domestic crude oil and dry natural gas production can force significant shifts in crude oil and natural gas flows between U.S. regions, requiring investment in or realignment of pipelines and other midstream infrastructure U.S. crude oil and dry natural gas production levels have increased rapidly in recent years. From 2008 to 2013, crude oil production grew from 5.0 million bbl/d to 7.4 million bbl/d, and annual dry natural gas production grew from 20.2 Tcf to 24.3 Tcf. All the AEO2015 cases project continued growth in U.S. dry natural gas production, whereas crude oil production continues to increase but eventually declines in all cases except the High Oil and Gas Resource case. In most of the cases, Lower 48 onshore crude oil production shows the strongest growth in the Dakotas/Rocky Mountains region (which includes the Bakken formation), followed by the Southwest region (which includes the Permian Basin) (Figure ES6). The strongest growth of dry natural gas production in the Lower 48 onshore in most of the AEO2015 cases occurs in the East region (which includes the Marcellus Shale and Utica Shale), followed by the Gulf Coast onshore region and the Dakotas/Rocky Mountains region. Interregional flows to serve downstream markets vary significantly among the different cases. In the High Oil Price case, higher prices for crude oil and increased demand for LNG support higher levels of Lower 48 onshore crude oil and dry natural gas production than in the Reference case. Production in the High Oil Price case is exceeded only in the High Oil and Gas Resource case, where greater availability of oil and natural gas resources leads to more rapid production growth. The higher production levels in the High Oil Price and High Oil and Gas Resource cases are sustained through the entire projection period. Onshore Lower 48 crude oil production in 2040 drops below its 2013 level only in the Low Oil Price case, which also shows the lowest growth of dry natural gas production. Crude oil imports into the East Coast and Midwest Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts (PADDs) 1 and 2 grow from 2013 to 2040 in all cases except the High Oil and Gas Resource case. All cases, including the High Oil and Gas Resource case, maintain significant crude oil imports into the Gulf Coast (PADD 3) and West Coast (PADD 5) through 2040. The Dakotas/Rocky Mountains (PADD 4) has significant crude oil imports only through 2040 in the High Oil Price case. The high levels of crude oil imports in all cases except the High Oil and Gas Resource case support growing levels of gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel exports as U.S. refineries continue to have a competitive advantage over refineries in the rest of the world. The High Oil and Gas Resource case is the only case with significant crude oil exports, which occur as a result of additional crude oil exports to Canada. The High Oil and Gas Resource case also shows significantly higher amounts of natural gas flowing out of the Mid-Atlantic and Dakotas/ Rocky Mountains regions than most other cases, and higher LNG exports out of the Gulf Coast than any other case. Figure ES6. Change in U.S. Lower 48 onshore crude oil production by region in six cases, 2013-40 (million barrels per day) 10 West Coast 8 Southwest 6 Dakotas/ Rocky Mountains 4 East 2 Midcontinent Gulf Coast 0 -2 Reference Low Oil Price Low High High Economic Oil and Gas Oil Growth Resource Price High Economic Growth U.S. energy consumption grows at a modest rate over the projection with reductions in energy intensity resulting from improved technologies and from policies in place U.S. energy consumption grows at a relatively modest rate over the AEO2015 projection period, averaging 0.3%/ year from 2013 through 2040 in the Reference case. The transportation and residential sector’s decreases in energy consumption (less than 2% over the entire projection period) contrast with growth in other sectors. The strongest energy consumption growth is projected for the industrial sector, at 0.7%/year. Declines in energy consumption tend to result from the adoption of more energy-efficient technologies and policies that promote energy efficiency. Increases tend to result from other factors, such as economic growth and the relatively low energy prices that result from an abundance of supplies. Near-zero growth in energy consumption is a relatively recent phenomenon, and substantial uncertainty is associated with specific aspects of U.S. energy consumption in the AEO2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 ES-5 Executive summary projections. This uncertainty is especially relevant as the United States continues to recover from the latest economic recession and resumes more normal economic growth. Although demand for energy often grew with economic recoveries during the second half of the 20th century, technology and policy factors currently are acting in combination to dampen growth in energy consumption. The AEO2015 alternative cases demonstrate these dynamics. The High and Low Economic Growth cases project higher and lower levels of travel demand, respectively, and of energy consumption growth, while holding policy and technology assumptions constant. In the High Economic Growth case and the High Oil and Gas Resource case, energy consumption growth (0.6%/year and 0.5%/year, respectively) is higher than in the Reference case. Energy consumption growth in the Low Economic Growth case is lower than in the Reference case (nearly flat). In the High Oil Price case, it is higher than in the Reference case, at 0.5%/year, mainly as a result of increased domestic energy production and more consumption of diesel fuel for freight transportation and trucking. In the AEO2015 Reference case, as a result of increasingly stringent fuel economy standards, gasoline consumption in the transportation sector in 2040 is 21% lower than in 2013. In contrast, diesel fuel consumption, largely for freight transportation and trucking, grows at an average rate of 0.8%/year from 2013 to 2040, as economic growth results in more shipments of goods. Because the United States consumes more gasoline than diesel fuel, the pattern of gasoline consumption strongly influences the overall trend of energy consumption in the transportation sector (Figure ES7). Industrial energy use rises with growth of shale gas supply Production of dry natural gas and natural gas plant liquids (NGPL) in the United States has increased markedly over the past few years, and the upward production trend continues in the AEO2015 Reference, High Oil Price, and High Oil and Gas Resource cases, with the High Oil and Gas Resource case showing the strongest growth in production of both dry natural gas and NGPL. Sustained high levels of dry natural gas and NGPL production at prices that are attractive to industry in all three cases contribute to the growth of industrial energy consumption over the 2013-40 projection period and expand the range of fuel and feedstock choices. Increased supply of natural gas from shale resources and the associated liquids contributes to lower prices for natural gas and hydrocarbon gas liquids (HGL), which support higher levels of industrial output. The energy-intensive bulk chemicals industry benefits from lower prices for fuel (primarily natural gas) and feedstocks (natural gas and HGL), as consumption of natural gas and HGL feedstocks increases by more than 50% from 2013 to 2040 in the Reference case, mostly as a result of growth in the total capacity of U.S. methanol, ammonia (mostly for nitrogenous fertilizers), and ethylene catalytic crackers. Increased availability of HGL leads to much slower growth in the use of heavy petroleum-based naphtha feedstocks compared to the lighter HGL feedstocks (ethane, propane, and butane). With sustained low HGL prices, the feedstock slate continues to favor HGL at unprecedented levels. Other energy-intensive industries, such as primary metals and pulp and paper, also benefit from the availability and pricing of dry natural gas production from shale resources. However, factors other than lower natural gas and HGL prices, such as changes in nonenergy costs and export demand, also play significant roles in increasing manufacturing output.10 Manufacturing gross output in the High Oil and Gas Resource case is only slightly higher than in the Reference case, and most of the difference in industrial natural gas use between the two cases is attributable to the mining industry—specifically, oil and gas extraction. With increased extraction activity in the High Oil and Gas Resource case, natural gas consumption for lease and plant use in 2040 is 1.6 quadrillion Btu (68%) higher than in the Reference case. Figure ES7. Delivered energy consumption for transportation in six cases, 2008-40 (quadrillion Btu) 30 History 2013 28 Projections High Economic Growth Low Oil Price High Oil and Gas Resource Reference 26 High Oil Price 24 Low Economic Growth 22 0 2008 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Increased production of dry natural gas from shale resources (e.g., as seen in the High Oil and Gas Resource case relative to the Reference case) leads to a lower natural gas price, which leads to more natural gas use for combined heat and power (CHP) generation in the industrial sector. In 2040, natural gas use for CHP generation is 12% higher in the High Oil and Gas Resource case than in the Reference case, reflecting the higher levels of dry natural gas production. Finally, the increased supply of dry natural gas from shale resources leads to the increased use of natural gas to meet heat and power needs in the industrial sector. Renewables meet much of the growth in electricity demand Renewable electricity generation in the AEO2015 Reference case increases by 72% from 2013 to 2040, accounting for more than one-third of new generation capacity. The renewable share of total generation grows from 13% in 2013 10 E . Sendich, “The Importance of Natural Gas in the Industrial Sector With a Focus on Energy-Intensive Industries,” EIA Working Paper (February 28, 2014), http://www.eia.gov/workingpapers/pdf/natgas_indussector.pdf. ES-6 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Executive summary to 18% in 2040. Federal tax credits and state renewable portfolio standards that do not expire (sunset) continue to drive the relatively robust near-term growth of nonhydropower renewable sources, with total renewable generation increasing by 25% from 2013 to 2018. However, from 2018 through about 2030, the growth of renewable capacity moderates, as relatively slow growth of electricity demand reduces the need for new generation capacity. In addition, the combination of relatively low natural gas prices and the expiration of several key federal and state policies results in a challenging economic environment for renewables. After 2030, renewable capacity growth again accelerates, as natural gas prices increase over time and renewables become increasingly cost-competitive in some regions. Wind and solar generation account for nearly two-thirds of the increase in total renewable generation in the AEO2015 Reference case. Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology is the fastest-growing energy source for renewable generation, at an annual average rate of 6.8%. Wind energy accounts for the largest absolute increase in renewable generation and for 40.0% of the growth in renewable generation from 2013 to 2038, displacing hydropower and becoming the largest source of renewable generation by 2040. PV capacity accounts for nearly all the growth in solar generation, split between the electric power sector and the end-use sectors (e.g., distributed or customer-sited generation). Geothermal generation grows at an average annual rate of about 5.5% over the projection period, but because geothermal resources are concentrated geographically, the growth is limited to the western United States. Biomass generation increases by an average of 3.1%/year, led by cofiring at existing coal plants through about 2030. After 2030, new dedicated biomass plants account for most of the growth in generation from biomass energy sources. In the High Economic Growth and High Oil Price cases, renewable generation growth exceeds the levels in the Reference case— more than doubling from 2013 to 2040 in both cases (Figure ES8), primarily as a result of increased demand for new generation capacity in the High Economic Growth case and relatively more expensive competing fuel prices in the High Oil Price case. In the Low Economic Growth and Low Oil Price cases, with slower load growth and lower natural gas prices, the overall increase in renewable generation from 2013 to 2040 is somewhat smaller than in the Reference case but still grows by 49% and 61%, respectively, from 2013 to 2040. Wind and solar PV generation in the electric power sector, the sector most affected by renewable electric generation, account for most of the variation across the alternative cases in the later years of the projections. Electricity prices increase with rising fuel costs and expenditures on electric transmission and distribution infrastructure In the AEO2015 Reference case, increasing costs of electric power generation and transmission and distribution, coupled with relatively slow growth of electricity sales (averaging 0.7%/year), result in an 18% increase in the average retail price of electricity (in real 2013 dollars) over the projection period. In the Reference case, prices increase from 10.1 cents/kilowatthour (kWh) in 2013 to 11.8 cents/kWh in 2040. In comparison, over the same period, the largest increase in retail electricity prices (28%) is in the High Oil Price case (to 12.9 cents/kWh in 2040), and the smallest increase (2%) is in the High Oil and Gas Resource case (to 10.3 cents/kWh in 2040). Electricity prices are determined by economic conditions, efficiency of energy use, competitiveness of electricity supply, investment in new generation capacity, investment in transmission and distribution infrastructure, and the costs of operating and maintaining plants in service. Those factors vary in the alternative cases. Fuel costs (mostly for coal and natural gas) account for the largest portion of generation costs in consumer electricity bills. In 2013, coal accounted for 44% and natural gas accounted for 42% of the total fuel costs for electricity generation. In the AEO2015 Reference case, coal accounts for 35% and natural gas for 55% of total fuel costs in 2040. Coal prices rise on average by 0.8% per year and natural gas prices by 2.4%/year in the Reference case, compared with 1.3%/year and 3.1%/year, respectively, Figure ES8. Total U.S. renewable generation in all in the High Oil Price case and 0.5%/year and 0.2%/year, sectors by fuel in six cases, 2013 and 2040 respectively, in the High Oil and Gas Resource case. (billion kilowatthours) 1,250 Wind Solar Hydropower Geothermal 1,000 Biomass and waste 750 500 250 0 2013 Reference High Low High Oil High Low Oil Price Oil Price and Gas Economic Economic Resource Growth Growth 2040 There has been a fivefold increase in investment in new electricity transmission capacity in the United States since 1997, as well as large increases in spending for distribution capacity. Although investments in new transmission and distribution capacity do not continue at the same rates in AEO2015, spending continues on additional transmission and distribution capacity to connect to new renewable energy sources; improvements in the reliability and resiliency of the grid; enhancements to community aesthetics (underground lines); and smart grid construction. The average annual rate of growth in U.S. electricity use (including sales and direct use) has slowed from 9.8% in the 1950s to 0.5% over the past decade. Factors contributing to the lower rate of growth include slower population growth, market saturation of electricity-intensive appliances, improvements in the efficiency of household appliances, and U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 ES-7 Executive summary a shift in the economy toward a larger share of consumption in less energy-intensive industries. In the AEO2015 Reference case, U.S. electricity use grows by an average of 0.8%/year from 2013 to 2040. Energy-related CO2 emissions stabilize with improvements in the energy intensity and carbon intensity of electricity generation U.S. energy-related CO2 emissions in 2013 totaled 5,405 million metric tons (mt).11 In the AEO2015 Reference case, CO2 emissions increase by 144 million mt (2.7%) from 2013 to 2040, to 5,549 million mt—still 444 million mt below the 2005 level of 5,993 million mt. Among the AEO2015 alternative cases, total emissions in 2040 range from a high of 5,979 million mt in the High Economic Growth case to a low of 5,160 million mt in the Low Economic Growth case. In the Reference case: • CO2 emissions from the electric power sector increase by an average of 0.2%/year from 2013 to 2040, as a result of relatively slow growth in electricity sales (averaging 0.7%/year) and increasing substitution of lower-carbon fuels, such as natural gas and renewable energy sources, for coal in electricity generation. • CO2 emissions from the transportation sector decline by an average of 0.2%/year, with overall improvements in vehicle energy efficiency offsetting increased travel demand, growth in diesel consumption in freight trucks, and consumer’s preference for larger, less-efficient vehicles as a result of the lower fuel prices that accompany strong growth of domestic oil and dry natural gas production. • CO2 emissions from the industrial sector increase by an average of 0.5%/year, reflecting a resurgence of industrial activity fueled by low energy prices, particularly for natural gas and HGL feedstocks in the bulk chemical sector. • CO2 emissions from the residential sector decline by an average of 0.2%/year, with improvements in appliance and building shell efficiencies more than offsetting growth in housing units. • CO2 emissions from the commercial sector increase by an average of 0.3%/year even with improvements in equipment and building shell efficiency, as a result of increased electricity consumption resulting from the growing proliferation of data centers and electric devices, such as networking equipment and video displays, as well as greater use of natural gas-fueled combined heat and power distributed generation. 11 Based on EIA, Monthly Energy Review (November 2014), and reported here for consistency with data and other calculations in the AEO2015 tables. The 2013 total was subsequently updated to 5,363 million metric tons in EIA’s February 2015 Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2015/02), http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/archive/00351502.pdf. ES-8 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Introduction Introduction In preparing the Annual Energy Outlook 2015 (AEO2015)—a shorter edition; see text box on page 2—the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) evaluated a range of trends and issues that could have major implications for U.S. energy markets. This report presents the AEO2015 Reference case and compares it with five alternative cases (Low and High Oil Price, Low and High Economic Growth, and High Oil and Gas Resource) that were completed as part of AEO2015 (see Appendixes A, B, C, and D). Because of the uncertainties inherent in any energy market projection, the Reference case results should not be viewed in isolation. Readers are encouraged to review the alternative cases to gain perspective on how variations in key assumptions can lead to different outlooks for energy markets. In addition to the alternative cases prepared for AEO2015, EIA has examined many proposed policies affecting energy markets over the past few years. Reports describing the results of those analyses are available on EIA’s website.12 Table 1 provides a summary of the six cases produced as part of AEO2015. For each case, the table gives the name used in AEO2015 and a brief description of the major assumptions underlying the projections. Regional results and other details of the projections are available at http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/tables_ref.cfm#supplement. Table 1. Summary of AEO2015 cases Case name Description Reference Real gross domestic product (GDP) grows at an average annual rate of 2.4% from 2013 to 2040, under the assumption that current laws and regulations remain generally unchanged throughout the projection period. North Sea Brent crude oil prices rise to $141/barrel (bbl) (2013 dollars) in 2040. Complete projection tables are provided in Appendix A. Low Economic Growth Real GDP grows at an average annual rate of 1.8% from 2013 to 2040. Other energy market assumptions are the same as in the Reference case. Partial projection tables are provided in Appendix B. High Economic Growth Real GDP grows at an average annual rate of 2.9% from 2013 to 2040. Other energy market assumptions are the same as in the Reference case. Partial projection tables are provided in Appendix B. Low Oil Price Low oil prices result from a combination of low demand for petroleum and other liquids in nations outside the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (non-OECD nations) and higher global supply. On the supply side, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) increases its liquids market share from 40% in 2013 to 51% in 2040, and the costs of other liquids production technologies are lower than in the Reference case. Light, sweet (Brent) crude oil prices remain around $52/bbl (2013 dollars) through 2017, and then rise slowly to $76/bbl in 2040. Other energy market assumptions are the same as in the Reference case. Partial projection tables are provided in Appendix C. High Oil Price High oil prices result from a combination of higher demand for liquid fuels in non-OECD nations and lower global crude oil supply. OPEC’s liquids market share averages 32% throughout the projection. Non-OPEC crude oil production expands more slowly in short- to mid-term relative to the Reference case. Brent crude oil prices rise to $252/bbl (2013 dollars) in 2040. Other energy market assumptions are the same as in the Reference case. Partial projection tables are provided in Appendix C. High Oil and Gas Resource Estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) per shale gas, tight gas, and tight oil well is 50% higher and well spacing is 50% closer (i.e., the number of wells drilled is 100% higher) than in the Reference case. In addition, tight oil resources are added to reflect new plays or the expansion of known tight oil plays, and the EUR for tight and shale wells increases by 1%/year more than the annual increase in the Reference case to reflect additional technology improvements. This case also includes kerogen development; undiscovered resources in the offshore Lower 48 states and Alaska; and coalbed methane and shale gas resources in Canada that are 50% higher than in the Reference case. Other energy market assumptions are the same as in the Reference case. Partial projection tables are provided in Appendix D. 12 See “Congressional and other requests,” http://www.eia.gov/analysis/reports.cfm?t=138. U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 1 Economic growth Changes in release cycle for EIA’s Annual Energy Outlook To focus more resources on rapidly changing energy markets and the ways in which they might evolve over the next few years, the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) is revising the schedule and approach for production of the Annual Energy Outlook (AEO). Starting with this Annual Energy Outlook 2015 (AEO2015), EIA is adopting a two-year release cycle for the AEO, with full and shorter editions of the AEO produced in alternating years. AEO2015 is a shorter edition of the AEO. The shorter AEO includes a limited number of model updates, which are selected predominantly to reflect historical data updates and changes in legislation and regulations. A complete listing of the changes made for AEO2015 is shown in Appendix E. The shorter edition includes a Reference case and five alternative cases: Low Oil Price, High Oil Price, Low Economic Growth, High Economic Growth, and High Oil and Gas Resource. The shorter AEO will include this publication, which discusses the Reference case and alternative cases, as well as the report, Assumptions to the Annual Energy Outlook 2015.13 Other documentation—including model documentation for each of the National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) models and the Retrospective Review—will be completed only for the years when a full edition of the AEO is produced. To provide a basis against which alternative cases and policies can be compared, the AEO Reference case generally assumes that current laws and regulations affecting the energy sector remain unchanged throughout the projection (including the assumption that laws that include sunset dates do, in fact, expire at the time of those sunset dates). This assumption enables policy analysis with less uncertainty regarding unstated legal or regulatory assumptions. Economic growth The AEO economic forecasts are trend projections, with no major shocks assumed and with potential growth determined by the economy’s supply capability. Growth in aggregate supply depends on increases in the labor force, growth of capital stocks, and improvements in productivity. Long-term demand growth depends on labor force growth, income growth, and population growth. The AEO2015 Reference case uses the U.S. Census Bureau’s December 2012 middle population projection: U.S. population grows at an average annual rate of 0.7%, real GDP at 2.4%, labor Table 2. Growth in key economic factors in historical force at 0.6%, and nonfarm labor productivity at 2.0% from data and in the Reference case 2013 to 2040. AEO2015 (2013-40) Previous 30 Years Real 2009 dollars (annual average percent change) GDP 2.4 2.8 GDP per capita 1.7 1.8 Disposable income 2.5 2.9 Consumer spending 2.4 3.1 Private investment 3.0 3.5 Exports 4.9 6.1 Imports 4.0 6.0 Government expenditures 0.9 1.7 GDP: Major trading countries 1.9 2.4 GDP: Other trading countries 3.8 4.7 Federal funds rate 3.2 4.5 Unemployment rate 5.3 6.3 Nonfarm business output per hour 2.0 2.0 Average annual rate Source: AEO2015 Reference case D021915a, based on IHS Global Insight T301114.wf1. 13 2 Table 2 compares key long-run economic growth projections in AEO2015 with actual growth rates over the past 30 years. In the AEO2015 Reference case, U.S. real GDP grows at an average annual rate of 2.4% from 2013 to 2040—a rate that is 0.4 percentage points slower than the average over the past 30 years. GDP expands in the Reference case by 3.1% in 2015, 2.5% in 2016, 2.6% from 2015 to 2025, and 2.4% from 2015 to 2040. As a share of GDP, consumption expenditures account for more than two-thirds of total GDP. In terms of growth, it is exports and business fixed investment that contribute the most to GDP. Growth in these is relatively strong during the first 10 years of the projection and then moderates for the remaining years. The growth rates for both exports and business fixed investment are above the rate of GDP growth with exports dominating throughout the projection (Figure 1). In the AEO2015 Reference case, nominal interest rates over the 2013-40 period are generally lower than those observed for the preceding 30 years, based on an expectation of lower inflation rates in the projection period. At present, the term structure of interest rates is still at the lowest level seen over the past 40 years. In 2012, the federal funds rate averaged 0.1%. Longer-term nominal interest rates are projected to average around 6.0%, which is lower than the previous 30year average of 7.8%. After 2015, interest rates in ensuing U.S. Energy Information Administration, Assumptions to the Annual Energy Outlook 2015, DOE/EIA-0554(2015) (Washington, DC, to be published), http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/assumptions. U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Economic growth five-year periods through 2040 are expected to stabilize at a slightly higher level than the five-year averages through 2013, 2014, and 2015, as the result of a modest inflation rate. Appreciation in the U.S. dollar exchange rate dampens export growth during the first five years of the projections; however, the dollar is expected to depreciate relative to the currencies of major U.S. trading partners after 2020, which combined with modest growth in unit labor costs stimulates U.S. export growth toward the end of the projection, eventually improving the U.S. current account balance. Real exports of goods and services grow at an average annual rate of 4.9%—and real imports of goods and services grow at an average annual rate of 4.0%—from 2013 to 2040 in the Reference case. The inflation rate, as measured by growth in the Consumer Price Index (CPI), averages 2.0% from 2013 to 2040 in the Reference case, compared with the average annual CPI inflation rate of 2.9% from 1983 to 2013. Annual growth in total gross output of all goods and services, which includes both final and intermediate products, averages 1.9%/year from 2013 to 2040, with growth in the service sector (1.9%/year) just below manufacturing growth (2.0%/year) over the long term. In 2040, the manufacturing share of total gross output (17%) rises slightly above the 2013 level (16%) in the AEO2015 Reference case. Total industrial production (which includes manufacturing, construction, agriculture, and mining) grows by 1.8%/year from 2013 to 2040 in the AEO2015 Reference case, with slower growth in key manufacturing industries, such as paper, primary metals, and aspects of chemicals excluding the plastic resin and pharmaceutical industries. Except for trade of industrial supplies, which mostly affect energy-intensive industries, net exports show weak growth until 2020. After 2020, export growth recovers as the dollar begins to depreciate and the economic growth of trading partners continues. Net export growth is strongest from the late 2020s through 2034 and declines from 2035 to 2040. Updated information on how industries supply other industries and meet the demand of different types of GDP expenditures has influenced certain industrial projections.14 For example, as a result of a better understanding of how the pulp and paper industry supplies other industries, trade of consumer goods and industrial supplies has a greater effect on production in the pulp and paper industry. Nonenergy-intensive manufacturing industries show higher growth than total industrial production, primarily as a result of growth in metal-based durables (Figure 2). In the AEO2015 Reference case, manufacturing output goes through two distinct growth periods, with the clearest difference between periods seen in the energy-intensive industries. Stronger growth in U.S. manufacturing through 2025 results in part from increased shale gas production, which affects U.S. competitiveness and also results in higher GDP growth early in the projection period. In the Reference case, manufacturing output grows at an average annual rate of 2.3% from 2013 to 2025. After 2025, growth slows to 1.7% as a result of increased foreign competition and rising energy prices, with energy-intensive, trade-exposed industries showing the largest drop in growth. The energy-intensive industries grow at average rates of 1.8%/year from 2013 to 2025 and 0.7%/year from 2025 to 2040. Growth rates in the sector are uneven, with pulp and paper output decreasing at an average annual rate of 0.1% and the cement industry growing at an average annual rate of 3.1% from 2013 to 2040. Figure 1. Annual changes in U.S. gross domestic product, business investment, and exports in the Reference case, 2015-40 (percent) Figure 2. Annual growth rates for industrial output in three cases, 2013-40 (percent per year) 8 Industrial sector total 6 Real exports 4 Nonenergy-intensive manufacturing Real fixed business investment High Economic Growth Reference Energy-intensive manufacturing Low Economic Growth Real GDP 2 Nonmanufacturing 0 2015 14 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 The Industrial Output Model of the NEMS Macroeconomic Activity Module now uses the Bureau of Economic Analysis detailed input-output (IO) matrices for 2007 rather than 2002 (http://bea.gov/industry/io_annual.htm) and also now incorporates information from the aggregate IO matrices (http://bea.gov/industry/gdpbyind_data.htm). U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 3 Energy prices AEO2015 presents three economic growth cases: Reference, High, and Low. The High Economic Growth case assumes higher growth and lower inflation, compared with the Reference case, and the Low Economic Growth case assumes lower growth and higher inflation. Differences among the Reference, High Economic Growth, and Low Economic Growth cases reflect different expectations for growth in population (specifically, net immigration), labor force, capital stock, and productivity, which are above trend in the High Economic Growth case and below trend in the Low Economic Growth case. The average annual growth rate for real GDP from 2013 to 2040 in the Reference case is 2.4%, compared with 2.9% in the High Economic Growth case and 1.8% in the Low Economic Growth case. In the High Economic Growth case, with greater productivity gains and a larger labor force, the U.S. economy expands by 4.1% in 2015, 3.6% in 2016, 3.2% from 2015 to 2025, and 2.9% from 2015 to 2040. In the Low Economic Growth case, the current economic recovery (which is now more than five years old) stalls in the near term, and productivity and labor force growth are weak in the long term. As a result, economic growth averages 2.4% in 2015, 1.6% in 2016, 1.7% from 2015 to 2025, and 1.8% from 2015 to 2040 in the Low Economic Growth case (Table 3). Energy prices Crude oil AEO2015 considers a number of factors related to the uncertainty of future world crude oil prices, including changes in worldwide demand for petroleum products, crude oil production, and supplies of other liquid fuels.15 In the Reference, High Oil Price, and Low Oil Price cases, the North Sea Brent (Brent) crude oil price reflects the market price for light sweet crude oil free on board (FOB) at the Sullen Voe oil terminal in Scotland. The Reference case reflects global oil market events through the end of 2014. Over the past two years, growth in U.S. crude oil production, along with the late-2014 drop in global crude oil prices, has altered the economics of the oil market. These new market conditions are assumed to continue in the Reference case, with the average Brent price dropping from $109/barrel (bbl) in 2013 to $56/bbl in 2015, before increasing to $76/bbl in 2018. After 2018, growth in demand from non-OECD countries—countries outside the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)—pushes the Brent price to $141/bbl in 2040 (in 2013 dollars). The increase in oil prices supports growth in domestic crude oil production. The High Oil Price case assumes higher world demand for petroleum products, less upstream investment by the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), and higher non-OPEC exploration and development costs. These factors all contribute to a rise in the average spot market price for Brent crude oil to $252/bbl in 2040, 78% above the Reference case. The reverse is true in the Low Oil Price case: lower non-OECD demand, higher OPEC upstream investment, and lower non-OPEC exploration Table 3. Average annual growth of labor productivity, employment, income, and consumption in three cases (percent per year) 2015 2016 2015-25 2015-40 High Economic Growth 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.3 Reference 1.9 1.6 2.1 2.0 Low Economic Growth 1.3 0.9 1.7 1.6 High Economic Growth 2.9 1.9 1.2 0.9 Reference 2.2 1.6 0.8 0.7 Low Economic Growth 1.6 1.1 0.6 0.5 High Economic Growth 3.6 3.3 3.4 2.8 Reference 3.3 2.8 2.8 2.5 Low Economic Growth 2.7 2.4 2.4 2.3 High Economic Growth 3.6 3.5 3.2 2.9 Reference 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.4 Low Economic Growth 2.5 2.6 1.7 1.7 Productivity Non-farm employment Real personal income Real personal consumption Source: AEO2015 Reference case D021915a, based on IHS Global Insight T301114.wf1. 15 4 Liquid fuels, or petroleum and other liquids, includes crude oil and products of petroleum refining, natural gas liquids, biofuels, and liquids derived from other hydrocarbon sources (including coal-to-liquids and gas-to-liquids). U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Energy prices and development costs cause the Brent spot price to increase slowly to $76/bbl, or 47% below the price in the Reference case, in 2040 (Figure 3). World liquid fuels consumption varies in the three cases as a result of different assumptions about future trends in oil prices, world oil supply, and the rate of non-OECD demand growth. Uncertainty about world crude oil production is also captured in the three cases. In the Reference case, world production is 99.1 million bbl/d in 2040. In comparison to the Reference case, total liquid fuel supplies and OPEC’s market share are higher in the Low Oil Price case and lower in the High Oil Price case. For OPEC countries in the Middle East, Africa, and South America, combined production grows from less than 32.6 million bbl/d in 2013 to 58.3 million bbl/d in 2040 in the Low Oil Price case, compared with 43.5 million bbl/d in 2040 in the Reference case and 35.0 million bbl/d in 2040 in the High Oil Price case. As increased OPEC production depresses world oil prices in the Low Oil Price case, development of some non-OPEC resources that are viable in the Reference case become uneconomical. As a result, non-OPEC production increases only slightly in the Low Oil Price case, from 45.3 million bbl/d in 2013 to 46.8 million bbl/d in 2040. In the High Oil Price case, non-OPEC production totals 63.8 million bbl/d in 2040. Unlike the High Oil and Gas Resource case, which assumes higher estimated ultimate recovery of crude oil and natural gas per well, closer well spacing, and greater advancement in production technology than the Reference case, the High Oil Price and Low Oil Price cases assume no changes in those factors from the Reference case. Petroleum and other liquids products The prices charged for petroleum products and other liquid products in the United States reflect the price that refiners pay for crude oil inputs, as well as operation, transportation, and distribution costs, and the margins that refiners receive. Changes in gasoline and distillate fuel oil prices generally move in the Figure 3. North Sea Brent crude oil prices in three same direction as changes in the world crude oil price, but cases, 2005-40 (2013 dollars per barrel) the changes in price are also influenced by demand factors. A History 2013 Projections 30% rise in the North Sea Brent crude oil spot price from 2013 300 to 2040 in the Reference case results in the weighted average U.S. petroleum product price rising by 15%, from $3.16/gallon 250 to $3.62/gallon (in 2013 dollars). However, the effect of rising High Oil Price crude oil prices on distillate fuel use in the United States is less than for motor gasoline, because of a greater increase 200 in distillate fuel demand as freight requirements continue to grow and the mix of light-duty vehicle fuels shifts from 150 Reference gasoline to diesel fuel. U.S. distillate fuel prices rise by 23% through 2040 in the Reference case, compared to an 11% 100 increase for motor gasoline (Figure 4 and Figure 5). However, Low Oil Price distillate fuel consumption rises by 15%, compared to a 20% decrease in motor gasoline consumption. 50 0 2005 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Figure 4. Motor gasoline prices in three cases, 2005-40 (2013 dollars per gallon) 8 History 2013 Figure 5. Distillate fuel oil prices in three cases, 2005-40 (2013 dollars per gallon) Projections 8 4 History 2013 Projections High Oil Price High Oil Price 6 In the High Oil Price case, higher demand for crude oil in nonOECD countries and lower supply of OPEC crude oil push world crude oil prices up. As a result, the weighted average 6 Reference 4 Reference Low Oil Price 2 0 2005 Low Oil Price 2 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 0 2005 2013 2020 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 2025 2030 2035 2040 5 Energy prices price for U.S. petroleum products increases by 84%, from $3.16/gallon in 2013 to $5.81/gallon in 2040. In the Low Oil Price case, with lower non-OECD demand and higher OPEC supply pushing world oil prices down, the weighted average price for U.S. petroleum products drops by 26%, from $3.16/gallon in 2013 to $2.32/gallon in 2040. In all the AEO2015 cases, U.S. laws and regulations shape demand and, consequently, the price of petroleum products in the United States. The Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards for new light-duty vehicles (LDVs), which typically use gasoline, rise from 30 miles per gallon (mpg) in 2013 to 54 mpg in 2040 under the fleet composition assumptions used in the final rule issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and National Highway Transportation Safety Administration.16 The rise in vehicle miles traveled (VMT) for LDVs does not fully offset the increase in fuel efficiency, and motor gasoline consumption declines through 2040 in all the AEO2015 cases. However, the effect of the standards varies by case because of the use of different assumptions about prices and economic growth. The 32% decrease in motor gasoline consumption in the High Oil Price case is larger than the decrease in the Reference case because higher gasoline prices reduce VMT, reducing consumption. In the Low Oil Price case, the decrease in gasoline consumption (11%) is smaller than in the Reference case because lower gasoline prices stimulate enough increased VMT to offset a part of the impact of fuel efficiency improvements resulting from regulation. The efficiency and greenhouse gas (GHG) standard for heavy-duty vehicles, which typically consume distillate fuel, rises by about 16% through 2040, remaining below 8 mpg in all AEO2015 cases. Unlike the case for LDVs, the higher VMT in the Low Oil Price case more than offsets the increase in vehicle fuel efficiency, and distillate fuel consumption increases by 21% from 2013 to 2040. The increase in fuel consumption in the Low Oil Price case is greater than in the Reference case as a result of a 22% decrease in distillate fuel prices, to $2.97/gallon in 2040. In the High Oil Price case, the price of distillate fuel oil increases to $7.55/gallon in 2040—61% higher than in the Reference case—resulting in a 2% decline in distillate fuel consumption. Natural gas Henry Hub natural gas spot prices vary according to assumptions about the availability of domestically produced natural gas resources, overseas demand for U.S. liquefied natural gas (LNG), and trends in domestic consumption. In all cases, prices are lower in 2015 than the $3.73/million British thermal units (Btu) average Henry Hub spot price in 2013, and in most cases they are above that level by 2020 (Figure 6). In the AEO2015 Reference case, the Henry Hub spot price is $4.88/million Btu (2013 dollars) in 2020 and $7.85/million Btu in 2040, as increased demand in domestic and international markets requires an increased number of well completions to achieve higher levels of production. In addition, lower cost resources generally are expected to be produced earlier, with more expensive production occurring later in the projection period. In the High Oil and Gas Resource case, U.S. domestic production from tight oil and natural gas formations is higher than in the Reference case as a result of assumed greater estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) per well, closer well spacing, and greater gains in technological development. Consequently, even with low natural gas prices, total U.S. domestic dry natural gas production grows sufficiently to satisfy higher levels of domestic consumption, as well as higher pipeline and LNG exports. With the abundance of natural gas produced domestically, the Henry Hub spot price (in 2013 dollars) falls from $3.14/million Btu in 2015 to $3.12/ million Btu in 2020 (36% below the Reference case price) before rising to $4.38/million Btu in 2040 (44% below the Figure 6. Average Henry Hub spot prices for Reference case price). natural gas in four cases, 2005-40 (2013 dollars The Low and High Oil Price cases assume the same level of resource availability as the Reference case but different world oil prices, which affect the level of overseas demand for U.S. LNG exports. International LNG contracts are often linked to crude oil prices, even though their relationship may be weakening. Global demand for LNG is also directly influenced by oil prices, as LNG competes directly with petroleum products in many applications. When the North Sea Brent spot price, which is the principal benchmark price for crude oil on world markets, rises in the High Oil Price case, world LNG contracts linked to oil prices become more expensive, making LNG exports from the United States more desirable. per million Btu) 12 History 2013 Projections High Oil Price 9 Reference 6 Low Oil Price 3 0 2005 High Oil and Gas Resource 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 In the High Oil Price case, the Henry Hub natural gas spot price remains close to the Reference case price through 2020. However, higher overseas demand for U.S. LNG exports raises the average Henry Hub spot price to $10.63/million Btu in 2040, which is 35% above the Reference case price. 16 .S. Environmental Protection Agency and National Highway Transportation Safety Administration, “2017 and Later Model Year Light-Duty Vehicle U Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards; Final Rule,” Federal Register, Vol. 77, No. 199 (Washington, DC, October 15, 2012), https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2012/10/15/2012-21972/2017-and-later-model-year-light-duty-vehicle-greenhouse-gas-emissionsand-corporate-average-fuel. 6 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Energy prices In the Low Oil Price case, with lower demand for U.S. LNG exports, the Henry Hub spot price is only $7.15/million Btu in 2040— which is 9% lower than in the Reference case but 63% higher than in the High Oil and Gas Resource case. Changes in the Henry Hub natural gas spot price generally translate to changes in the price of natural gas delivered to end users. The delivered price of natural gas to the electric power sector is highest in the High Oil Price case, where it rises from $4.40/ million Btu in 2013 to $10.08/million Btu in 2040, compared with $8.28/million Btu in the Reference case. Higher delivered natural gas prices result in a decline in natural gas consumption in the electric power sector in the High Oil Price case, from 8.2 Tcf in 2013 to 6.8 Tcf in 2040, compared with an increase in natural gas consumption in the electric power sector to 9.4 Tcf in 2040 in the Reference case. In the Low Oil Price and High Oil and Gas Resource cases, smaller increases in delivered natural gas prices result in more consumption for power generation than in the Reference case or High Oil Price case in 2040. As in the electric power sector, natural gas consumption in the U.S. industrial sector also changes in response to delivered natural gas prices. However, industrial natural gas consumption also changes in response to shifts in the mix of industrial output, as well as changes in refinery output and utilization. Consumption also varies with the relative economics of using natural gas for electricity generation in industrial combined heat and power (CHP) facilities. The largest increase in the price of natural gas delivered to the industrial sector, from $4.56/million Btu in 2013 to $11.03/million Btu in 2040, is seen in the High Oil Price case, followed by the Reference case ($8.78/million Btu in 2040), Low Oil Price case ($8.25/million Btu in 2040), and High Oil and Gas Resource case ($5.22/million Btu in 2040). Of those four cases, the largest increase in industrial natural gas consumption occurs in the High Oil and Gas Resource case, in which lower prices contribute to higher consumption. The next largest increase occurs in the High Oil Price case, where higher prices spur a significant increase in U.S. crude oil production and, accordingly, natural gas consumption at U.S. oil refineries.17 The price of natural gas delivered to the residential and commercial sectors increases from 2013 to 2040 in all the AEO2015 cases. The largest increase in delivered natural gas prices to both sectors through 2040 is in the High Oil Price case, followed by the Reference, Low Oil Price, and High Oil and Gas Resource cases. In the commercial sector, natural gas consumption increases in all cases, mainly as a result of increased commercial CHP use and growth in aggregate commercial square footage. Conversely, consumption in the residential sector decreases in all cases despite economic growth, as overall demand is reduced by population shifts to warmer areas, improvements in appliance efficiency, and increased use of electricity for home heating. Coal The average minemouth coal price increases by 1.0%/year in the AEO2015 Reference case, from $1.84/million Btu in 2013 to $2.44/million Btu in 2040. Higher prices result primarily from declines in coal mining productivity in several key supply regions, including Central Appalachia and Wyoming’s Powder River Basin. Across the AEO2015 alternative cases, the most significant changes in the average minemouth coal price compared with the Reference case occur in the Low and High Oil Price cases. In 2040, the average minemouth price is 6% lower in the Low Oil Price case and 7% higher in the High Oil Price case than in the Reference case. These variations from the Reference case Figure 7. Average minemouth coal prices by region are primarily the result of differences in the projections for in the Reference case, 1990-2040 (2013 dollars per diesel fuel and electricity prices in the Low and High Oil Price million Btu) cases, because diesel fuel and electricity are key inputs to the History 2013 Projections 4.0 coal mining process. The AEO2015 cases do not include the EPA’s proposed Clean Power Plan,18 which if implemented Appalachia would likely have a substantial impact on coal use for power generation and coal markets more generally. Increases in minemouth coal prices (in dollars/million Btu) occur in all coal-producing regions (Figure 7). In Appalachia and in the West, increases of 1.2%/year and 1.5%/year between 2013 and 2040, respectively, are primarily the result of continuing declines in coal mining productivity. In the Interior region, a more optimistic outlook for coal mining productivity, combined with substantially higher production quantities, results in slower average price growth of 0.8%/ year from 2013 to 2040. Increased output from large, highly productive longwall mines in the Interior region support labor productivity gains averaging 0.3%/year over the same period. 3.0 Interior 2.0 U.S. average 1.0 0 1990 West 2000 2013 2020 2030 2040 17 While not discussed in this section, the High Economic Growth case has higher levels of industrial natural gas consumption through 2040 than any of the four cases mentioned, in response to higher demand that results from significantly higher levels of industrial output. 18 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Carbon Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Stationary Sources: Electric Utility Generating Units,” Federal Register, pp. 34829-34958 (Washington, DC: June 18, 2014) https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2014/06/18/2014-13726/carbonpollution-emission-guidelines-for-existing-stationary-sources-electric-utility-generating. U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 7 Energy prices The average delivered price of coal (the sum of minemouth and coal transportation costs) increases at a similar, but slightly slower pace of 0.8%/year than minemouth prices, with prices rising from $2.50/million Btu in 2013 to $3.09/million Btu in 2040 in the AEO2015 Reference case (Figure 8). A relatively flat outlook for coal transportation rates results in a slightly lower growth rate for the average delivered price of coal. Electricity The average retail price of electricity in real 2013 dollars increases in the AEO2015 Reference case by 18% from 2013 to 2040 as a result of rising costs for power generation and delivery, coupled with relatively slow growth in electricity demand (0.7%/ year on average). Electricity prices are determined by a complex set of factors that include economic conditions; energy use and efficiency; the competitiveness of electricity supply; investment in new generation, transmission, and distribution capacity; and the fuel, operation, and maintenance costs of plants in service. Figure 9 illustrates effects on retail electricity prices in the AEO2015 Reference and alternative cases resulting from different assumptions about the factors determining prices. In the AEO2015 Reference case, average retail electricity prices (2013 dollars) increase by an average of 0.6%/year, from 10.1 cents/kilowatthour (kWh) in 2013 to 11.8 cents/kWh in 2040, an overall increase of 18%. The High Oil Price case shows the largest overall average price increase, at 28%, to 12.9 cents/kWh in 2040. The High Oil and Gas Resource case shows the smallest average increase, at 2%, to 10.3 cents/kWh in 2040. With more fuel resources available to meet demand from power producers in the High Oil and Gas Resource case, lower fuel prices lead to lower generation costs and lower retail electricity prices for consumers. In the High Economic Growth case, stronger economic growth increases demand for electricity, putting price pressure on the fuel costs and the construction cost of new generating plants. In the Low Economic Growth case, weaker growth results in lower electricity demand and associated costs. The average annual growth in electricity use (including sales and direct use) in the United States has slowed from 9.8%/year in the 1950s to 0.5%/year over the past decade. Contributing factors include slowing population growth, market saturation of major electricity-using appliances, efficiency improvements in appliances, and a shift in the economy toward a larger share of consumption in less energy-intensive industries. In the AEO2015 Reference case, U.S. electricity use grows by 0.8%/year on average from 2013 to 2040. Combined electricity demand in the residential and commercial sectors made up over 70% of total electricity demand in 2013, with each sector using roughly the same amount of electricity. From 2013 to 2040, residential and commercial electricity prices increase by 19% and 16%, respectively, in the Reference case; by 30% and 27% in the High Oil Price case; and by 5% and 0% in the High Oil and Gas Resource case. These variations largely reflect the importance of natural gas prices to electricity prices. Industrial electricity prices grow by 22% in the Reference case, from 6.9 cents/kWh in 2013 to 8.4 cents/kWh in 2040. Among the alternative cases, growth in industrial electricity prices ranges from 35% (9.3 cents/kWh in 2040) in the High Oil Price case to 2% (7.1 cents/KWh in 2040) in the High Oil and Gas Resource case. In the industrial sector, electricity use increases in most industries but falls throughout the projection period for the energy-intensive refining and paper industries and, after 2024, in the aluminum, bulk chemical, and mining industries. Retail electricity prices include generation, transmission, and distribution components. In the AEO2015 cases, about two-thirds of the retail price of electricity (between 59% and 67%) is attributable to the price of generation, which includes generation costs and retail taxes, with the remaining portion attributable to transmission and distribution costs. The generation price increases by 0.5% annually in the Reference case, from 6.6 cents/kWh in 2013 to 7.6 cents/kWh in 2040. In the High Oil Price Case, the price Figure 8. Average delivered coal prices in six cases, 1990-2040 (2013 dollars per million Btu) 3.5 History 3.0 2013 Projections Low Economic Growth High Economic Growth Reference High Oil Price Figure 9. Average retail electricity prices in six cases, 2013-40 (2013 cents per kilowatthour) 13 High Oil Price 12 High Economic Growth Reference Low Oil Price 2.5 11 Low Economic Growth High Oil and Gas Resource 2.0 10 1.5 9 0 1990 8 2000 2013 2020 2030 2040 0 2013 Low Oil Price High Oil and Gas Resource 2020 2025 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 2030 2035 2040 Delivered energy consumption by sector of generation increases by 1%/year to 8.6 cents/kWh in 2040; and in the High Oil and Gas Resource Case, it falls by 0.3%/year to 6.1 cents/kWh in 2040. Generation prices are determined differently in states with regulated and competitive electricity supplies. The AEO2015 Reference case assumes that 67% of electricity sales are subject to regulated average-cost pricing and 33% are priced competitively, based on the marginal cost of energy. In fully regulated regions, the price of generation is determined by both fixed costs (such as the costs of paying off electricity plant construction and fixed operation and maintenance costs) and variable costs (fuel and variable operation and maintenance costs). In the Reference case, new generation capacity added through the projection period includes 144 GW of natural gas capacity, 77 GW of renewable capacity (45% is wind and 44% solar), 9 GW of nuclear capacity, and 1 GW of coal-fired capacity. Significant variation in the mix of generation capacity types added in the different AEO2015 cases also affects generation prices. Natural gas capacity additions vary substantially, with only 117 GW added in the Low Economic Growth case and 236 GW added in the High Economic Growth case. In the High Economic Growth case, a more vibrant economy leads to more industrial and commercial activity, more consumer demand for electric devices and appliances, and consequently greater demand for electricity. Renewable generation capacity additions vary the most, with 66 GW added in the High Oil and Gas Resource case, but 194 GW added in the High Economic Growth case. Only 6 GW of new nuclear capacity is built in the Low Economic Growth and High Oil and Gas Resource cases, but 22 GW of new nuclear capacity is added in the High Oil Price case where natural gas prices are significantly above those in the Reference case. Across all the AEO2015 cases, very little new coal-fired capacity—and no new oil-fired capacity—is built through 2040. Most generating fuel costs are attributed to coal and natural gas. In 2013, coal made up 44% of total generation fuel costs, and natural gas made up 42%. In 2040, coal makes up only 35% of total fuel costs in the Reference case, compared with 55% for natural gas. Oil, which is the most expensive fuel for generation, accounted for 6% of the total generating fuel costs in 2013 and from 2019 through 2040 accounts for only 3% of the total. Nuclear fuel accounts for 6% to 8% of electricity generation fuel costs throughout the projection period. In regions with competitive wholesale electricity markets, the generation price generally follows the natural gas price. The price of electricity in wholesale markets is determined by the marginal cost of energy—the cost of serving the next increment of demand for a determined time period. Natural gas fuels the marginal generators during most peak and some off-peak periods in many regions. There has been a fivefold increase in investment in new electricity transmission capacity since 1997, as well as large increases in spending for distribution capacity. Since 1997, roughly $107 billion has been spent on new transmission infrastructure and $318 billion on new distribution infrastructure, both in 2013 dollars. Those investments are paid off gradually over the projection period. Although investment in new transmission and distribution capacity does not continue in the AEO2015 Reference case at the pace seen in recent years, spending still occurs at a rate greater than that needed to keep up with demand driven by requirements for additional transmission and distribution capacity to interconnect with new renewable energy sources, grid reliability and resiliency improvements, community aesthetics (including burying lines), and smart grid construction. In the AEO2015 Reference case, the transmission portion of the price of electricity increases by 1.2%/year, from 0.9 cents/kWh in 2013 to 1.3 cents/kWh in 2040. The distribution portion of the electricity price increases by 0.6%/year over the projection period, from 2.6 cents/ kWh in 2013 to 3.0 cents/kWh in 2040. The investments in distribution capacity are undertaken mainly to serve residential and commercial customers. As a result, residential and commercial customers typically pay significantly higher distribution charges per kilowatthour than those paid by industrial customers. Delivered energy consumption by sector Transportation Energy consumption in the transportation sector declines in the AEO2015 Reference case from 27.0 quadrillion Btu (13.8 million bbl/d) in 2013 to 26.4 quadrillion Btu (13.5 million bbl/d) in 2040. Energy consumption falls most rapidly through 2030, primarily as a result of improvement in light-duty vehicle (LDV) fuel economy with the implementation of corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) standards (Figure 10). This projection is a significant departure from the historical trend. Transportation energy consumption grew by an average of 1.3%/year from 1973 to 2007—when it peaked at 28.7 quadrillion Btu—as a result of increases in demand for personal travel and movement of goods that outstripped gains in fuel efficiency. Transportation sector energy consumption varies across the alternative cases (Figure 11). Compared with the Reference case, energy consumption levels in 2040 are higher in the High Economic Growth case (by 3.0 quadrillion Btu), Low Oil Price case (by 1.4 quadrillion Btu), and High Oil and Gas Resource case (by 1.2 quadrillion Btu) and lower in the High Oil Price case (by 1.4 quadrillion Btu) and Low Economic Growth case (by 2.6 quadrillion Btu). U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 9 Delivered energy consumption by sector In the Reference case, energy consumption by LDVs—including passenger cars, light-duty trucks, and commercial light-duty trucks—falls from 15.7 quadrillion Btu in 2013 to 12.6 quadrillion Btu in 2040, as increases in fuel economy more than offset increases in LDV travel. Total vehicle miles traveled (VMT) for LDVs increase by 36% from 2013 (2,711 billion miles) to 2040 (3,675 billion miles), and the average VMT per licensed driver increase from about 12,200 miles in 2013 to 13,300 miles in 2040. The fuel economy of new vehicles increases from 32.8 mpg in 2013 to 48.1 mpg in 2040, as more stringent CAFE and GHG emissions standards take effect. As a result, the average fuel economy of the LDV stock increases by 69%, from 21.9 mpg in 2013 to 37.0 mpg in 2040. Passenger vehicles fueled exclusively by motor gasoline for all motive and accessory power, excluding any hybridization and flex-fuel capabilities, accounted for 83% of new sales in 2013. In the AEO2015 Reference case, gasoline-only vehicles, excluding hybridization or flex-fuel capabilities, still represent the largest share of new sales in 2040, at 46% of the total (see the first box below for comparison of relative economics of various technologies). However, alternative fuel vehicles and vehicles with hybrid technologies gain significant market shares, including gasoline vehicles equipped with micro hybrid systems (33%), E85 flex-fuel vehicles (10%), full hybrid electric vehicles (5%), diesel vehicles (4%), and plug-in hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles (2%). (EIA considers several types of hybrid electric vehicles—micro, mild, full, and plug-in—as described in the box on page 11.) In comparison with the Reference case, LDV energy consumption in 2040 is higher in the Low Oil Price case (14.3 quadrillion Btu), High Economic Growth case (13.2 quadrillion Btu), and High Oil and Gas Resource case (12.9 quadrillion Btu), as a result of projected higher VMT in all three cases and lower fuel economy in the Low Oil Price and High Oil and Gas Resource cases. Conversely, LDV energy consumption in 2040 in the High Oil Price case (10.6 quadrillion Btu) and the Low Economic Growth case (11.3 quadrillion Btu) is lower than projected in the Reference case, as a result of lower VMT in both cases and higher fuel economy in the High Oil Price case. Energy use by all heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs)—including tractor trailers, buses, vocational vehicles,19 and heavy-duty pickups and vans—increases from 5.8 quadrillion Btu (2.8 million bbl/d) in 2013 to 7.3 quadrillion Btu (3.5 million bbl/d) in 2040, with higher VMT only partially offset by improved fuel economy. HDV travel grows by 48% in the Reference case—as a result of increases in industrial output—from 268 billion miles in 2013 to 397 billion miles in 2040, while average HDV fuel economy increases from 6.7 mpg in 2013 to 7.8 mpg in 2040 as a result of HDV fuel efficiency standards and GHG emissions standards. Diesel remains the most widely used HDV fuel. The share of diesel falls from 92% of total HDV energy use in 2013—with the remainder 7% motor gasoline and 1% gaseous (propane, natural gas, liquefied natural gas)—to 87% diesel in 2040, with natural gas, either compressed or liquefied, accounting for 7% of HDV energy use in 2040 as the economics of natural gas fuels improve and the refueling infrastructure expands. The largest differences from the Reference case level of HDV energy consumption in 2040 are in the High and Low Economic Growth cases (9.4 quadrillion Btu and 6.3 quadrillion Btu, respectively), as a result of their higher and lower projections for travel demand, respectively. Notably, the use of natural gas is significantly higher in the High Oil Price case than in the Reference case, at nearly 30% of total HDV energy use in 2040. Figure 10. Delivered energy consumption for transportation by mode in the Reference case, 2013 and 2040 (quadrillion Btu) Figure 11. Delivered energy consumption for transportation in six cases, 2008-40 (quadrillion Btu) Light-duty vehicles 30 2013 2040 Heavy-duty vehicles 28 Air Marine Pipeline Rail Other Shares of transportation energy use 2013 2040 Light-duty vehicles 58% 48% Heavy-duty vehicles 21% 28% Air 9% 12% Marine 4% 4% Pipeline 3% 4% Rail 2% 2% Other 3% 3% 10 20 Projections High Economic Growth High Oil and Gas Resource Low Oil Price 26 Reference High Oil Price 24 Low Economic Growth 22 Total 0 History 2013 30 0 2008 2013 2020 2025 2030 Note: The sum of the shares may not equal 100% due to independent rounding. 19 Vocational vehicles include a diverse group of heavy-duty trucks, such as box/delivery trucks, refuse haulers, dump trucks, etc. 10 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 2035 2040 Delivered energy consumption by sector Future gasoline vehicles are strong competitors when compared with other vehicle technology types on the basis of fuel economics Several fuel-efficient technologies are currently, or are expected to be, available for all vehicle fuel types. Those technologies will enable manufacturers to meet upcoming CAFE and GHG emissions standards at a relatively modest cost, predominately with vehicles powered by gasoline only or with gasoline-powered vehicles employing micro hybrid systems. Because of diminishing returns from improved fuel economy, future gasoline vehicles, including those with micro hybrid systems, are strong competitors when compared with other, more expensive vehicle technology types on the basis of fuel economics. Even though the price of vehicles that use some electric drive for motive power is projected to decline, in some cases significantly, their relative cost-effectiveness does not improve over the projection period, due to advances in gasoline-only and gasoline micro hybrid vehicles. While the reasons for consumer vehicle purchases vary and are not always on a strictly economic basis, wider market acceptance would require more favorable fuel economics—as seen in the High Oil Price case, where sales of plug-in hybrid and electric vehicle sales more than double. Midsize passenger car fuel economy and vehicle price by technology type in the Reference case, 2015-2040 150 Gasoline hybrid (and micro hybrid) Electric-gasoline hybrid Plug-in hybrid electric 10 Plug-in hybrid electric 40 Electric vehicle 100 125 Fuel economy (miles per gallon equivalent) 100 75 50 Vehicle price (thousand 2012 dollars) 25 0 2015 2040 2015 2040 2015 2040 2015 2040 2015 2040 In 2040, compared with gasoline vehicles, fuel cost savings would be $227/year for an electric-gasoline hybrid, with a “payback period” of approximately 13 years for recovery of the difference in vehicle purchase price compared with a conventional gasoline vehicle; $247/year for a PHEV10, with a 27-year payback period; $271/year for a PHEV40, with a 46-year payback period; and $469/year for a 100% electric drive vehicle, with a 19-year payback period. These results are based on the following assumptions for each vehicle type: 12,000 miles traveled per year; average motor gasoline price of $3.90 per gallon; average electricity price of $0.12 per kilowatthour; and 0% discount rate. For plug-in hybrids it is assumed that a hybrid electric 10 (PHEV10) will use electric drive power for 21% of total miles traveled, and a hybrid electric 40 (PHEV40) for 58% of total miles traveled. The assumed vehicle purchase prices do not reflect national or local tax incentives. The Annual Energy Outlook 2015 includes several types of light-duty vehicle hybrid technology Micro hybrids, also known as start/stop technology, are those vehicles with an electrically powered auxiliary system that allow the internal combustion engine to be turned off when the vehicle is coasting or idle and then quickly restarted. These systems do not provide power to the wheels for traction and can use regenerative braking to recharge the batteries. Mild hybrids are those vehicles that, in addition to start/stop capability, provide some power assist to the wheels but no electriconly motive power. Full hybrid electric vehicles can, in addition to start/stop and mild capabilities, operate at slow speeds for limited distances on the electric motor and assists the drivetrain throughout its drive cycle. Full hybrid electric vehicle systems are configured in parallel, series, or power split systems, depending on how power is delivered to the drivetrain. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles have larger batteries to provide power to drive the vehicle for some distance in charge-depleting mode, until a minimum level of battery power is reached (a “minimum state of charge”), at which point they operate on a mixture of battery and internal combustion engine power (“charge-sustaining mode”). PHEVs also can be engineered to run in a “blended mode,” using an onboard computer to determine the most efficient use of battery and engine power. The battery can be recharged either from the grid (plugging a power cord into an electrical outlet) or by the engine. U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 11 Delivered energy consumption by sector Aircraft energy consumption increases from 2.3 quadrillion Btu in 2013 to 3.1 quadrillion Btu in 2040, with growth in personal air travel partially offset by gains in aircraft fuel efficiency. Energy consumption by marine vessels (including international marine, recreational boating, and domestic marine) remains flat, as increases in demand for international marine and recreational boating are offset by declines in fuel use for domestic marine vessels. The decline in domestic marine energy use is the result of improved efficiency and the continuation of the historical decline in travel demand. In the near term, distillate fuel provides a larger share of the fuel used by marine vessels, the result of stricter fuel and emissions standards. Pipeline energy use increases slowly, with growing volumes of natural gas produced from tight formations that are relatively close to end-use markets. Energy consumption for rail travel (freight and passenger) also remains flat, as improvement in locomotive fuel efficiency offsets growth in travel demand. In 2040, natural gas provides about a third of the fuel used for freight rail. Industrial Delivered energy consumption in the industrial sector totaled 24.5 quadrillion Btu in 2013, representing approximately 34% of total U.S. delivered energy consumption. In the AEO2015 Reference case, industrial delivered energy consumption grows at an annual rate of 0.7% from 2013 to 2040. The annual growth rate is much higher from 2013 to 2025 (1.3%) than from 2025 to 2040 (0.2%), as increased international competition slows industrial production growth and energy efficiency continues to improve in the industrial sector over the long term. Among the alternative cases, delivered industrial energy consumption grows most rapidly in the High Economic Growth case at 1.2%/year, almost twice the rate in the Reference case. The slowest growth in industrial energy consumption is projected in the Low Economic Growth case, at 0.4%/year from 2013 to 2040 (Figure 12). Total industrial natural gas consumption in the AEO2015 Reference case increases from 9.1 quadrillion Btu in 2013 to 11.2 quadrillion Btu in 2040. Natural gas is used in the industrial sector for heat and power, bulk chemical feedstocks, natural gas-toliquids (GTL) heat and power, and lease and plant fuel. The 6.7 quadrillion Btu of natural gas used for heat and power in 2013 was 74% of total industrial natural gas consumption for the year. From 2013 to 2040, natural gas use for heat and power grows by an average of 0.4%/year in the Reference case, with 41% of the total growth occurring between 2013 and 2020. In the High Oil and Gas Resource case, natural gas use for heat and power grows by 0.7%/year from 2013 to 2040, largely as a result of oil and gas extraction activity (Figure 13). Natural gas use for GTL is responsible for the rapid post-2025 consumption growth in the High Oil Price compared with the other two cases shown in Figure 13. In the High Oil Price case, natural gas use for heat and power increases by 1.0%/year from 2013 to 2040, including significant use for GTL production, which grows to about 1 quadrillion Btu in 2040 in the High Oil Price case. Natural gas use for GTL occurs only in the High Oil Price case. Market conditions (primarily liquid fuel prices) do not support GTL investments in the other cases. Purchased electricity (excluding electricity generated and used onsite) used by industrial customers in the AEO2015 Reference case grows from 3.3 quadrillion Btu in 2013 to 4.1 quadrillion Btu in 2040. Most of the growth occurs between 2013 and 2025, when it averages 1.7%/year. After 2025, there is little growth in purchased electricity consumption in the Reference case. In the High Economic Growth case, purchased electricity consumption grows by 1.5%/year from 2013 to 2040, which is almost twice the rate in the Reference case. Consumption increases significantly from 2025 to 2040 in the High Economic Growth case, as shipments of industrial products increase relatively more than in the Reference case and do not slow down nearly as much after 2025. Figure 12. Industrial sector total delivered energy consumption in three cases, 2010-40 (quadrillion Btu) 35 2013 Projections Figure 13. Industrial sector natural gas consumption for heat and power in three cases, 2010-40 (quadrillion Btu) 9 2013 High Economic Growth 8 Reference Low Economic Growth 12 Reference 7 20 0 2010 2013 High Oil Price High Oil and Gas Resource 30 25 Projections 6 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 0 2010 2013 2020 2025 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 2030 2035 2040 Delivered energy consumption by sector Purchased electricity consumption in the five metal-based durables industries, 20 which accounted for nearly 25% of the industrial sector total in 2013, grows at a slightly higher rate than in other industries in the Reference case. Although metal-based durable industries are not energy-intensive, they are relatively electricity-intensive, and they are by far the largest industry subgroup as measured by shipments in 2013. In the High Economic Growth case, shipments of metal-based durables grow more rapidly than shipments from many of the other industry segments. As a result, purchased electricity consumption in the metal-based durables industries grows by 2.0% per year from 2013 to 2040 in the High Economic Growth case, which is higher than the rate of growth for the industry in the Reference case. Combined heat and power (CHP) generation in the industrial sector—almost all of which occurs in the bulk chemicals, food, iron and steel, paper, and refining industries—grows by 50% from 147 billion kWh in 2013 to 221 billion kWh in 2040 in the AEO2015 Reference case. Most of the CHP generation uses natural gas, although the paper industry also has a significant amount of renewables-based generation. All of the CHP-intensive industries are also energy intensive. Growth in CHP generation is slightly higher than growth in purchased electricity consumption, despite a shift toward lower energy intensity in the manufacturing and service sectors in the United States. Bulk chemicals are the most energy-intensive segment of the industrial sector. In the AEO2015 Reference case, energy consumption in the U.S. bulk chemicals industry, which totaled 5.6 quadrillion Btu in 2013, grows by an average of 2.3%/year from 2013 to 2025. After 2025, energy consumption growth in bulk chemicals is negligible, as U.S. shipments of bulk chemicals begin to decrease because of increased international competition. Approximately 60% of energy use in the bulk chemicals industry over the projection period is for feedstocks. Hydrocarbon gas liquids (HGL)21 and petroleum products (such as naphtha)22 are used as feedstocks for organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, and resins. Growth in natural gas production from shale formations has contributed to an increase in the supply of HGL. Some chemicals can use either HGL or petroleum as feedstock; for those chemicals, the feedstock used depends on the relative prices of natural gas and petroleum. Although HGL or petroleum is used as a feedstock for most chemicals, natural gas feedstocks are used to manufacture methanol and agricultural chemicals. Natural gas feedstock consumption, which constituted roughly 13% of total bulk chemical feedstock consumption in 2013, grows rapidly from 2014 to 2018, reflecting increased capacity in the U.S. agricultural chemicals industry. Residential and commercial Delivered energy consumption decreases at an average rate of 0.3%/year in the residential sector and grows by 0.6%/year in the commercial sector from 2013 through 2040 in the AEO2015 Reference case (Figure 14 and Figure 15). Over the same period, the total number of households grows by 0.8%/year, and commercial floorspace increases by 1.0%/year (Table 4). The AEO2015 alternative cases illustrate the effects of different assumptions on residential and commercial energy consumption. Higher or lower economic growth, fuel prices, and fuel resources yield a range of residential and commercial energy demand. Different Figure 14. Residential sector delivered energy consumption by fuel in the Reference case, 2010-40 (quadrillion Btu) 12 2013 Projections Other Propane Distillate Figure 15. Commercial sector delivered energy consumption by fuel in the Reference case, 2010-40 (quadrillion Btu) 12 2013 Projections Other Propane Distillate 9 9 Natural gas 6 3 0 2010 2013 Natural gas 6 3 Electricity 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 0 2010 2013 Electricity 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 20 The five metal-based durables industries are fabricated metal products (NAICS 332), machinery (NAICS 333), computers (NAICS 335), transportation equipment (NAICS 336), and electrical equipment (NAICS 335). 21 Hydrocarbon gas liquids are natural gas liquids (NGL) and olefins. NGL include ethane, propane, normal butane, isobutane, and natural gasoline. Olefins include ethylene, propylene, butylene, and isobutylene. See http://www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/index.cfm?id=Hydrocarbon%20gas%20liquids. 22 Naphtha is a refined or semi-refined petroleum fraction used in chemical feedstocks and many other petroleum products, see www.eia.gov/tools/ glossary/index.cfm?id=naphtha. U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 13 Delivered energy consumption by sector levels of economic growth affect the number of households more than the amount of commercial floorspace, leading to greater differences in residential energy demand across the cases. In the Reference case, electricity consumption in the residential and commercial sectors increases by 0.5%/year and 0.8%/year from 2013 through 2040, respectively, with the growth in residential electricity use ranging from 0.2%/year to 0.9%/year and the growth in commercial electricity use ranging from 0.7% to 0.9%/year in the alternative cases. In all cases, demand shifts from space heating to space cooling as a growing share of the population moves to warmer regions of the country. Miscellaneous electric loads (MELs)—from a variety of devices and appliances that range from microwave ovens to medical imaging equipment— continue to grow in the residential and commercial sectors, showing both increased market penetration (the share of the potential market that uses the device) and saturation (the number of devices per building). In the commercial sector, the use of computer servers continues to grow to meet increasing needs for data storage, data processing, and other cloud-based services; however, only a small number of servers are installed in large, dedicated data center buildings. Most of the electricity used by servers can be attributed to equipment located in server rooms at the building site in offices, education buildings, and healthcare facilities. Residential natural gas use declines in the Reference case with improvements in equipment and building shell efficiencies, price increases over time, and reduced heating needs as populations shift. Natural gas consumption in the commercial sector would be relatively flat as a result of efficiency improvements that offset floorspace growth, but increases in natural gas-fueled CHP capacity keep sector consumption trending upward throughout the projection. In the residential and commercial sectors, natural gas prices increase 2.5 and 3.0 times faster, respectively, than electricity prices through 2040 in the Reference case. In the High Oil and Gas Resources case, with lower natural gas prices, commercial delivered natural gas consumption grows by 0.7%/year, or more than twice the rate in the Reference case. In the residential sector, distillate consumption and propane consumption, primarily for space heating, decline by 2.7%/year and 2.0%/year, respectively, in the Reference case from 2013 to 2040. The declines are even larger in the High Oil Price case, at 3.1%/ year and 2.3%/year for distillate and propane, respectively, over the same period. End-use energy intensity, as measured by consumption per residential household or square foot of commercial floorspace, decreases in the Reference case as a result of increases in the efficiency of equipment for many end uses (Figure 16 and Figure 17). Federal standards and voluntary market transformation programs (e.g., Energy Star) target uses such as space heating and cooling, water heating, lighting, and refrigeration, as well as devices that are rapidly proliferating, such as set-top boxes and external power supplies. As a result of collaboration among industry, efficiency advocates, and government, a voluntary agreement for set-top boxes has been issued in lieu of federal standards. 23 Commercial refrigeration standards that will affect walk-in and reach-in coolers and freezers are under discussion among stakeholders. 24 As more states adopt new building codes, shell efficiencies of newly constructed buildings are improving, which will reduce future energy use for heating and cooling in the residential and commercial sectors. In the AEO2015 Reference case, residential and commercial energy intensities for miscellaneous electric loads (MEL) and nonelectric miscellaneous uses in 2040 are roughly 18% and 23% higher, respectively, than they were in 2013. These devices and appliances vary greatly in their energy use characteristics, and their total energy consumption is closely tied to their levels of Table 4. Residential households and commercial indicators in three AEO2015 cases, 2013 and 2040 2013 2040 Average annual growth rate, 2013-40 (percent per year) High Economic Growth 114.3 158.5 1.2 Reference 114.3 141.0 0.8 Low Economic Growth 114.3 127.9 0.4 High Economic Growth  82.8 112.4 1.1 Reference  82.8 109.1 1.0 Low Economic Growth  82.8 106.0 0.9 Indicator Residential households (millions) Commercial floorspace (billion square feet) 23 Following a consensus agreement among manufacturers and industry representatives that is expected to achieve significant energy savings, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has withdrawn its proposed rulemaking for set-top boxes. See https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/text/ raw_text/201/331/264.txt. 24 Walk-in coolers and walk-in freezer panels, doors, and refrigeration systems are currently scheduled to comply with the updated standard beginning in August 2017 (see http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/product.aspx/productid/26), and DOE has denied a petition from the Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) to reconsider its final rulemaking (see http://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/ files/2014/09/f18/petition_denial.pdf). 14 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Energy consumption by primary fuel penetration and saturation in the buildings sectors. As a result, MEL and nonelectric miscellaneous uses are difficult targets for federal efficiency standards. 25 Penetration of grid-connected distributed generation continues to grow as both equipment and non-equipment costs decline, slowing delivered electricity demand growth in both residential and commercial buildings. In the AEO2015 Reference case, solar photovoltaic (PV) capacity in the residential sector grows by an average of about 30%/year from 2013 through 2016, compared with 9%/year for commercial sector PV, driven by the recent popularity of third-party leasing and other innovative financing options and tax credits. Following expiration of the 30% federal investment tax credit at the end of 2016, the average annual growth of PV capacity in residential and commercial buildings slows to about 6% in both sectors through 2040. Natural gas CHP capacity in the commercial sector grows by an average of 9%/year from 2013 to 2040 in the Reference case and shows little variation across the alternative cases. Although natural gas prices are lower in the High Oil and Gas Resource case than in the Reference case, lower electricity prices limit the attractiveness of commercial CHP relative to purchased electricity. Figure 16. Residential sector delivered energy intensity for selected end uses in the Reference case, 2013 and 2040 (million Btu per household per year) Figure 17. Commercial sector delivered energy intensity for selected end uses in the Reference case, 2013 and 2040 (thousand Btu per square foot per year) Miscellaneous electric loads and other end uses Heating, cooling, and ventilation Miscellaneous electric loads and other end uses 2040 2013 Heating, cooling, and ventilation Water heating 2040 2013 Lighting Laundry and dishwashing Water heating Refrigerators and freezers Office equipment: non-PC Cooking Refrigeration TVs and set-top boxes Lighting Cooking Computers and related equipment Office equipment: PCs 0 15 30 45 0 60 10 20 30 40 50 Energy consumption by primary fuel Total primary energy consumption grows in the AEO2015 Reference case by 8.6 quadrillion Btu (8.9%), from 97.1 quadrillion Btu in 2013 to 105.7 quadrillion Btu in 2040 (Figure 18). Most of the growth is in consumption of natural gas and renewable energy. Consumption of petroleum products across all sectors in 2040 is unchanged from 2013 levels, as motor gasoline consumption in the transportation sector declines as a result of a 70% increase in the average efficiency of on-road light-duty vehicles (LDVs), to 37 mpg in 2040, which more than offsets projected growth in vehicle miles traveled (VMT). Total motor gasoline consumption in the transportation sector is about 3.4 quadrillion Btu (1.8 million barrels per day (bbl/d)) lower in 2040 than in 2013, and total petroleum consumption in the transportation sector is about 1.6 quadrillion Btu (0.9 million bbl/d) lower in 2040 than in 2013. U.S. consumption of petroleum and other liquids, which totaled 35.9 quadrillion Btu (19.0 million bbl/d) in 2013, increases to 37.1 quadrillion Btu (19.6 million bbl/d) in 2020, then declines to 36.2 quadrillion Btu (19.3 million bbl/d) in 25 Figure 18. Primary energy consumption by fuel in the Reference case, 1980-2040 (quadrillion Btu) 120 1990 History 2013 Projections 100 80 60 40 20 0 1980 27% Natural gas 29% 23% 7% 7% 23% 8% 1% 8% Renewables Liquid biofuels Nuclear 10% 1% 8% 18% Coal 18% 40% 36% Petroleum and other liquids 33% 1990 2000 2013 2020 2030 2040 Navigant Consulting Inc. and Leidos—formerly SAIC, Analysis and Representation of Miscellaneous Electric Loads in NEMS, prepared for the U.S. Energy Information Administration (Washington, DC: May 2013), http://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/demand/miscelectric/. U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 15 Energy intensity 2040. In the transportation sector, which continues to dominate demand for petroleum and other liquids, there is a shift from motor gasoline to distillate. The gasoline share of total demand for transportation petroleum and other liquids declines by 10.6 percentage points, while distillate consumption increases by 7.2 percentage points. Increased use of compressed natural gas and LNG in vehicles also replaces about 3% of petroleum and other liquids consumption in the transportation sector in 2040. Consumption of ethane and propane (the latter including propylene), which are used in chemical production, shows the largest increase of all petroleum products in the AEO2015 Reference case from 2013 to 2040. Industrial consumption of ethane and propane, extracted from wet gas in natural gas processing plants, grows by almost 1 quadrillion Btu (790 thousand bbl/d) as dry natural gas production increases. Natural gas consumption in the AEO2015 Reference case increases from 26.9 quadrillion Btu (26.2 Tcf) in 2013 to 30.5 quadrillion Btu (29.7 Tcf) in 2040. The largest share of the growth is for electricity generation in the electric power sector, where demand for natural gas grows from 8.4 quadrillion Btu (8.2 Tcf) in 2013 to 9.6 quadrillion Btu (9.4 Tcf) in 2040, in part as a result of the retirement of 40.1 GW of coal-fired capacity by 2025. Natural gas consumption in the industrial sector also increases, rapidly through 2016 and then more slowly through 2040, benefiting from the increase in shale gas production that is accompanied by slower growth of natural gas prices. Industries such as bulk chemicals, which use natural gas as a feedstock, are more strongly affected than others. Natural gas use as a feedstock in the chemical industry increases by about 0.4 quadrillion Btu from 2013 to 2040. In the residential sector, natural gas consumption declines from 2018 to 2040 and it increases slightly in the commercial sector over the same period. Coal use in the Reference case grows from 18.0 quadrillion Btu (925 million short tons) in 2013 to 19.0 quadrillion Btu (988 million short tons) in 2040. As previously noted, the Reference case and other AEO2015 cases do not include EPA’s proposed Clean Power Plan, which if it is implemented is likely to have a significant effect on coal use. Coal use in the industrial sector falls off slightly over the projection period, as steel production becomes more energy efficient. On the other hand, if oil prices were significantly higher than projected in the Reference case, coal could be used to make liquids via the Fischer-Tropsch process. In the High Oil Price case—the only AEO2015 case in which coal-to-liquids (CTL) technology becomes economically viable—liquids production from CTL plants totals about 710,000 bbl/d in 2040, representing about 3.3 quadrillion Btu (including liquids value), or about 180 million short tons, of coal consumption. Consumption of marketed renewable energy increases by about 3.6 quadrillion Btu in the Reference case, from 9.0 quadrillion Btu in 2013 to 12.5 quadrillion Btu in 2040, with most of the growth in the electric power sector. Hydropower, the largest category of renewable electricity generation in 2013, contributes little to the increase in renewable fuel consumption. Wind-powered generation, the second-largest category of renewable electricity generation in 2013, becomes the largest contributor in 2038 (including wind generation by utilities and end-users onsite). However, solar photovoltaics (6.8%/year), geothermal (5.5%/ year), and biomass (3.1%/year) all increase at faster average annual rates than wind (2.4%/year), including all sectors. Modest penetration of E85 and a small increase in liquids blended into diesel fuel result in a slight increase in consumption of renewable liquid fuels for transportation, despite a smaller pool for ethanol blending as a result of a projected overall decrease in motor gasoline consumption in the AEO2015 Reference case. In the High Oil Price case, total primary energy use in 2040 is 109.7 quadrillion Btu, 3.9 quadrillion Btu higher than in the Reference case, even though total liquids consumption in 2040 is 3.3 quadrillion Btu lower, despite an 0.3 quadrillion Btu increase in renewable liquids. The decrease in petroleum and other liquids consumption is more than offset by increased consumption of natural gas (31.8 quadrillion Btu in 2040, 1.3 quadrillion Btu more than in the Reference case), coal (21.6 quadrillion Btu in 2040, 2.6 quadrillion Btu more, not including the Fischer-Tropsch coal consumed as liquids), nuclear (9.8 quadrillion Btu in 2040, 1.1 quadrillion Btu more), and many renewables (13.2 quadrillion Btu in 2040, 2.3 quadrillion Btu more, not including consumption of liquids from renewable fuels). The increases in coal and natural gas consumption are explained by the attractiveness of turning them into liquid fuels, made profitable by higher oil prices despite lower demand for motor gasoline and diesel fuels. Uncertainty about economic growth results in the widest variation in the projections for total primary energy consumption in 2040, ranging from 98.0 quadrillion Btu in the Low Economic Growth case (1.8% average annual growth in real GDP measured in 2009 dollars) to 116.2 quadrillion Btu in the High Economic Growth case (2.9% average annual growth in real GDP). Changes in the assumed rate of economic growth lead to variations in the growth of energy consumption across all fuels, whereas changes in crude oil prices or in the size of the oil and natural gas resource base result in shifts among the fuel types consumed, with some fuels gaining share and others losing share. In the Low Oil Price case, the petroleum and other liquids share of total energy consumption is about 36.4% in 2040; in the High Oil Price case, it is 30.0% in the same year. With cheaper natural gas in the High Oil and Gas Resource case, less electricity is generated from coal and renewable fuels. Energy intensity Energy intensity (measured both by energy use per capita and by energy use per dollar of GDP) declines in the AEO2015 Reference case over the projection period (Figure 19). While a portion of the decline results from a small shift from energy-intensive to nonenergy-intensive manufacturing, most of it results from changes in other sectors. 16 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Energy production, imports, and exports Increasing energy efficiency reduces the energy intensity of many residential end uses between 2013 and 2040. Total energy consumption for space heating is 4.2 quadrillion Btu in 2040, 1.7 quadrillion Btu (57%) lower than it was in 2013, despite a 23% increase in the number of households and an 11% increase in the average size (square feet) of a household. Energy use for lighting is 0.8 quadrillion Btu in 2040, 1.0 quadrillion Btu lower than it was in 2013 reflecting a 57% decline in energy use despite an increase in lighting services. Energy use for computers and related equipment is 0.1 quadrillion Btu, 0.2 quadrillion Btu lower than it was in 2013. Improved efficiency also reduces delivered energy use in the transportation sector from 27.0 quadrillion Btu in 2013 to 26.5 quadrillion Btu in 2040, by 0.5 quadrillion Btu, as motor gasoline consumption declines by 3.4 quadrillion Btu. The result is an average annual reduction in energy use per capita of 0.4%/year from 2013 through 2040 and an average annual decline in energy use per 2009 dollar of GDP of 2.0%/year. As renewable fuels and natural gas account for larger shares of total energy consumption, carbon intensity (CO2 emissions per unit of GDP) declines by 2.3%/year from 2013 to 2040. Figure 19. Energy use per capita and per 2009 dollar of gross domestic product, and carbon dioxide emissions per 2009 dollar of gross domestic product, in the Reference case, 1980-2040 (index, 2005 = 1.0) History 2.0 2013 Projections 1.5 1.0 Energy per capita Energy per dollar 0.5 0 1980 Emissions per dollar 1990 2000 2013 2020 2030 2040 Macroeconomic growth has the largest impact on energy intensity among the AEO2015 alternative cases. Real GDP grows by an average of 1.8%/year from 2013 to 2040 in the Low Economic Growth case, and population grows by an average of 0.6%/year over the same period. Even though energy use increases only slightly (growing by 0.9 quadrillion Btu from 2013 to 2040) because GDP growth is lower than in the other cases, energy intensity as measured in relationship to GDP declines the least—an average rate of 1.8% per year from 2013 to 2040. However, the same case shows the largest decline in energy use per person, averaging 0.5%/year from 2013 to 2040. In the High Economic Growth case, real GDP increases at an average annual rate of 2.9%/year, population grows at an average annual rate of 0.8%/year, and energy use increases at an average annual rate of 0.7%/year from 2013 to 2040. As a result, the energy intensity of GDP declines at a slightly higher rate than in the Reference case, while the decline in energy use per person is slower than in the Reference case. Energy production, imports, and exports Net U.S. imports of energy declined from 30% of total energy consumption in 2005 to 13% in 2013, as a result of strong growth in domestic oil and dry natural gas production from tight formations and slow growth of total energy consumption. The decline in net energy imports is projected to continue at a slower rate in the AEO2015 Reference case, with energy imports and exports coming into balance around 2028 (although liquid fuel imports continue, at a reduced level, throughout the Reference Figure 20. Total energy production and consumption case). From 2035 to 2040, energy exports account for about in the Reference case, 1980-2040 (quadrillion Btu) 23% of total annual U.S. energy production in the Reference case (Figure 20). Economic growth has a major influence on U.S. energy consumption, imports, and exports. In the High History 2013 Projections Economic Growth case, the United States remains a net energy 110 importer through 2040, with net imports equal to about 3% of consumption in 2040. In the Low Economic Growth case, 100 the United States becomes a net exporter of energy in 2022, with energy exports equal to 4% of total domestic energy Consumption 90 production in 2040. Changes in the world oil price affect both consumption and production, but in opposite directions from the effects of changes in U.S. economic growth. Higher world oil prices place downward pressure on consumption while making domestic production more profitable. In the Low Oil Price case, with lower domestic production and higher U.S. energy consumption, the United States remains a net energy importer, with imports increasing every year from 2033 to 2040 and net imports equal to 9% of total domestic energy 80 70 Production 60 0 1980 1990 2000 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 2013 2020 2030 2040 17 Energy production, imports, and exports consumption in 2040. In the High Oil Price case, with stronger growth in production and more incentives for energy efficiency, the United States becomes and remains a net energy exporter starting in 2019, and net exports increase to 9% of total energy production in 2040 after peaking at 11% in 2032. In the High Oil and Gas Resource case, with faster growth in domestic natural gas and crude oil production, U.S. net energy exports, mostly in the form of petroleum and natural gas, grow to almost 19% of total domestic energy production in 2040. Petroleum and other liquids Production from tight formations leads the growth in U.S. crude oil production across all AEO2015 cases. The path of projected crude oil production varies significantly across the cases, with total U.S. crude oil production reaching high points of 10.6 million barrels per day (bbl/d) in the Reference case (in 2020), 13.0 million bbl/d in the High Oil Price case (in 2026), 16.6 million bbl/d in the High Oil and Gas Resource case (in 2039), and 10.0 million bbl/d in the Low Oil Price case (in 2020). In the Reference case, the existing U.S. competitive advantage in oil refining compared to the rest of the world continues over the projection period. This advantage results in growing gasoline and diesel exports through 2040 in the Reference case. The production of motor gasoline blending components, which totaled 7.9 million bbl/d in 2013, begins declining in 2015 and falls to 7.2 million bbl/d by the end of the projection period, while diesel fuel production rises from 4.2 million bbl/d in 2013 to 5.3 million bbl/d in 2040. As a result of declining consumption of liquid fuels and increasing production of domestic crude oil, net imports of crude oil and petroleum products fall from 6.2 million bbl/d in 2013 (33% of total domestic consumption) to 3.3 million bbl/d in 2040 (17% of domestic consumption) in the Reference case. Growth in gross exports of refined petroleum products, particularly of motor gasoline and diesel fuel, results in a significant increase in net petroleum product exports between 2013 and 2040. In both the High Oil and Gas Resource and High Oil Price cases, total U.S. crude oil production is higher than in the Reference case mainly as a result of growth in tight oil production, which rises at a substantially faster rate in the near term in both cases than in the Reference case. In the High Oil and Gas Resource case, tight oil production grows in response to assumed higher estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) and technology improvements, closer well spacing, and development of new tight oil formations or additional layers within known tight oil formations. Total crude oil production reaches 16.6 million bbl/d in 2037 in the High Oil and Gas Resource case. In the High Oil Price case, higher oil prices improve the economics of production from new wells in tight formations as well as from other domestic production sources, leading to a more rapid increase in production volumes than in the Reference case. Tight oil production increases through 2022, when it totals 7.4 million bbl/d. After 2022, tight oil production declines, as drilling moves into less productive areas. Total U.S. crude oil production reaches 13.0 million bbl/d by 2025 in the High Oil Price case before declining to 9.9 million bbl/d in 2040 (Figure 21 and Figure 22). Recent declines in West Texas Intermediate26 oil prices (falling by 59% from June 2014 to January 2015) have triggered interest in the effect of lower prices on U.S. oil production. In the Low Oil Price case, domestic crude oil production is 9.8 million bbl/d in 2022, 0.7 million bbl/d lower than the 10.4 million bbl/d in the Reference case. In 2040, U.S. crude oil production is 7.1 million bbl/d, 2.3 million bbl/d lower than the 9.4 million bbl/d in the Reference case. Most of the difference in total crude oil production levels between the Reference and Low Oil Price cases reflects changes in production from tight oil formations. However, all sources of U.S. oil production are adversely affected by low oil prices. As crude oil prices fall and remain at or below $76/ barrel (Brent) in the Low Oil Price case after 2014, poor investment returns lead to fewer wells being drilled in noncore areas of Figure 21. U.S. tight oil production in four cases, 2005-40 (million barrels per day) 20 History 2013 Figure 22. U.S. total crude oil production in four cases, 2005-40 (million barrels per day) Projections 20 History 2013 Projections High Oil and Gas Resource 15 15 High Oil Price High Oil and Gas Resource 10 10 Reference High Oil Price 0 2005 Low Oil Price 5 5 Reference Low Oil Price 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 0 2005 2013 2020 26 2025 2030 2035 2040 est Texas Intermediate is a crude stream produced in Texas and southern Oklahoma that serves as a reference, or marker, for pricing a number of W other crude streams and is traded in the domestic spot market at Cushing, Oklahoma. 18 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Energy production, imports, and exports formations, which have smaller estimated ultimate recoveries (EURs) than wells drilled in core areas. As a result, they have a more limited impact on total production growth in the near term. In both the High Oil and Gas Resource and High Oil Price cases, growing production of 27°–35° American Petroleum Institute (API) medium sour crude oil from the offshore Gulf of Mexico (GOM) helps balance the crude slate when combined with the increasing production of light, sweet crude from tight oil formations. In all cases, GOM crude oil production increases through 2019, as offshore deepwater projects have relatively long development cycles that have already begun. GOM production declines through at least 2025 in all cases and fluctuates thereafter as a result of the timing of large, discrete discoveries that are brought into production. Overall GOM production through 2040 is highest in the High Oil and Gas Resource case, followed closely by the High Oil Price case and finally by the Reference case and Low Oil Price case. In the High Oil Price case, producers take greater advantage of CO2-enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) technologies. CO2-EOR production increases at a steady pace over the projection period in the Reference case and increases more dramatically in the High Oil Price case, where higher prices make additional CO2-EOR projects economically viable. In the High Oil and Gas Resource and Low Oil Price cases, with lower crude oil prices, fewer CO2-EOR projects are economical than in the Reference case. Production of natural gas plant liquids (NGPL), including ethane, propane, butane, isobutane, and natural gasoline, increases from 2013 to 2023 in all the AEO2015 cases. After 2023, only the High Oil and Gas Resource case shows increasing NGPL production through the entire projection period. However, the High Oil Price case also shows significant NGPL production growth through 2026. Most of the early growth in NGPL production is associated with the continued development of liquids-rich areas in the Marcellus, Utica, and Eagle Ford formations. Production of petroleum products at U.S. refineries depends largely on the cost of crude oil, domestic demand, and the absorption of petroleum product exports in foreign markets. U.S. refinery production of gasoline blending components declines in the Reference and Low Oil Price cases but increases in the High Oil Price and High Oil and Gas Resource cases. The steepest decline in production of motor gasoline blending components is projected in the Reference case, with production of blending components declining from 7.9 million bbl/d in 2013 to 7.2 million bbl/d in 2040, in response to a drop in U.S. crude oil production, higher crude oil prices, and lower demand. In the High Oil and Gas Resource case, production of blending components increases to 9.1 million bbl/d in 2040, because abundant domestic supply of lighter crude oil results in lower feedstock costs for refiners, lower gasoline prices, increased exports, and relatively higher levels of gasoline consumption (including exports) and production. Diesel fuel output from U.S. refineries rises in the High Oil and Gas Resource case from 4.2 million bbl/d in 2013 to 6.6 million bbl/d in 2037, as a result of lower costs for refinery feedstocks. In the Low Oil Price case, lower domestic diesel fuel prices result in higher levels of domestic consumption, leading to a 4.7 million bbl/d increase in diesel fuel production in 2040. In the High Oil Price case, higher oil prices (which are assumed to occur worldwide) make diesel fuel from U.S. refineries more competitive. Total U.S. diesel fuel output increases to 6.1 million bbl/d in 2040. In the Reference case, U.S. diesel fuel output increases to 5.3 million bbl/d in 2040. As in the Reference case, the United States remains a net importer of liquid fuels through 2040 in the Low Oil Price case. In the High Oil and Gas Resource case, as a result of higher levels of both domestic crude oil production and petroleum product exports, the United States becomes a net exporter of liquid fuels by 2021. Refiners and oil producers gain a competitive advantage from abundant domestic supply of light crude oil and higher GOM production of lower API crude oil streams, along with lower refinery fuel costs as a result of abundant domestic natural gas supply. In the High Oil Price case, the United States becomes a net exporter of liquid fuels in 2020, as higher oil prices reduce U.S. consumption of petroleum products and Figure 23. U.S. net crude oil imports in four cases, spur additional U.S. crude oil production. U.S. net crude oil 2005-40 (million barrels per day) imports—which fall to 5.5 million bbl/d in 2022 as domestic History 2013 Projections 12 crude oil production grows—rise to 8.9 million bbl/d in 2040 as domestic production flattens and begins to decline. By 2040, the level of net liquid fuels exports is significantly larger in the High Oil and Gas Resource case than in the High Oil Price case. In the High Oil Price case, higher world crude oil prices make overseas refineries less competitive compared to U.S. refineries. As a result, net U.S. exports of petroleum products increase by more in the High Oil Price case than in the High Oil and Gas Resource case. However, the availability of more domestic crude oil resources in the High Oil and Gas Resource case results in a significantly greater drop in net crude oil imports and a larger overall swing in liquid fuels trade than in any of the other AEO2015 cases (Figure 23 and Figure 24). 9 Low Oil Price Reference 6 High Oil Price High Oil and Gas Resource 3 0 2005 2013 2020 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 2025 2030 2035 2040 19 Energy production, imports, and exports In the High Oil and Gas Resource case, the United States swings from net liquid fuels imports equal to 33% of total domestic product supplied in 2013 to net liquid fuels exports equal to 29% of total domestic product supplied in 2040 (compared with net exports equal to 3% of total domestic product supplied in 2040 in the High Oil Price case). In the Reference case, net imports fall to 14% of total domestic product supplied in 2020, before rising to nearly 18% of product supplied in 2033 and remaining around that level through 2040. Net imports of liquid fuels fall to 19% of total product supplied in 2020 in the Low Oil Price case before rising to 36% of total product supplied in 2040. Cheaper light crude oil production from inland basins and increased production of heavier GOM crude oil leads to a 35% decline in gross crude oil imports in the High Oil and Gas Resource case—from 7.7 million bbl/d in 2013 to 5.0 million bbl/d in 2040. This compares with a 6% increase in the Reference case (to 8.2 million bbl/d in 2040) and a 12% increase in the Low Oil Price case (to 8.7 million bbl/d in 2040). Net petroleum product exports increase as U.S. refineries become more competitive in all cases except for the Low Oil Price case. Net petroleum product exports increase most in the High Oil Price and High Oil and Gas Resource cases (from 1.4 million bbl/d in 2013 to 9.5 million bbl/d and 9.9 million bbl/d, respectively, in 2040). In the Reference case, net petroleum product exports increase to 4.3 million bbl/d in 2040, and in the Low Oil Price case they increase to 2.2 million bbl/d in 2020 and then decline to 0.7 million bbl/d in 2040. In the High Oil and Gas Resource case, gross crude oil exports allowed under current laws and regulations, including exports to Canada and exports of processed condensate, rise significantly in response to increased production. It is assumed that condensate which has been processed through a distillation tower can be exported in accordance with a clarification from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry and Security. 27 Gross crude exports increase from 0.1 million bbl/d in 2013 to a high of 1.3 million bbl/d in 2027 in the High Oil and Gas Resource case, before declining to 0.9 million bbl/d in 2040—compared with 0.6 million bbl/d in 2040 in the Reference, High Oil Price, and Low Oil Price cases. With U.S. refinery access to increased amounts of low-cost domestic crude supplies, gross petroleum product exports increase from 3.4 million bbl/d in 2013 to 12.0 million bbl/d in the High Oil and Gas Resource case and to 11.5 million bbl/d in 2040 in the High Oil Price case, compared with 6.4 million bbl/d in the Reference case and 3.5 million bbl/d in the Low Oil Price case. Natural gas Production Total dry natural gas production in the United States increased by 35% from 2005 to 2013, with the natural gas share of total U.S. energy consumption rising from 23% to 28%. Production growth resulted largely from the development of shale gas resources in the Lower 48 states (including natural gas from tight oil formations), which more than offset declines in other Lower 48 onshore production. In the AEO2015 Reference case, more than half of the total increase in shale gas production over the projection period comes from the Haynesville and Marcellus formations. Lower 48 shale gas production (including natural gas from tight oil formations) increases by 73% in the Reference case, from 11.3 Tcf in 2013 to 19.6 Tcf in 2040, leading to a 45% increase in total U.S. dry natural gas production, from 24.4 Tcf in 2013 to 35.5 Tcf in 2040. Growth in tight gas, federal offshore, and onshore Alaska production also contributes to overall production growth over the projection period (Figure 25 and Figure 26). Figure 24. U.S. net petroleum product imports in four cases, 2005-40 (million barrels per day) 4 History 2013 Figure 25. U.S. total dry natural gas production in four cases, 2005-40 (trillion cubic feet) Projections 50 2 History 2013 Projections High Oil and Gas Resource High Oil Price 40 Reference 0 Low Oil Price -2 30 -4 20 High Oil and Gas Resource -6 10 -8 -10 2005 Low Oil Price Reference High Oil Price 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 0 2005 2013 2020 27 2025 2030 2035 2040 .S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry and Security, “FAQs–Crude Oil and Petroleum Products December 30, 2014” (see question no. 3, “Is U lease condensate considered crude oil?”) (Washington, DC: December 30, 2014), http://www.bis.doc.gov/index.php/policy-guidance/faqs. 20 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Energy production, imports, and exports Future dry natural gas production depends primarily on the size and cost of tight and shale gas resources, technology improvements, domestic natural gas demand, and the relative price of oil. Projections in the High Oil and Gas Resource case assume closer well spacing; higher EURs per shale gas well, tight gas well, and tight oil well; development of new tight oil formations either from new discoveries or additional layers within known tight oil formations; and additional long-term technology improvements that further increase the EUR per tight gas and shale gas well over the projection period above those in the Reference case. Even with lower prices, total U.S. dry natural gas production increases in the High Oil and Gas Resource case to 50.6 Tcf in 2040, 43% above the Reference case level, with Lower 48 shale gas production of 34.6 Tcf in 2040, or 77% above the Reference case level. The High and Low Oil Price cases use the same natural gas resource assumptions as the Reference case, but production levels vary in response to natural gas demand, primarily from the transportation sector and global demand for U.S.-origin LNG. In the High Oil Price case, increased demand for natural gas as a fuel for motor vehicles, as LNG for export, and as plant fuel for natural gas liquefaction facilities accounts for the increase in total domestic dry natural gas production to 41.1 Tcf in 2040 (16% above the Reference case). U.S. shale gas production in the High Oil Price case totals 23.6 Tcf in 2040, 21% above the Reference case total. In the Low Oil Price case, with lower demand for natural gas and LNG exports, U.S. dry natural gas production totals 31.9 Tcf in 2040 (10% below the Reference case total), and U.S. shale gas production totals 18.1 Tcf in 2040 (8% below the Reference case). Tight gas accounts for a smaller, but still significant, portion of the increase in U.S. dry natural gas production compared to shale gas. Tight gas production responds largely to crude oil prices and the same levels of technological progress experienced with shale gas production. Tight gas production increases from 4.4 Tcf in 2013 to 7.0 Tcf in 2040 in the Reference case, compared with 8.1 Tcf in 2040 in the High Oil and Gas Resource case, 8.4 Tcf in the High Oil Price case, and 6.6 Tcf in the Low Oil Price case. Most of the tight gas production growth occurs in the Gulf Coast and Dakotas/Rocky Mountains regions. Tight gas production in the Midcontinent region—which declines in the Reference case—increases by 24% from 2013 to 2040 in the High Oil and Gas Resource case. Undiscovered crude oil and natural gas resources in the federal offshore and Alaska regions are assumed to be 50% higher in the High Oil and Gas Resource case than in the Reference case. Lower 48 offshore natural gas production increases from 1.5 Tcf in 2013 to 3.0 Tcf in 2040 in the High Oil and Gas Resource case, and to 2.8 Tcf in 2040 in both the High Oil Price and Reference cases. Cumulative federal offshore natural gas production is highest in the High Oil Price case, with federal offshore natural gas production increasing more than in any of the other AEO2015 cases through 2036, before declining. Alaska dry natural gas production begins increasing in 2026 in the High Oil Price case, and in 2027 in the Reference case. Alaska dry natural gas production reaches 1.2 Tcf in 2029 and remains at that level through 2040 in the High Oil Price case. Alaskan production reaches 1.1 Tcf in 2040 in the Reference case, following the projected completion of a new LNG export facility in Alaska. In the Low Oil Price and High Oil and Gas Resource cases, lower international natural gas prices make LNG exports from Alaska uneconomical, and Alaska dry natural gas production falls through 2040 as declines in oil production result in decreased use of natural gas for drilling operations. Imports and exports In all the AEO2015 cases, net natural gas imports continue to decline through 2040, as they have since 2007. Gross exports of natural gas increase over the period, and gross imports decline. The rate of decline in net imports varies across the cases— depending on assumptions about changes in world oil prices and U.S. natural gas resources—and slows in the later years of the projections (Figure 27). In all the cases, the United States becomes a net exporter of natural gas in 2017, driven by LNG exports (Figure 28), increased pipeline exports to Mexico, and reduced imports from Canada. Figure 26. U.S. shale gas production in four cases, 2005-40 (trillion cubic feet) 50 History 2013 Figure 27. U.S. total natural gas net imports in four cases, 2005-40 (trillion cubic feet) Projections 5 40 High Oil and Gas Resource History 2013 Projections 0 Low Oil Price 30 High Oil Price Reference 20 Low Oil Price 10 0 2005 Reference -5 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 High Oil Price -10 -15 2005 High Oil and Gas Resource 2013 2020 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 2025 2030 2035 2040 21 Energy production, imports, and exports In the Reference case, net exports of natural gas from the United States total 5.6 Tcf in 2040. Most of the growth in U.S. net natural gas exports occurs before 2030, when gross liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports reach their highest level of 3.4 Tcf, where they remain through 2040. In all the cases, the United States remains a net pipeline importer of natural gas from Canada through 2040, but at lower levels than in recent history, while net pipeline exports of natural gas to Mexico grow from 0.7 Tcf in 2013 to 3.0 Tcf in 2040 in the Reference case. The price of LNG supplied to international markets, which in part reflects world oil prices, is significantly higher than the price of U.S. domestic natural gas supply, particularly in the near term. The growth in U.S. LNG exports is driven by this price difference, which also discourages U.S. LNG imports. LNG export growth after 2020 is highest in the High Oil and Gas Resource case, where higher production capability lowers the price of U.S. natural gas supply to the world market, leading to net LNG exports of 10.3 Tcf in 2040 (212% more than in the Reference case) and total net natural gas exports of 13.1 Tcf in 2040 (133% more than in the Reference case). Most of the variations in projected net exports of U.S. natural gas among the AEO2015 cases result from differences in levels of LNG exports. In the High Oil Price and Low Oil Price cases, projected LNG exports vary in response to differences between international and domestic natural gas prices, after accounting for the costs associated with processing and transporting the gas. Over the projection, the relationship between international LNG prices and world oil prices is assumed to weaken, particularly as U.S. LNG exports increase. Low world oil prices limit the competitiveness of domestic natural gas relative to oil itself and also to LNG volumes sold through contracts linked to oil prices, which are less likely to be renegotiated in a low oil price environment. In the High Oil Price case, U.S. LNG exports total 8.1 Tcf in 2040, or 142% more than in the Reference case. As a result, U.S. net natural gas exports total 9.1 Tcf in 2040 in the High Oil Price case, or 63% more than in the Reference case. In the Low World Oil Price case, LNG net exports never surpass 0.8 Tcf, and U.S. net exports of natural gas total 3.0 Tcf in 2040, or 46% below the Reference case level. Canada, which accounted for 97% of total U.S. pipeline imports of natural gas in 2013, continues as the source of nearly all U.S. pipeline imports through 2040. Most natural gas imported into the United States comes from western Canada and is delivered mainly to the West Coast and the Midwest. In the AEO2015 alternative cases, gross pipeline imports from Canada generally are higher than in the Reference case when prices in the United States are higher, and vice versa. However, gross pipeline imports from Canada in 2040 are highest in the High Oil and Gas Resource case, with growth after 2030 resulting from an assumed increase in Canada’s shale and coalbed resources. Gross exports of U.S. natural gas to Canada, largely into the eastern provinces, generally increase when prices are low in the United States, and vice versa. U.S. pipeline exports of natural gas—most flowing south to Mexico—have grown substantially since 2010 and are projected to continue increasing in all the AEO2015 cases because increases in Mexico’s production are not expected to keep pace with the country’s growing demand for natural gas, primarily for electric power generation. In the High Oil and Gas Resource case, with the lowest projected U.S. natural gas prices, pipeline exports to Mexico in 2040 total 4.7 Tcf, as compared with 3.3 Tcf in the Low Oil Price case and 2.2 Tcf by 2040 in the High Oil Price case. Figure 28. U.S. liquefied natural gas net imports in four cases, 2005-40 (trillion cubic feet) 5 History 2013 Projections Low Oil Price 0 Reference -5 High Oil Price -10 -15 2005 28 High Oil and Gas Resource 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Coal Between 2008 and 2013, U.S. coal production fell by 187 million short tons (16%), as declining natural gas prices made coal less competitive as a fuel for generating electricity (Figure 29). In the AEO2015 Reference case, U.S. coal production increases at an average rate of 0.7%/year from 2013 to 2030, from 985 million short tons (19.9 quadrillion Btu) to 1,118 million short tons (22.4 quadrillion Btu). Over the same period, rising natural gas prices, particularly after 2017, contribute to increases in electricity generation from existing coal-fired power plants as coal prices increase more slowly. After 2030, coal consumption for electricity generation levels off through 2040. The cases presented in AEO2015 do not include EPA’s proposed Clean Power Plan, which would have a material impact on projected levels of coal-fired generation. A separate EIA analysis of the Clean Power Plan is forthcoming. Compliance with the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS), 28 coupled with low natural gas prices and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Mercury and Air Toxics Standards,” http://www.epa.gov/mats (Washington, DC: March 27, 2012). 22 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Electricity generation competition from renewables, leads to the projected retirement of 31 gigawatts (GW) of coal-fired generating capacity and the conversion of 4 GW of coal-fired generating capacity to natural gas between 2014 and 2016. However, coal consumption in the U.S. electric power sector is supported by an increase in output from the remaining coal-fired power plants, with the projected capacity factor for the U.S. coal fleet increasing from 60% in 2013 to 67% in 2016. In the absence of any significant additions of coal-fired electricity generating capacity, coal production after 2030 levels off as many existing coal-fired generating units reach maximum capacity factors and coal exports grow slowly. Total U.S. coal production in the AEO2015 Reference case remains below its 2008 level through 2040. Across the AEO2015 alternative cases, the largest changes in U.S. coal production relative to the Reference case occur in the High Oil and Gas Resource and High Oil Price cases. In the High Oil and Gas Resource case, lower natural gas prices lead to a significant shift away from the use of coal in the electric power sector, resulting in coal production levels that are 13% lower in 2020 and 11% lower in 2040 than in the Reference case. In the High Oil Price case, higher oil prices spur investments in coal-based synthetic fuels, which result in increasing demand for domestically produced coal, primarily from mines in the Western supply region. In the High Oil Price case, coal consumption at coal-to-liquids (CTL) plants rises from 11 million short tons in 2025 to 181 million short tons in 2040, and total coal production in 2040 is 13% higher than in the Reference case. In the other AEO2015 cases, variations in the quantities of coal produced relative to the Reference case are more modest, ranging from 4% (49 million short tons) lower in the Low Economic Growth case to 4% (40 million short tons) higher in the High Economic Growth case in 2040. Factors that limit the variation in U.S. coal production across cases include the high capital costs associated with building new coal-fired generating capacity, which limit potential growth in coal use; the relatively low operating costs of existing coal-fired units, which tend to limit the decline in coal use; and limited potential to increase coal use at existing generating units, which already are at maximum utilization rates in some regions. Changes in assumptions about the rate of economic growth also affect the outlook for coal demand in the U.S. industrial sector (coke and other industrial plants) and, consequently, coal production. In the Low Economic Growth case, lower levels of industrial coal consumption in 2040 account for 17% of the reduction in total coal consumption relative to the Reference case. In the High Economic Growth case, higher levels of coal consumption in the industrial sector in 2040 account for 44% of the increase in total coal consumption relative to the Reference case. Regionally, strong production growth in the Interior region contrasts with declining production in the Appalachian region in the AEO2015 Reference case. In the Interior region, coal production becomes increasingly competitive as a result of a combination of improving labor productivity and the installation of scrubbers at existing coal-fired power plants, which allows those plants to burn the region’s higher-sulfur coals at a lower delivered cost compared with coal from other regions. Appalachian coal production declines in the Reference case, as coal produced from the extensively mined, higher-cost reserves of Central Appalachia is replaced by lower-cost coals from other regions. Western coal production in the Reference case increases from 2017 to 2024, in line with the increase in U.S. consumption, but falls slightly thereafter as a result of competition from producers in the Interior region and limited growth in coal use at existing coal-fired power plants after 2025. U.S. coal exports decline from 118 million short tons in 2013 to 97 million short tons in 2014 and to 82 million short tons in 2015 in the AEO2015 Reference case, then increase gradually to 141 million short tons in 2040 (Figure 30). Much of the growth in exports after 2015 is attributable to increased exports of steam coal from mines in the Interior and Western regions. Between 2015 and 2040, U.S. steam coal exports increase by 42 million short tons, and coking coal exports increase by 17 million short tons. Figure 29. U.S. coal production in six cases, 1990-2040 (million short tons) 1,250 History 2013 High Economic Growth 1,150 Projections Figure 30. U.S. coal exports in six cases, 1990-2040 (million short tons) 160 High Oil Price Low Oil Price Reference History 120 1,050 Low Economic Growth Reference Low Oil Price 80 High Oil Price 950 High Oil and Gas Resource 850 0 1990 2013 Projections High Oil and Gas Resource Low Economic Growth High Economic Growth 2000 2013 2020 2030 2040 40 0 1990 2000 2013 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 2020 2030 2040 23 Electricity generation Across the AEO2015 alternative cases, U.S. coal exports in 2040 vary from a low of 132 million short tons in the High Oil Price case (6% lower than in the Reference case) to a high of 158 million short tons in the High Oil and Gas Resource case (12% higher than in the Reference case). Coal exports are also higher in the Low Oil Price case than in the Reference case, increasing to 149 million short tons in 2040. In the Low and High Oil Price cases, variations in the prices of diesel fuel and electricity, which are two important inputs to coal mining and transportation, are key factors affecting U.S. coal exports. The projections of lower and higher fuel prices for coal mining and transportation affect the relative competiveness of U.S. coal in international coal markets. In the High Oil and Gas Resource case, the combination of lower prices for diesel fuel and electricity and lower domestic demand for coal contribute to higher export projections relative to the Reference case. Electricity generation Total electricity use in the AEO2015 Reference case, including both purchases from electric power producers and on-site generation, grows by an average of 0.8%/year, from 3,836 billion kilowatthours (kWh) in 2013 to 4,797 billion kWh in 2040. The relatively slow rate of growth in demand, combined with rising natural gas prices, environmental regulations, and continuing growth in renewable generation, leads to tradeoffs between the fuels used for electricity generation. From 2000 to 2012, electricity generation from natural gas-fired plants more than doubled as natural gas prices fell to relatively low levels. In the AEO2015 Reference case, natural gas-fired generation remains below 2012 levels until after 2025, while generation from existing coal-fired plants and new nuclear and renewable plants increases (Figure 31). In the longer term, natural gas fuels more than 60% of the new generation needed from 2025 to 2040, and growth in generation from renewable energy supplies most of the remainder. Generation from coal and nuclear energy remains fairly flat, as high utilization rates at existing units and high capital costs and long lead times for new units mitigate growth in nuclear and coal-fired generation. Considerable variation in the fuel mix results when fuel prices or economic conditions differ from those in the Reference case. AEO2015 assumes the implementation of the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS) in 2016, which regulates mercury emissions and other hazardous air pollutants from electric power plants. Because the equipment choices to control these emissions often reduce sulfur dioxide emissions as well, by 2016 sulfur dioxide emissions in the Reference case are well below the levels required by both the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR)29 and the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR). 30,31 Total electricity generation increases by 24% from 2013 to 2040 in the Reference case but varies significantly with different economic assumptions, ranging from a 15% increase in the Low Economic Growth case to a 37% increase in the High Economic Growth case. Coal-fired generation is similar across most of the cases in 2040, except the High Oil and Gas Resource case, which is the only one that shows a significant decline from the Reference case, and the High Oil Price case, which is the only one showing a large increase (Figure 32). The coal share of total electricity generation drops from 39% in 2013 to 34% in 2040 in the Reference Figure 31. Electricity generation by fuel in the Reference case, 2000-2040 (trillion kilowatthours) History 6 2013 Figure 32. Electricity generation by fuel in six cases, 2013 and 2040 (trillion kilowatthours) Projections 6 5 4 16% 3 9% 20% 2 31% Natural gas 27% 13% 19% Renewables 18% Nuclear 16% Oil/other 5 Nuclear 4 Renewables 3 Natural gas 2 1 1 52% 3% 0 2000 2005 39% 34% Coal 1% Petroleum and other liquids 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 1% 2040 0 Coal 2013 Reference Low Low High High Economic Oil Oil and Gas Oil Growth Price Resource Price 29 High Economic Growth U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR)” (Washington, DC: February 5, 2015), http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/ programs/cair/. 30 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR)” (Washington, DC: October 23, 2014), http://www.epa.gov/ airtransport/CSAPR. 31 The AEO2015 Reference case assumes implementation of the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), which has been replaced by the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR) following a recent D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals decision to lift a stay on CSAPR. Although CAIR and CSAPR are broadly similar, future AEOs will incorporate CSAPR, absent further court action to stay its implementation. 24 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Electricity generation case but still accounts for the largest share of total generation. When natural gas prices are lower than those in the Reference case, as in the High Oil and Gas Resource case, the coal share of total electricity generation drops below the natural gas share by 2020. When total electricity generation is reduced in the Low Economic Growth case, and as a result there is less need for new generation capacity, coal-fired generation maintains a larger share of the total. Total natural gas-fired generation grows by 40% from 2013 to 2040 in the AEO2015 Reference case—and the natural gas share of total generation grows from 27% to 31%—with most of the growth occurring in the second half of the projection period. The natural gas share of total generation varies by AEO2015 case, depending on fuel prices; however, its growth is also supported by limited potential to increase coal use at existing coal-fired generating units, which in some regions are already at maximum utilization rates. In the High Oil Price case, the natural gas share of total electricity generation in 2040 drops to 23%. In the High Oil and Gas Resource case, with delivered natural gas prices 44% below those in the Reference case, the natural gas share of total generation in 2040 is 42%. Lower natural gas prices in the High Oil and Gas Resource case result in the addition of new natural gas-fired capacity, as well as increased operation of combined-cycle plants, which displace some coal-fired generation. The average capacity factor of natural gas combined-cycle plants is more than 60% in the High Oil and Gas Resource case, compared with an average capacity factor of around 50% in the Reference case (Figure 33), while the average capacity factor of coal-fired plants is lower in the High Oil and Gas Resource case than in the Reference case. Electricity generation from nuclear units across the cases reflects the impacts of planned and unplanned builds and retirements. Nuclear power plants provided 19% of total electricity generation in 2013. From 2013 to 2040, the nuclear share of total generation declines in all cases, to 15% in the High Oil and Gas Resource case and to 18% in the High Oil Price case, where higher natural gas prices lead to additional growth in nuclear capacity. Renewable generation grows substantially from 2013 to 2040 in all the AEO2015 cases, with increases ranging from less than 50% in the High Oil and Gas Resource and Low Economic Growth cases to 121% in the High Economic Growth case. State and national policy requirements play an important role in the continuing growth of renewable generation. In the Reference case, the largest growth is seen for wind and solar generation (Figure 34). In 2013, as a result of increases in wind and solar generation, total nonhydropower renewable generation was almost equal to hydroelectric generation for the first time. In 2040, nonhydropower renewable energy sources account for more than two-thirds of the total renewable generation in the Reference case. The total renewable share of all electricity generation increases from 13% in 2013 to 18% in 2040 in the Reference case and to as much as 22% in 2040 in the High Oil Price case. With lower natural gas prices in the High Oil and Gas Resource case, the renewable generation share of total electricity generation grows more slowly but still increases to 15% of total generation in 2040. Total electricity generation capacity, including capacity in the end-use sectors, increases from 1,065 GW in 2013 to 1,261 GW in 2040 in the AEO2015 Reference case. Over the first 10 years of the projection, capacity additions are roughly equal to retirements, and the level of total capacity remains relatively flat as existing capacity is sufficient to meet expected demand. Capacity additions between 2013 and 2040 total 287 GW, and retirements total 90 GW. From 2018 to 2024, capacity additions average less than 4 GW/year, as earlier planned additions are sufficient to meet most demand growth. From 2025 to 2040, average annual capacity additions—primarily natural gas-fired and renewable technologies—average 12 GW/year. The mix of capacity types added varies across the cases, depending on natural gas prices (Figure 35). Figure 33. Coal and natural gas combined-cycle generation capacity factors in two cases, 2010-40 (percent) 80 2013 Figure 34. Renewable electricity generation by fuel type in the Reference case, 2000-2040 (billion kilowatthours) Projections Coal: Reference 1,000 History 2013 Projections Coal: High Oil and Gas Resource 70 800 Wind 60 Natural gas: High Oil and Gas Resource Natural gas: Reference 50 40 0 2010 2013 600 Solar Geothermal Biomass MSW/LFG 400 200 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 0 2000 2005 Hydropower 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 25 Energy-related carbon dioxide emissions Figure 35. Cumulative additions to electricity generation capacity by fuel in six cases, 2013-40 (gigawatts) 500 Other renewables 400 Other Solar Wind 300 Nuclear 200 Natural gas/oil 100 In recent years, natural gas-fired capacity has grown considerably. In particular, combined-cycle plants are relatively inexpensive to build in comparison with new coal, nuclear, or renewable technologies, and they are more efficient to operate than existing natural gas-, oil- or coal-fired steam plants. Natural gas turbines are the most economical way to meet growth for peak demand. In most of the AEO2015 cases, the growth in natural gas capacity continues. Natural gas-fired plants account for 58% of total capacity additions from 2013 to 2040 in the Reference case, and they represent more than 50% of additions in all cases, except for the High Oil Price case, where higher fuel prices for natural gas-fired plants reduce their competitiveness, and only 36% of new builds are gas-fired. With lower fuel prices in the High Oil and Gas Resource case, natural gas-fired capacity makes up three-quarters of total capacity additions. Coal-fired capacity declines from 304 GW in 2013 to 260 GW in 2040 in the Reference case, as a result of retirements and very few new additions. A total of 40 GW of coal capacity is retired from 2013 to 2040 in the Reference case, representing both announced retirements and those projected on the basis of relative economics, including the costs of meeting environmental regulations and competition with natural gas-fired generation in the near term. As a result of the uncertainty surrounding future greenhouse gas legislation and regulations and given its high capital costs, very little unplanned coal-fired capacity is added across all the AEO2015 cases. About 19 GW of new coal-fired capacity is added in the High Oil Price case, but much of that is associated with CTL plants built in the refinery sector in response to higher oil prices. 0 Coal Reference Low Low Oil High Oil High Oil High Economic Price and Gas Price Economic Growth Resource Growth Renewables account for more than half the capacity added through 2022, largely to take advantage of the current production tax credit and to help meet state renewable targets. Renewable capacity additions are significant in most of the cases, and in the Reference case they represent 38% of the capacity added from 2013 to 2040. The 109 GW of renewable capacity additions in the Reference case are primarily wind (49 GW) and solar (48 GW) technologies, including 31 GW of solar PV installations in the end-use sectors. The renewable share of total additions ranges from 22% in the High Oil and Gas Resource case to 51% in the High Oil Price case, reflecting the relative economics of natural gas-fired power plants, which are the primary choice for new generating capacity. High construction costs for nuclear plants limit their competitiveness to meet new demand in the Reference case. In the near term, 5.5 GW of planned additions are put into place by 2020, offset by 3.2 GW of retirements over the same period. After 2025, 3.5 GW of additional nuclear capacity is built, based on relative economics. In the High Economic Growth and High Oil Price cases, an additional 10 GW to 13 GW of nuclear capacity above the Reference case is added by 2040 to meet demand growth, as a result of higher costs for the alternative technologies and/or higher capacity requirements. Figure 36. Energy-related carbon dioxide emissions in Energy-related carbon dioxide emissions In the AEO2015 Reference case projection, U.S. energyrelated CO2 emissions are 5,549 million metric tons (mt) in 2040. Among the alternative cases, emissions totals show the greatest sensitivity to levels of economic growth (Figure 36), with 2040 totals varying from 5,979 million mt in the High Economic Growth case to 5,160 million mt in the Low Economic Growth case. In all the AEO2015 cases, emissions remain below the 2005 level of 5,993 million mt. As noted above, the AEO2015 cases do not assume implementation of EPA’s proposed Clean Power Plan or other actions beyond current policies to limit or reduce CO2 emissions. Emissions per dollar of GDP fall from the 2013 level in all the AEO2015 cases. In the Reference case, most of the decline is 26 six cases. 2000-2040 (million metric tons) 6,250 History 6,000 5,750 2013 Projections High Economic Growth High Oil and Gas Resource Low Oil Price Reference 5,500 High Oil Price 5,250 Low Economic Growth 5,000 0 2000 2005 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Energy-related carbon dioxide emissions attributable to a 2.0%/year decrease in energy intensity. In addition, the carbon intensity of the energy supply declines by 0.2%/ year over the projection period. The main factors influencing CO2 emissions include substitution of natural gas for coal in electricity generation, increases in the use of renewable energy, improvements in vehicle fuel economy, and increases in the efficiencies of appliances and industrial processes. In the Reference case, CO2 emissions growth varies across the end-use sectors (Figure 37). The highest annual growth rate (0.5%) is projected for the industrial sector, reflecting a resurgence of industrial production fueled mainly by natural gas. CO2 emissions in the commercial sector grow by 0.3%/year in the Reference case, while emissions in both the residential and transportation sectors decline on average by 0.2%/year. Figure 37. Energy-related carbon dioxide emissions by sector in the Reference case, 2005, 2013, 2025, and 2040 (million metric tons) 2,500 Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 2005 2013 2025 2040 In the alternative cases, various factors play roles in the emissions picture. In the High Economic Growth case, GDP increases annually by 2.9% and overshadows the decrease in energy intensity of 2.2%, leading to the largest annual rate of increase in CO2 emissions (0.4%/year). In the Low Economic Growth case, GDP grows by only 1.8%/year, and that growth is offset by a similar annual average decline in energy intensity. With the additional decline in the carbon intensity of the energy supply, CO2 emissions decline by 0.2%/year in the Low Economic Growth case. Emissions levels also vary across the other alternative cases. The High Oil and Gas Resource case has the second-highest rate of emissions in 2040 (after the High Economic Growth case) at 5,800 million mt. In the Low Oil Price case, CO2 emissions total 5,671 million mt in 2040. In the High Oil Price case, emissions levels remain lower than projected in the Reference case throughout most of the period from 2013 to 2040, but energy-related CO2 emissions exceed the Reference case level by 35 million mt in 2040, at 5,584 million mt. U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 27 _u>mm List of acronyms AEO Annual Energy Outlook GW Gigawatt(s) AEO2015 Annual Energy Outlook 2015 HDV Heavy-duty vehicle API American Petroleum Institute HGL Hydrocarbon gas liquids bbl Barrels kWh Kilowatthour(s) bbl/d Barrels per day LDV Light-duty vehicle Brent North Sea Brent LNG Liquefied natural gas Btu British thermal unit(s) MARPOL Marine pollution CAFE Corporate average fuel economy MATS Mercury and Air Toxics Standards CAIR Clean Air Interstate Rule Mcf Thousand cubic feet CHP Combined heat and power MELs Miscellaneous electric loads CO2 Carbon dioxide mpg Miles per gallon CPI Consumer price index mt Metric ton(s) CSAPR Cross-State Air Pollution Rule NGPL Natural gas plant liquids CTL Coal-to-liquids OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development E85 Motor fuel containing up to 85% ethanol OPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries EIA U.S. Energy Information Administration PADD Petroleum Administration for Defense District EOR Enhanced oil recovery PV Photovoltaic EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency RFS Renewable fuel standard EUR Estimated ultimate recovery Tcf Trillion cubic feet GDP Gross domestic product U.S. United States GTL Gas-to-liquids VMT Vehicle miles traveled U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 29 _u>mm Figure and table sources Links current as of April 2015 Figure ES1. North Sea Brent crude oil spot prices in four cases, 2005-40: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Petroleum & Other Liquids, Europe Bent Spot Price FOB, http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=RBRTE&f=D. Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, runs REF2015.D021915A, LOWPRICE.D021915A, HIGHPRICE.D021915A, and HIGHRESOURCE.D021915B. Figure ES2. Average Henry Hub spot prices for natural gas in four cases, 2005-40: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Natural Gas Annual 2013, DOE/EIA-0131(2013) (Washington, DC, October 2014). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, runs REF2015.D021915A, LOWPRICE.D021915A, HIGHPRICE.D021915A, and HIGHRESOURCE.D021915B. Figure ES3. U.S. net energy imports in six cases, 2005-40: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, runs REF2015.D021915A, LOWPRICE.D021915A, HIGHPRICE.D021915A, LOWMACRO.D021915A, HIGHMACRO.D021915A, and HIGHRESOURCE.D021915B. Table ES1. Growth of trade-related factors in the Reference case, 1983-2040: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, runs REF2015.D021915A. Figure ES4. Net crude oil and petroleum product imports as a percentage of U.S. product supplied in four cases, 2005-40: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, runs REF2015.D021915A, LOWPRICE.D021915A, HIGHPRICE.D021915A, and HIGHRESOURCE. D021915B. Figure ES5. U.S. total net natural gas imports in four cases, 2005-40: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, runs REF2015. D021915A, LOWPRICE.D021915A, HIGHPRICE.D021915A, and HIGHRESOURCE.D021915B. Figure ES6. Change in U.S. Lower 48 onshore crude oil production by region in six cases, 2013-40: Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, runs REF2015.D021915A, LOWPRICE.D021915A, HIGHPRICE.D021915A, LOWMACRO.D021915A, HIGHMACRO.D021915A, and HIGHRESOURCE.D021915B. Figure ES7. Delivered energy consumption for transportation in six cases, 2008-40: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, runs REF2015.D021915A, LOWPRICE.D021915A, HIGHPRICE.D021915A, LOWMACRO.D021915A, HIGHMACRO.D021915A, and HIGHRESOURCE.D021915B. Figure ES8. Total U.S. renewable generation in all sectors by fuel in six cases, 2013 and 2040: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, runs REF2015.D021915A, LOWPRICE.D021915A, HIGHPRICE.D021915A, LOWMACRO.D021915A, HIGHMACRO.D021915A, and HIGHRESOURCE.D021915B. Table 1. Summary of AEO2015 cases: U.S. Energy Information Administration. Table 2. Growth in key economic factors in historical data and in the Reference case: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2015.D021915A. Figure 1. Annual changes in U.S. gross domestic product, business investment, and exports in the Reference case, 2015-40: Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2015.D021915A. Figure 2. Annual growth rates for industrial output in three cases, 2013-40: Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, runs REF2015.D021915A, LOWMACRO.D021915A, and HIGHMACRO.D021915A. Table 3. Average annual growth of labor productivity, employment, income, and consumption in three cases: Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, runs REF2015.D021915A, LOWMACRO.D021915A, and HIGHMACRO.D021915A. Figure 3. North Sea Brent crude oil spot prices in four cases, 2005-40: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Petroleum & Other Liquids, Europe Bent Spot Price FOB, http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=RBRTE&f=D. Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, runs REF2015.D021915A, LOWPRICE.D021915A, and HIGHPRICE. D021915A. Figure 4. Motor gasoline prices in three cases, 2005-40: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, runs REF2015.D021915A, LOWPRICE.D021915A, and HIGHPRICE.D021915A. Figure 5. Distillate fuel oil prices in three cases, 2005-40: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, runs REF2015.D021915A, LOWPRICE.D021915A, and HIGHPRICE.D021915A. U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 31 Figure and table sources Figure 6. Average Henry Hub spot prices for natural gas in four cases, 2005-40: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Natural Gas Annual 2013, DOE/EIA-0131(2013) (Washington, DC, October 2014). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, runs REF2015.D021915A, LOWPRICE.D021915A, HIGHPRICE.D021915A, and HIGHRESOURCE.D021915B. Figure 7. Average minemouth coal prices by region in the Reference case, 1990-2040: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2015.D021915A. Figure 8. Average delivered coal prices in six cases, 1990-2040: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, runs REF2015.D021915A, LOWPRICE.D021915A, HIGHPRICE.D021915A, LOWMACRO.D021915A, HIGHMACRO.D021915A, and HIGHRESOURCE.D021915B. Figure 9. Average retail electricity prices in six cases, 2013-40: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, runs REF2015. D021915A, LOWPRICE.D021915A, HIGHPRICE.D021915A, LOWMACRO.D021915A, HIGHMACRO.D021915A, and HIGHRESOURCE.D021915B. Figure 10. Delivered energy consumption for transportation by mode in the Reference case, 2013 and 2040: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Natural Gas Annual 2013, DOE/EIA-0131(2013) (Washington, DC, October 2014). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2015.D021915A. Figure 11. Delivered energy consumption for transportation in six cases, 2008-40: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, runs REF2015.D021915A, LOWPRICE.D021915A, HIGHPRICE.D021915A, LOWMACRO.D021915A, HIGHMACRO.D021915A, and HIGHRESOURCE.D021915B. Figure 12. Industrial sector total delivered energy consumption in three cases, 2010-40: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, runs REF2015.D021915A, LOWMACRO.D021915A, and HIGHMACRO.D021915A. Figure 13. Industrial sector natural gas consumption for heat and power in three cases, 2010-40: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, runs REF2015.D021915A, HIGHPRICE.D021915A, and HIGHRESOURCE.D021915B. Figure 14. Residential sector delivered energy consumption by fuel in the Reference case, 2010-40: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2015.D021915A. Figure 15. Commercial sector delivered energy consumption by fuel in the Reference case, 2010-40: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2015.D021915A. Table 4. Residential households and commercial indicators in three AEO2015 cases, 2013 and 2040: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, runs REF2015.D021915A, LOWMACRO.D021915A, and HIGHMACRO.D021915A. Figure 16. Residential sector delivered energy intensity for selected end uses in the Reference case, 2013 and 2040: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2015.D021915A. Figure 17. Commercial sector delivered energy intensity for selected end uses in the Reference case, 2013 and 2040: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2015.D021915A. Figure 18. Primary energy consumption by fuel in the Reference case, 1980-2040: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2015.D021915A. Figure 19. Energy use per capita and per 2009 dollar of gross domestic product, and carbon dioxide emissions per 2009 dollar of gross domestic product, in the Reference case, 1980-2040: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2015. D021915A. Figure 20. Total energy production and consumption in the Reference case, 1980-2040: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2015.D021915A. Figure 21. U.S. tight oil production in four cases, 2005-40: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2015.D021915A. Figure 22. U.S. total crude oil production in four cases, 2005-40: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2015. D021915A. 32 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Figure and table sources Figure 23. U.S. net crude oil imports in four cases, 2005-40: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, runs REF2015. D021915A, LOWPRICE.D021915A, HIGHPRICE.D021915A, and HIGHRESOURCE.D021915B. Figure 24. U.S. net petroleum product imports in four cases, 2005-40: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, runs REF2015. D021915A, LOWPRICE.D021915A, HIGHPRICE.D021915A, and HIGHRESOURCE.D021915B. Figure 25. U.S. total dry natural gas production in four cases, 2005-40: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, runs REF2015. D021915A, LOWPRICE.D021915A, HIGHPRICE.D021915A, and HIGHRESOURCE.D021915B. Figure 26. U.S. shale gas production in four cases, 2005-40: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, runs REF2015.D021915A, LOWPRICE.D021915A, HIGHPRICE.D021915A, and HIGHRESOURCE.D021915B. Figure 27. U.S. total natural gas net imports in four cases, 2005-40: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, runs REF2015. D021915A, LOWPRICE.D021915A, HIGHPRICE.D021915A, and HIGHRESOURCE.D021915B. Figure 28. U.S. liquefied natural gas net imports in four cases, 2005-40: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, runs REF2015. D021915A, LOWPRICE.D021915A, HIGHPRICE.D021915A, and HIGHRESOURCE.D021915B. Figure 29. U.S. coal production in six cases, 1990-2040: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, runs REF2015.D021915A, LOWPRICE.D021915A, HIGHPRICE.D021915A, LOWMACRO.D021915A, HIGHMACRO.D021915A, and HIGHRESOURCE. D021915B. Figure 30. U.S. coal exports in six cases, 1990-2040: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, runs REF2015.D021915A, LOWPRICE.D021915A, HIGHPRICE.D021915A, LOWMACRO.D021915A, HIGHMACRO.D021915A, and HIGHRESOURCE. D021915B. Figure 31. Electricity generation by fuel in the Reference case, 2000-2040: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2015.D021915A. Figure 32. Electricity generation by fuel in six cases, 2013 and 2040: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, runs REF2015.D021915A, LOWPRICE.D021915A, HIGHPRICE.D021915A, LOWMACRO.D021915A, HIGHMACRO.D021915A, and HIGHRESOURCE.D021915B. Figure 33. Coal and natural gas combined-cycle generation capacity factors in two cases, 2010-40: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, runs REF2015.D021915A and HIGHRESOURCE.D021915B. Figure 34. Renewable electricity generation by fuel type in the Reference case, 2000-2040: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2015.D021915A. Figure 35. Cumulative additions to electricity generation capacity by fuel in six cases, 2013-40: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, runs REF2015.D021915A, LOWPRICE.D021915A, HIGHPRICE.D021915A, LOWMACRO.D021915A, HIGHMACRO. D021915A, and HIGHRESOURCE.D021915B. Figure 36. Energy-related carbon dioxide emissions in six cases, 2000-2040: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, runs REF2015.D021915A, LOWPRICE.D021915A, HIGHPRICE.D021915A, LOWMACRO.D021915A, HIGHMACRO.D021915A, and HIGHRESOURCE.D021915B. Figure 37. Energy-related carbon dioxide emissions by sector in the Reference cases, 2005, 2013, 2025, and 2040: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2015.D021915A. U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 33 _u>mm Appendix A Reference case Table A1.  Total energy supply, disposition, and price summary Total energy supply, disposition, and price summary (quadrillion BtuBtu perper year, unless otherwise noted) (quadrillion year, unless otherwise noted) Table A1. Reference case Supply, disposition, and prices 2012 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) Production Crude oil and lease condensate ............................ Natural gas plant liquids ........................................ Dry natural gas ...................................................... Coal1 ...................................................................... Nuclear / uranium2 ................................................. Conventional hydroelectric power .......................... Biomass3................................................................ Other renewable energy4 ....................................... Other5 .................................................................... Total ................................................................... 13.7 3.3 24.6 20.7 8.1 2.6 4.0 1.9 0.8 79.6 15.6 3.6 25.1 20.0 8.3 2.5 4.2 2.3 1.3 82.7 22.2 5.5 29.6 21.7 8.4 2.8 4.4 3.2 0.9 98.7 21.5 5.7 31.3 22.2 8.5 2.8 4.6 3.4 0.9 100.9 21.1 5.7 33.9 22.5 8.5 2.8 4.6 3.6 0.9 103.7 19.8 5.6 35.1 22.5 8.5 2.8 4.7 4.1 0.9 103.9 19.9 5.5 36.4 22.6 8.7 2.8 5.0 4.6 1.0 106.6 0.9% 1.7% 1.4% 0.5% 0.2% 0.4% 0.7% 2.7% -1.0% 0.9% Imports Crude oil ................................................................ Petroleum and other liquids6 .................................. Natural gas7 ........................................................... Other imports8........................................................ Total ................................................................... 18.7 4.2 3.2 0.3 26.4 17.0 4.3 2.9 0.3 24.5 13.6 4.6 1.9 0.1 20.2 14.9 4.5 1.7 0.1 21.3 15.7 4.4 1.6 0.1 21.7 17.7 4.3 1.5 0.1 23.6 18.2 4.1 1.7 0.1 24.1 0.3% -0.2% -1.9% -5.2% -0.1% Exports Petroleum and other liquids9 .................................. Natural gas10 .......................................................... Coal ....................................................................... Total ................................................................... 6.5 1.6 3.1 11.2 7.3 1.6 2.9 11.7 11.2 4.5 2.5 18.1 12.0 5.2 2.9 20.1 12.6 6.4 3.3 22.4 13.3 6.8 3.4 23.4 13.7 7.4 3.5 24.6 2.4% 5.9% 0.8% 2.8% Discrepancy11 .......................................................... 0.4 -1.6 -0.1 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.3 -- Consumption Petroleum and other liquids12 ................................ Natural gas ............................................................ Coal13..................................................................... Nuclear / uranium2 ................................................. Conventional hydroelectric power .......................... Biomass14 .............................................................. Other renewable energy4 ....................................... Other15 ................................................................... Total ................................................................... 35.2 26.1 17.3 8.1 2.6 2.8 1.9 0.4 94.4 35.9 26.9 18.0 8.3 2.5 2.9 2.3 0.4 97.1 37.1 26.8 19.2 8.4 2.8 3.0 3.2 0.3 100.8 36.9 27.6 19.3 8.5 2.8 3.2 3.4 0.3 102.0 36.5 28.8 19.2 8.5 2.8 3.2 3.6 0.3 102.9 36.3 29.6 19.0 8.5 2.8 3.2 4.1 0.3 103.8 36.2 30.5 19.0 8.7 2.8 3.5 4.6 0.3 105.7 0.0% 0.5% 0.2% 0.2% 0.4% 0.7% 2.7% -0.7% 0.3% 113 96 2.79 109 98 3.73 79 73 4.88 91 85 5.46 106 99 5.69 122 116 6.60 141 136 7.85 1.0% 1.2% 2.8% 40.5 37.2 37.9 40.3 43.7 46.7 49.2 1.0% 2.01 2.63 10.0 1.84 2.50 10.1 1.88 2.54 10.5 2.02 2.71 11.0 2.18 2.84 11.1 2.32 2.96 11.3 2.44 3.09 11.8 1.0% 0.8% 0.6% Prices (2013 dollars per unit) Crude oil spot prices (dollars per barrel) Brent ................................................................... West Texas Intermediate .................................... Natural gas at Henry Hub (dollars per million Btu) . Coal (dollars per ton) at the minemouth16 ............................................. Coal (dollars per million Btu) at the minemouth16 ............................................. Average end-use17 .............................................. Average electricity (cents per kilowatthour) ........... U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 A-1 Reference case Table A1.  Total energy supply, disposition, and price summary (continued) Table A1. (quadrillion Total energy supply, disposition, andnoted) price summary (continued) Btu per year, unless otherwise (quadrillion Btu per year, unless otherwise noted) Reference case Supply, disposition, and prices 2012 Prices (nominal dollars per unit) Crude oil spot prices (dollars per barrel) Brent ................................................................... West Texas Intermediate .................................... Natural gas at Henry Hub (dollars per million Btu) . Coal (dollars per ton) at the minemouth16 ............................................. Coal (dollars per million Btu) at the minemouth16 ............................................. Average end-use17 .............................................. Average electricity (cents per kilowatthour) ........... 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) 112 94 2.75 109 98 3.73 90 83 5.54 112 105 6.72 142 133 7.63 180 171 9.70 229 220 12.73 2.8% 3.0% 4.7% 40.0 37.2 43.0 49.7 58.6 68.6 79.8 2.9% 1.98 2.59 9.8 1.84 2.50 10.1 2.14 2.88 11.9 2.48 3.33 13.5 2.92 3.81 14.8 3.41 4.35 16.6 3.96 5.00 19.2 2.9% 2.6% 2.4% 1 Includes waste coal. 2 These values represent the energy obtained from uranium when it is used in light water reactors. The total energy content of uranium is much larger, but alternative processes are required to take advantage of it. 3 Includes grid-connected electricity from wood and wood waste; biomass, such as corn, used for liquid fuels production; and non-electric energy demand from wood. Refer to Table A17 for details. 4 Includes grid-connected electricity from landfill gas; biogenic municipal waste; wind; photovoltaic and solar thermal sources; and non-electric energy from renewable sources, such as active and passive solar systems. Excludes electricity imports using renewable sources and nonmarketed renewable energy. See Table A17 for selected nonmarketed residential and commercial renewable energy data. 5 Includes non-biogenic municipal waste, liquid hydrogen, methanol, and some domestic inputs to refineries. 6 Includes imports of finished petroleum products, unfinished oils, alcohols, ethers, blending components, and renewable fuels such as ethanol. 7 Includes imports of liquefied natural gas that are later re-exported. 8 Includes coal, coal coke (net), and electricity (net). Excludes imports of fuel used in nuclear power plants. 9 Includes crude oil, petroleum products, ethanol, and biodiesel. 10 Includes re-exported liquefied natural gas. 11 Balancing item. Includes unaccounted for supply, losses, gains, and net storage withdrawals. 12 Estimated consumption. Includes petroleum-derived fuels and non-petroleum derived fuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel, and coal-based synthetic liquids. Petroleum coke, which is a solid, is included. Also included are hydrocarbon gas liquids and crude oil consumed as a fuel. Refer to Table A17 for detailed renewable liquid fuels consumption. 13 Excludes coal converted to coal-based synthetic liquids and natural gas. 14 Includes grid-connected electricity from wood and wood waste, non-electric energy from wood, and biofuels heat and coproducts used in the production of liquid fuels, but excludes the energy content of the liquid fuels. 15 Includes non-biogenic municipal waste, liquid hydrogen, and net electricity imports. 16 Includes reported prices for both open market and captive mines. Prices weighted by production, which differs from average minemouth prices published in EIA data reports where it is weighted by reported sales. 17 Prices weighted by consumption; weighted average excludes export free-alongside-ship (f.a.s.) prices. Btu = British thermal unit. - - = Not applicable. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Data for 2012 and 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2012 natural gas supply values: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Natural Gas Annual 2013, DOE/EIA-0131(2013) (Washington, DC, October 2014). 2013 natural gas supply values: EIA, Natural Gas Monthly, DOE/EIA-0130(2014/07) (Washington, DC, July 2014). 2012 and 2013 coal minemouth and delivered coal prices: EIA, Annual Coal Report 2013, DOE/EIA-0584(2013) (Washington, DC, January 2015). 2013 petroleum supply values and 2012 crude oil and lease condensate production: EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual 2013, DOE/EIA-0340(2013)/1 (Washington, DC, September 2014). Other 2012 petroleum supply values: EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual 2012, DOE/EIA-0340(2012)/1 (Washington, DC, September 2013). 2012 and 2013 crude oil spot prices and natural gas spot price at Henry Hub: Thomson Reuters. Other 2012 and 2013 coal values: Quarterly Coal Report, October-December 2013, DOE/EIA0121(2013/4Q) (Washington, DC, March 2014). Other 2012 and 2013 values: EIA, Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). Projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System run REF2015.D021915A. A-2 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Reference case Table A2.  Energy consumption by sector and source Table A2. (quadrillion Energy consumption by sector and source Btu per year, unless otherwise noted) (quadrillion Btu per year, unless otherwise noted) Reference case Sector and source Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) 2012 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Residential Propane .............................................................. Kerosene ............................................................ Distillate fuel oil ................................................... Petroleum and other liquids subtotal................. Natural gas ......................................................... Renewable energy1 ............................................ Electricity ............................................................ Delivered energy ............................................. Electricity related losses ..................................... Total ................................................................. 0.40 0.01 0.49 0.90 4.25 0.44 4.69 10.28 9.57 19.85 0.43 0.01 0.50 0.93 5.05 0.58 4.75 11.32 9.79 21.10 0.32 0.01 0.40 0.73 4.63 0.41 4.86 10.63 9.75 20.38 0.30 0.01 0.35 0.66 4.54 0.39 4.92 10.51 9.74 20.25 0.28 0.01 0.31 0.59 4.52 0.38 5.08 10.57 9.91 20.48 0.26 0.00 0.27 0.54 4.43 0.36 5.23 10.56 10.10 20.66 0.25 0.00 0.24 0.49 4.31 0.35 5.42 10.57 10.33 20.91 -2.0% -3.0% -2.7% -2.4% -0.6% -1.8% 0.5% -0.3% 0.2% 0.0% Commercial Propane .............................................................. Motor gasoline2 ................................................... Kerosene ............................................................ Distillate fuel oil ................................................... Residual fuel oil .................................................. Petroleum and other liquids subtotal................. Natural gas ......................................................... Coal .................................................................... Renewable energy3 ............................................ Electricity ............................................................ Delivered energy ............................................. Electricity related losses ..................................... Total ................................................................. 0.14 0.04 0.00 0.36 0.03 0.57 2.97 0.04 0.11 4.53 8.22 9.24 17.46 0.15 0.05 0.00 0.37 0.03 0.59 3.37 0.04 0.12 4.57 8.69 9.42 18.10 0.16 0.05 0.00 0.34 0.07 0.62 3.30 0.05 0.12 4.82 8.90 9.68 18.58 0.17 0.05 0.00 0.32 0.07 0.61 3.29 0.05 0.12 4.99 9.06 9.88 18.94 0.17 0.05 0.00 0.30 0.07 0.60 3.43 0.05 0.12 5.19 9.38 10.13 19.52 0.17 0.05 0.00 0.29 0.07 0.59 3.57 0.05 0.12 5.40 9.73 10.43 20.16 0.18 0.06 0.00 0.27 0.06 0.58 3.71 0.05 0.12 5.66 10.12 10.80 20.92 0.7% 0.8% 4.4% -1.1% 3.3% -0.1% 0.4% 0.5% 0.0% 0.8% 0.6% 0.5% 0.5% Industrial4 Liquefied petroleum gases and other5 ................ Motor gasoline2 ................................................... Distillate fuel oil ................................................... Residual fuel oil .................................................. Petrochemical feedstocks ................................... Other petroleum6 ................................................ Petroleum and other liquids subtotal................. Natural gas ......................................................... Natural-gas-to-liquids heat and power ................ Lease and plant fuel7 .......................................... Natural gas subtotal .......................................... Metallurgical coal ................................................ Other industrial coal ............................................ Coal-to-liquids heat and power ........................... Net coal coke imports ......................................... Coal subtotal ..................................................... Biofuels heat and coproducts.............................. Renewable energy8 ............................................ Electricity ............................................................ Delivered energy ............................................. Electricity related losses ..................................... Total ................................................................. 2.42 0.24 1.28 0.07 0.74 3.33 8.08 7.39 0.00 1.43 8.82 0.59 0.87 0.00 0.00 1.47 0.73 1.51 3.36 23.97 6.87 30.84 2.51 0.25 1.31 0.06 0.74 3.52 8.40 7.62 0.00 1.52 9.14 0.62 0.88 0.00 -0.02 1.48 0.72 1.48 3.26 24.48 6.72 31.20 3.20 0.26 1.42 0.10 0.95 3.67 9.61 8.33 0.00 1.87 10.20 0.61 0.93 0.00 0.00 1.54 0.80 1.53 3.74 27.42 7.51 34.93 3.56 0.26 1.38 0.14 1.10 3.80 10.24 8.47 0.00 1.98 10.44 0.59 0.95 0.00 -0.01 1.53 0.80 1.60 3.98 28.58 7.88 36.46 3.72 0.25 1.36 0.13 1.14 3.83 10.44 8.65 0.00 2.10 10.75 0.56 0.96 0.00 -0.03 1.48 0.80 1.59 4.04 29.10 7.88 36.98 3.69 0.25 1.34 0.13 1.17 3.89 10.47 8.76 0.00 2.18 10.94 0.53 0.97 0.00 -0.05 1.44 0.81 1.58 4.05 29.29 7.83 37.12 3.67 0.25 1.35 0.13 1.20 3.99 10.59 8.90 0.00 2.29 11.19 0.51 0.99 0.00 -0.06 1.44 0.86 1.63 4.12 29.82 7.85 37.68 1.4% 0.0% 0.1% 2.9% 1.8% 0.5% 0.9% 0.6% -1.5% 0.8% -0.7% 0.4% -4.5% -0.1% 0.6% 0.4% 0.9% 0.7% 0.6% 0.7% Energy consumption Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 A-3 Reference case Table A2.  Energy consumption by sector and source (continued) Table A2. (quadrillion Energy consumption by sector and source Btu per year, unless otherwise noted) (continued) (quadrillion Btu per year, unless otherwise noted) Reference case Sector and source A-4 Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) 2012 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Transportation Propane .............................................................. Motor gasoline2 ................................................... of which: E859 ................................................. Jet fuel10 ............................................................. Distillate fuel oil11 ................................................ Residual fuel oil .................................................. Other petroleum12 ............................................... Petroleum and other liquids subtotal................. Pipeline fuel natural gas ..................................... Compressed / liquefied natural gas .................... Liquid hydrogen .................................................. Electricity ............................................................ Delivered energy ............................................. Electricity related losses ..................................... Total ................................................................. 0.05 15.82 0.01 2.86 5.80 0.67 0.15 25.35 0.75 0.04 0.00 0.02 26.16 0.05 26.20 0.05 15.94 0.02 2.80 6.50 0.57 0.15 26.00 0.88 0.05 0.00 0.02 26.96 0.05 27.01 0.04 15.35 0.03 3.01 7.35 0.35 0.16 26.27 0.85 0.07 0.00 0.03 27.22 0.06 27.29 0.05 14.22 0.12 3.20 7.59 0.36 0.16 25.57 0.90 0.10 0.00 0.04 26.60 0.07 26.67 0.05 13.30 0.20 3.40 7.76 0.36 0.16 25.03 0.94 0.17 0.00 0.04 26.18 0.08 26.27 0.06 12.82 0.24 3.54 7.94 0.36 0.16 24.88 0.94 0.31 0.00 0.05 26.19 0.10 26.29 0.07 12.55 0.28 3.64 7.97 0.36 0.16 24.76 0.96 0.71 0.00 0.06 26.49 0.12 26.61 1.3% -0.9% 10.0% 1.0% 0.8% -1.6% 0.2% -0.2% 0.3% 10.3% -3.4% -0.1% 3.1% -0.1% Unspecified sector13 ........................................... 0.04 -0.27 -0.34 -0.36 -0.37 -0.38 -0.38 -- Delivered energy consumption for all sectors Liquefied petroleum gases and other5 ................ Motor gasoline2 ................................................... of which: E859 ................................................. Jet fuel10 ............................................................. Kerosene ............................................................ Distillate fuel oil ................................................... Residual fuel oil .................................................. Petrochemical feedstocks ................................... Other petroleum14 ............................................... Petroleum and other liquids subtotal................. Natural gas ......................................................... Natural-gas-to-liquids heat and power ................ Lease and plant fuel7 .......................................... Pipeline fuel natural gas ..................................... Natural gas subtotal .......................................... Metallurgical coal ................................................ Other coal ........................................................... Coal-to-liquids heat and power ........................... Net coal coke imports ......................................... Coal subtotal ..................................................... Biofuels heat and coproducts.............................. Renewable energy15 ........................................... Liquid hydrogen .................................................. Electricity ............................................................ Delivered energy ............................................. Electricity related losses ..................................... Total ................................................................. 3.01 16.10 0.01 2.90 0.01 7.92 0.77 0.74 3.47 34.93 14.65 0.00 1.43 0.75 16.82 0.59 0.91 0.00 0.00 1.51 0.73 2.06 0.00 12.61 68.66 25.73 94.40 3.14 16.36 0.02 2.97 0.01 8.10 0.65 0.74 3.67 35.65 16.10 0.00 1.52 0.88 18.50 0.62 0.92 0.00 -0.02 1.52 0.72 2.18 0.00 12.60 71.17 25.97 97.14 3.73 15.79 0.03 3.20 0.01 8.86 0.53 0.95 3.82 36.89 16.32 0.00 1.87 0.85 19.05 0.61 0.98 0.00 0.00 1.59 0.80 2.06 0.00 13.45 73.84 27.00 100.84 4.08 14.65 0.12 3.39 0.01 8.97 0.56 1.10 3.96 36.72 16.40 0.00 1.98 0.90 19.28 0.59 1.00 0.00 -0.01 1.58 0.80 2.11 0.00 13.91 74.39 27.58 101.97 4.23 13.72 0.20 3.61 0.01 9.05 0.56 1.14 3.98 36.30 16.76 0.00 2.10 0.94 19.80 0.56 1.00 0.00 -0.03 1.53 0.80 2.09 0.00 14.35 74.87 28.01 102.87 4.19 13.23 0.24 3.76 0.01 9.14 0.55 1.17 4.05 36.09 17.07 0.00 2.18 0.94 20.19 0.53 1.01 0.00 -0.05 1.49 0.81 2.06 0.00 14.74 75.39 28.46 103.85 4.17 12.96 0.28 3.86 0.01 9.13 0.56 1.20 4.15 36.03 17.64 0.00 2.29 0.96 20.88 0.51 1.04 0.00 -0.06 1.49 0.86 2.10 0.00 15.25 76.62 29.10 105.73 1.1% -0.9% 10.0% 1.0% -1.0% 0.4% -0.6% 1.8% 0.5% 0.0% 0.3% -1.5% 0.3% 0.4% -0.7% 0.4% -4.5% -0.1% 0.6% -0.1% -0.7% 0.3% 0.4% 0.3% Electric power16 Distillate fuel oil ................................................... Residual fuel oil .................................................. Petroleum and other liquids subtotal................. Natural gas ......................................................... Steam coal .......................................................... Nuclear / uranium17 ............................................. Renewable energy18 ........................................... Non-biogenic municipal waste ............................ Electricity imports................................................ Total ................................................................. 0.05 0.17 0.22 9.31 15.82 8.06 4.53 0.23 0.16 38.34 0.05 0.21 0.26 8.36 16.49 8.27 4.78 0.23 0.18 38.57 0.09 0.08 0.17 7.80 17.59 8.42 6.13 0.23 0.11 40.45 0.09 0.09 0.17 8.33 17.75 8.46 6.43 0.23 0.12 41.49 0.08 0.09 0.17 9.03 17.63 8.47 6.72 0.23 0.10 42.35 0.08 0.09 0.17 9.40 17.54 8.51 7.26 0.23 0.09 43.19 0.08 0.09 0.18 9.61 17.52 8.73 7.99 0.23 0.11 44.36 1.6% -3.0% -1.5% 0.5% 0.2% 0.2% 1.9% 0.0% -1.8% 0.5% Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Reference case Table A2.  Energy consumption by sector and source (continued) Table A2. (quadrillion Energy consumption by sector and source Btu per year, unless otherwise noted) (continued) (quadrillion Btu per year, unless otherwise noted) Reference case Sector and source 2012 2013 Total energy consumption Liquefied petroleum gases and other5 ................ Motor gasoline2 ................................................... of which: E859 ................................................. Jet fuel10 ............................................................. Kerosene ............................................................ Distillate fuel oil ................................................... Residual fuel oil .................................................. Petrochemical feedstocks ................................... Other petroleum14 ............................................... Petroleum and other liquids subtotal................. Natural gas ......................................................... Natural-gas-to-liquids heat and power ................ Lease and plant fuel7 .......................................... Pipeline fuel natural gas ..................................... Natural gas subtotal .......................................... Metallurgical coal ................................................ Other coal ........................................................... Coal-to-liquids heat and power ........................... Net coal coke imports ......................................... Coal subtotal ..................................................... Nuclear / uranium17 ............................................. Biofuels heat and coproducts.............................. Renewable energy19 ........................................... Liquid hydrogen .................................................. Non-biogenic municipal waste ............................ Electricity imports................................................ Total ................................................................. 3.01 16.10 0.01 2.90 0.01 7.98 0.94 0.74 3.47 35.16 23.96 0.00 1.43 0.75 26.14 0.59 16.73 0.00 0.00 17.33 8.06 0.73 6.59 0.00 0.23 0.16 94.40 Energy use and related statistics Delivered energy use ............................................ Total energy use ................................................... Ethanol consumed in motor gasoline and E85 ..... Population (millions) ............................................. Gross domestic product (billion 2009 dollars) ....... Carbon dioxide emissions (million metric tons) ..... 68.66 94.40 1.09 315 15,369 5,272 Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 3.14 16.36 0.02 2.97 0.01 8.15 0.87 0.74 3.67 35.91 24.46 0.00 1.52 0.88 26.86 0.62 17.41 0.00 -0.02 18.01 8.27 0.72 6.96 0.00 0.23 0.18 97.14 3.73 15.79 0.03 3.20 0.01 8.95 0.61 0.95 3.82 37.06 24.12 0.00 1.87 0.85 26.85 0.61 18.57 0.00 0.00 19.18 8.42 0.80 8.19 0.00 0.23 0.11 100.84 4.08 14.65 0.12 3.39 0.01 9.06 0.65 1.10 3.96 36.89 24.73 0.00 1.98 0.90 27.60 0.59 18.75 0.00 -0.01 19.33 8.46 0.80 8.54 0.00 0.23 0.12 101.97 4.23 13.72 0.20 3.61 0.01 9.13 0.64 1.14 3.98 36.47 25.79 0.00 2.10 0.94 28.83 0.56 18.63 0.00 -0.03 19.16 8.47 0.80 8.81 0.00 0.23 0.10 102.87 4.19 13.23 0.24 3.76 0.01 9.22 0.64 1.17 4.05 36.26 26.47 0.00 2.18 0.94 29.59 0.53 18.55 0.00 -0.05 19.03 8.51 0.81 9.32 0.00 0.23 0.09 103.85 4.17 12.96 0.28 3.86 0.01 9.21 0.65 1.20 4.15 36.21 27.25 0.00 2.29 0.96 30.50 0.51 18.56 0.00 -0.06 19.01 8.73 0.86 10.09 0.00 0.23 0.11 105.73 1.1% -0.9% 10.0% 1.0% -1.0% 0.5% -1.1% 1.8% 0.5% 0.0% 0.4% -1.5% 0.3% 0.5% -0.7% 0.2% -4.5% 0.2% 0.2% 0.6% 1.4% -0.0% -1.8% 0.3% 71.17 97.14 1.12 317 15,710 5,405 73.84 100.84 1.12 334 18,801 5,499 74.39 101.97 1.12 347 21,295 5,511 74.87 102.87 1.12 359 23,894 5,514 75.39 103.85 1.16 370 26,659 5,521 76.62 105.73 1.27 380 29,898 5,549 0.3% 0.3% 0.5% 0.7% 2.4% 0.1% 1 Includes wood used for residential heating. See Table A4 and/or Table A17 for estimates of nonmarketed renewable energy consumption for geothermal heat pumps, solar thermal water heating, and electricity generation from wind and solar photovoltaic sources. 2 Includes ethanol and ethers blended into gasoline. 3 Excludes ethanol. Includes commercial sector consumption of wood and wood waste, landfill gas, municipal waste, and other biomass for combined heat and power. See Table A5 and/or Table A17 for estimates of nonmarketed renewable energy consumption for solar thermal water heating and electricity generation from wind and solar photovoltaic sources. 4 Includes energy for combined heat and power plants that have a non-regulatory status, and small on-site generating systems. 5 Includes ethane, natural gasoline, and refinery olefins. 6 Includes petroleum coke, asphalt, road oil, lubricants, still gas, and miscellaneous petroleum products. 7 Represents natural gas used in well, field, and lease operations, in natural gas processing plant machinery, and for liquefaction in export facilities. 8 Includes consumption of energy produced from hydroelectric, wood and wood waste, municipal waste, and other biomass sources. Excludes ethanol in motor gasoline. 9 E85 refers to a blend of 85 percent ethanol (renewable) and 15 percent motor gasoline (nonrenewable). To address cold starting issues, the percentage of ethanol varies seasonally. The annual average ethanol content of 74 percent is used for this forecast. 10 Includes only kerosene type. 11 Diesel fuel for on- and off- road use. 12 Includes aviation gasoline and lubricants. 13 Represents consumption unattributed to the sectors above. 14 Includes aviation gasoline, petroleum coke, asphalt, road oil, lubricants, still gas, and miscellaneous petroleum products. 15 Includes electricity generated for sale to the grid and for own use from renewable sources, and non-electric energy from renewable sources. Excludes ethanol and nonmarketed renewable energy consumption for geothermal heat pumps, buildings photovoltaic systems, and solar thermal water heaters. 16 Includes consumption of energy by electricity-only and combined heat and power plants that have a regulatory status. 17 These values represent the energy obtained from uranium when it is used in light water reactors. The total energy content of uranium is much larger, but alternative processes are required to take advantage of it. 18 Includes conventional hydroelectric, geothermal, wood and wood waste, biogenic municipal waste, other biomass, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal sources. Excludes net electricity imports. 19 Includes conventional hydroelectric, geothermal, wood and wood waste, biogenic municipal waste, other biomass, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal sources. Excludes ethanol, net electricity imports, and nonmarketed renewable energy consumption for geothermal heat pumps, buildings photovoltaic systems, and solar thermal water heaters. Btu = British thermal unit. - - = Not applicable. Note: Includes estimated consumption for petroleum and other liquids. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Data for 2012 and 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2012 and 2013 consumption based on: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). 2012 and 2013 population and gross domestic product: IHS Economics, Industry and Employment models, November 2014. 2012 and 2013 carbon dioxide emissions and emission factors: EIA, Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). Projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System run REF2015.D021915A. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 A-5 Reference case Table A3.  Energy prices by sector and source Table A3. (2013 Energy by sector source dollarsprices per million Btu, and unless otherwise noted) (2013 dollars per million Btu, unless otherwise noted) Reference case Sector and source 2012 A-6 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) Residential Propane ................................................................ Distillate fuel oil ..................................................... Natural gas ........................................................... Electricity .............................................................. 24.3 27.3 10.6 35.3 23.3 27.2 10.0 35.6 23.0 21.5 11.6 37.8 23.7 23.7 12.7 39.6 24.4 26.3 12.8 40.0 25.5 29.4 13.7 40.8 26.6 32.9 15.5 42.4 0.5% 0.7% 1.6% 0.6% Commercial Propane ................................................................ Distillate fuel oil ..................................................... Residual fuel oil .................................................... Natural gas ........................................................... Electricity .............................................................. 21.0 26.8 22.9 8.2 30.0 20.0 26.7 22.1 8.1 29.7 19.4 21.0 14.2 9.6 31.1 20.2 23.2 16.0 10.5 32.5 21.1 25.8 18.1 10.4 32.6 22.5 28.9 20.6 11.1 33.1 23.9 32.5 24.3 12.6 34.5 0.7% 0.7% 0.4% 1.6% 0.6% Industrial1 Propane ................................................................ Distillate fuel oil ..................................................... Residual fuel oil .................................................... Natural gas2 .......................................................... Metallurgical coal .................................................. Other industrial coal .............................................. Coal to liquids ....................................................... Electricity .............................................................. 21.3 27.4 20.6 3.8 7.3 3.3 -19.8 20.3 27.3 20.0 4.6 5.5 3.2 -20.2 19.6 21.2 13.3 6.2 5.8 3.3 -21.3 20.5 23.5 15.1 6.9 6.2 3.5 -22.4 21.5 26.1 17.2 6.8 6.7 3.6 -22.6 22.9 29.2 19.7 7.5 6.9 3.7 -23.3 24.5 32.7 23.5 8.8 7.2 3.9 -24.7 0.7% 0.7% 0.6% 2.5% 1.0% 0.7% -0.7% Transportation Propane ................................................................ E853 ...................................................................... Motor gasoline4 ..................................................... Jet fuel5 ................................................................. Diesel fuel (distillate fuel oil)6 ................................ Residual fuel oil .................................................... Natural gas7 .......................................................... Electricity .............................................................. 25.3 35.7 30.7 23.0 28.8 20.0 20.4 27.8 24.6 33.1 29.3 21.8 28.2 19.3 17.6 28.5 24.0 30.4 22.5 16.1 23.1 11.7 17.8 30.2 24.7 29.0 24.3 18.3 25.5 13.3 16.8 32.3 25.5 31.2 26.4 21.3 28.0 15.4 15.7 32.9 26.5 33.2 29.1 24.5 31.1 17.6 17.1 33.9 27.6 35.4 32.3 28.3 34.7 20.3 19.6 36.0 0.4% 0.3% 0.4% 1.0% 0.8% 0.2% 0.4% 0.9% Electric power8 Distillate fuel oil ..................................................... Residual fuel oil .................................................... Natural gas ........................................................... Steam coal ............................................................ 24.1 20.8 3.5 2.4 24.0 18.9 4.4 2.3 18.8 11.5 5.4 2.4 20.9 13.3 6.3 2.5 23.6 15.4 6.2 2.7 26.7 17.8 7.0 2.8 30.2 21.6 8.3 2.9 0.9% 0.5% 2.4% 0.8% Average price to all users9 Propane ................................................................ E853 ...................................................................... Motor gasoline4 ..................................................... Jet fuel5 ................................................................. Distillate fuel oil ..................................................... Residual fuel oil .................................................... Natural gas ........................................................... Metallurgical coal .................................................. Other coal ............................................................. Coal to liquids ....................................................... Electricity .............................................................. 22.9 35.7 30.4 23.0 28.3 20.3 5.5 7.3 2.5 -29.3 21.9 33.1 29.0 21.8 27.9 19.4 6.1 5.5 2.4 -29.5 21.1 30.4 22.5 16.1 22.6 12.2 7.5 5.8 2.4 -30.8 21.8 29.0 24.3 18.3 25.0 14.0 8.3 6.2 2.6 -32.1 22.6 31.2 26.4 21.3 27.6 16.0 8.2 6.7 2.7 -32.4 23.8 33.2 29.1 24.5 30.7 18.4 9.0 6.9 2.8 -33.2 25.2 35.4 32.3 28.3 34.2 21.5 10.5 7.2 3.0 -34.7 0.5% 0.3% 0.4% 1.0% 0.8% 0.4% 2.0% 1.0% 0.8% -0.6% Non-renewable energy expenditures by sector (billion 2013 dollars) Residential ............................................................ Commercial........................................................... Industrial1 .............................................................. Transportation....................................................... Total non-renewable expenditures...................... Transportation renewable expenditures................ Total expenditures ............................................ 234 174 218 738 1,364 0 1,365 243 177 224 719 1,364 1 1,364 254 194 264 565 1,276 1 1,277 268 210 302 596 1,376 4 1,379 276 219 323 638 1,456 6 1,462 289 234 349 706 1,579 8 1,587 311 259 389 791 1,751 10 1,761 0.9% 1.4% 2.1% 0.4% 0.9% 10.2% 0.9% Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Reference case Table A3.  Energy prices by sector and source (continued) Table A3. (nominal Energy prices bymillion sectorBtu, andunless source (continued) dollars per otherwise noted) (nominal dollars per million Btu, unless otherwise noted) Reference case Sector and source 2012 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) Residential Propane ................................................................ Distillate fuel oil ..................................................... Natural gas ........................................................... Electricity .............................................................. 23.9 26.9 10.4 34.8 23.3 27.2 10.0 35.6 26.1 24.4 13.2 42.9 29.1 29.1 15.7 48.8 32.8 35.3 17.1 53.6 37.5 43.2 20.2 60.0 43.1 53.3 25.1 68.8 2.3% 2.5% 3.5% 2.5% Commercial Propane ................................................................ Distillate fuel oil ..................................................... Residual fuel oil .................................................... Natural gas ........................................................... Electricity .............................................................. 20.7 26.4 22.6 8.0 29.6 20.0 26.7 22.1 8.1 29.7 22.0 23.8 16.1 10.8 35.3 24.9 28.6 19.7 13.0 40.0 28.3 34.6 24.3 13.9 43.7 33.0 42.5 30.3 16.4 48.7 38.8 52.6 39.4 20.5 56.0 2.5% 2.5% 2.2% 3.5% 2.4% Industrial1 Propane ................................................................ Distillate fuel oil ..................................................... Residual fuel oil .................................................... Natural gas2 .......................................................... Metallurgical coal .................................................. Other industrial coal .............................................. Coal to liquids ....................................................... Electricity .............................................................. 21.0 27.0 20.3 3.8 7.2 3.3 -19.5 20.3 27.3 20.0 4.6 5.5 3.2 -20.2 22.3 24.1 15.1 7.0 6.6 3.8 -24.2 25.2 29.0 18.6 8.5 7.7 4.3 -27.5 28.8 35.0 23.1 9.1 8.9 4.8 -30.3 33.7 42.9 29.0 11.1 10.2 5.5 -34.2 39.7 53.0 38.0 14.2 11.6 6.3 -40.0 2.5% 2.5% 2.4% 4.3% 2.8% 2.5% -2.6% Transportation Propane ................................................................ E853 ...................................................................... Motor gasoline4 ..................................................... Jet fuel5 ................................................................. Diesel fuel (distillate fuel oil)6 ................................ Residual fuel oil .................................................... Natural gas7 .......................................................... Electricity .............................................................. 24.9 35.2 30.2 22.6 28.4 19.7 20.1 27.4 24.6 33.1 29.3 21.8 28.2 19.3 17.6 28.5 27.2 34.4 25.5 18.3 26.2 13.2 20.2 34.3 30.4 35.8 29.9 22.6 31.4 16.4 20.6 39.8 34.1 41.9 35.3 28.6 37.6 20.6 21.0 44.1 38.9 48.8 42.8 36.0 45.7 25.9 25.2 49.9 44.8 57.4 52.4 45.8 56.2 32.9 31.8 58.4 2.2% 2.1% 2.2% 2.8% 2.6% 2.0% 2.2% 2.7% Electric power8 Distillate fuel oil ..................................................... Residual fuel oil .................................................... Natural gas ........................................................... Steam coal ............................................................ 23.8 20.5 3.5 2.4 24.0 18.9 4.4 2.3 21.3 13.0 6.1 2.7 25.8 16.3 7.7 3.1 31.7 20.6 8.3 3.6 39.3 26.2 10.3 4.1 49.0 35.0 13.4 4.7 2.7% 2.3% 4.2% 2.6% Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 A-7 Reference case Table A3.  Energy prices by sector and source (continued) Table A3. (nominal Energy prices bymillion sectorBtu, andunless source (continued) dollars per otherwise noted) (nominal dollars per million Btu, unless otherwise noted) Reference case Sector and source 2012 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) Average price to all users9 Propane ................................................................ E853 ...................................................................... Motor gasoline4 ..................................................... Jet fuel5 ................................................................. Distillate fuel oil ..................................................... Residual fuel oil .................................................... Natural gas ........................................................... Metallurgical coal .................................................. Other coal ............................................................. Coal to liquids ....................................................... Electricity .............................................................. 22.6 35.2 30.0 22.6 27.9 20.0 5.4 7.2 2.4 -28.8 21.9 33.1 29.0 21.8 27.9 19.4 6.1 5.5 2.4 -29.5 23.9 34.4 25.5 18.3 25.7 13.8 8.5 6.6 2.8 -34.9 26.8 35.8 29.9 22.6 30.8 17.2 10.2 7.7 3.2 -39.5 30.3 41.9 35.3 28.6 36.9 21.5 11.0 8.9 3.7 -43.4 35.0 48.8 42.8 36.0 45.1 27.0 13.2 10.2 4.2 -48.7 40.9 57.4 52.4 45.8 55.5 34.8 17.0 11.6 4.8 -56.2 2.3% 2.1% 2.2% 2.8% 2.6% 2.2% 3.8% 2.8% 2.6% -2.4% Non-renewable energy expenditures by sector (billion nominal dollars) Residential ............................................................ Commercial........................................................... Industrial1 .............................................................. Transportation....................................................... Total non-renewable expenditures...................... Transportation renewable expenditures................ Total expenditures ............................................ 231 172 215 727 1,344 0 1,345 243 177 224 719 1,364 1 1,364 288 220 299 641 1,448 1 1,449 330 259 372 734 1,694 4 1,698 370 294 433 855 1,952 8 1,960 425 344 513 1,038 2,320 12 2,332 504 420 631 1,283 2,839 16 2,855 2.7% 3.2% 3.9% 2.2% 2.8% 12.2% 2.8% 1 Includes energy for combined heat and power plants that have a non-regulatory status, and small on-site generating systems. Excludes use for lease and plant fuel. E85 refers to a blend of 85 percent ethanol (renewable) and 15 percent motor gasoline (nonrenewable). To address cold starting issues, the percentage of ethanol varies seasonally. The annual average ethanol content of 74 percent is used for this forecast. 4 Sales weighted-average price for all grades. Includes Federal, State, and local taxes. 5 Kerosene-type jet fuel. Includes Federal and State taxes while excluding county and local taxes. 6 Diesel fuel for on-road use. Includes Federal and State taxes while excluding county and local taxes. 7 Natural gas used as fuel in motor vehicles, trains, and ships. Includes estimated motor vehicle fuel taxes and estimated dispensing costs or charges. 8 Includes electricity-only and combined heat and power plants that have a regulatory status. 9 Weighted averages of end-use fuel prices are derived from the prices shown in each sector and the corresponding sectoral consumption. Btu = British thermal unit. - - = Not applicable. Note: Data for 2012 and 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2012 and 2013 prices for motor gasoline, distillate fuel oil, and jet fuel are based on prices in the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Petroleum Marketing Monthly, DOE/EIA-0380(2014/08) (Washington, DC, August 2014). 2012 residential, commercial, and industrial natural gas delivered prices: EIA, Natural Gas Annual 2013, DOE/EIA-0131(2013) (Washington, DC, October 2014). 2013 residential, commercial, and industrial natural gas delivered prices: EIA, Natural Gas Monthly, DOE/EIA-0130(2014/07) (Washington, DC, July 2014). 2012 transportation sector natural gas delivered prices are based on: EIA, Natural Gas Annual 2013, DOE/EIA-0131(2013) (Washington, DC, October 2014), EIA, State Energy Data Report 2012, DOE/EIA-0214(2012) (Washington, DC, June 2014) and estimated State and Federal motor fuel taxes and dispensing costs or charges. 2013 transportation sector natural gas delivered prices are model results. 2012 and 2013 electric power sector distillate and residual fuel oil prices: EIA, Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). 2012 and 2013 electric power sector natural gas prices: EIA, Electric Power Monthly, DOE/EIA-0226, April 2013 and April 2014, Table 4.2, and EIA, State Energy Data Report 2012, DOE/EIA-0214(2012) (Washington, DC, June 2014). 2012 and 2013 coal prices based on: EIA, Quarterly Coal Report, October-December 2013, DOE/EIA-0121(2013/4Q) (Washington, DC, March 2014) and EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System run REF2015.D021915A. 2012 and 2013 electricity prices: EIA, Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). 2012 and 2013 E85 prices derived from monthly prices in the Clean Cities Alternative Fuel Price Report. Projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System run REF2015.D021915A. 2 3 A-8 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Reference case Table A4.  Residential sector key indicators and consumption Table A4. (quadrillion Residential key indicators andnoted) consumption Btusector per year, unless otherwise (quadrillion Btu per year, unless otherwise noted) Reference case Key indicators and consumption Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) 2012 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Key indicators Households (millions) Single-family ....................................................... Multifamily ........................................................... Mobile homes ..................................................... Total ................................................................. 79.3 28.2 6.4 113.9 79.7 28.4 6.3 114.3 84.5 30.4 5.5 120.5 88.4 32.1 5.3 125.8 92.1 33.9 5.1 131.1 95.4 35.7 4.9 136.0 98.6 37.5 4.8 141.0 0.8% 1.0% -1.0% 0.8% Average house square footage ......................... 1,670 1,678 1,733 1,768 1,800 1,829 1,855 0.4% 90.2 174.3 99.0 184.6 88.2 169.1 83.5 161.0 80.6 156.2 77.6 151.9 75.0 148.3 -1.0% -0.8% 54.0 104.3 59.0 110.0 50.9 97.6 47.3 91.1 44.8 86.8 42.5 83.1 40.4 79.9 -1.4% -1.2% Delivered energy consumption by fuel Purchased electricity Space heating ..................................................... Space cooling ..................................................... Water heating ..................................................... Refrigeration ....................................................... Cooking .............................................................. Clothes dryers..................................................... Freezers ............................................................. Lighting ............................................................... Clothes washers1 ................................................ Dishwashers1 ...................................................... Televisions and related equipment2 .................... Computers and related equipment3 .................... Furnace fans and boiler circulation pumps ......... Other uses4 ......................................................... Delivered energy ............................................. 0.29 0.83 0.44 0.37 0.11 0.20 0.08 0.64 0.03 0.10 0.33 0.12 0.09 1.06 4.69 0.40 0.66 0.44 0.36 0.11 0.20 0.08 0.59 0.03 0.09 0.33 0.12 0.13 1.19 4.75 0.35 0.79 0.46 0.34 0.11 0.21 0.07 0.43 0.02 0.10 0.32 0.10 0.11 1.44 4.86 0.34 0.82 0.47 0.33 0.12 0.22 0.07 0.38 0.02 0.10 0.32 0.08 0.11 1.53 4.92 0.33 0.88 0.48 0.33 0.13 0.23 0.07 0.34 0.02 0.11 0.34 0.07 0.10 1.65 5.08 0.32 0.94 0.48 0.35 0.14 0.24 0.06 0.29 0.02 0.12 0.36 0.06 0.10 1.77 5.23 0.31 1.00 0.48 0.36 0.14 0.25 0.06 0.27 0.02 0.12 0.37 0.05 0.09 1.89 5.42 -1.0% 1.5% 0.2% 0.0% 1.1% 0.7% -0.7% -2.9% -2.0% 1.0% 0.5% -3.1% -1.3% 1.7% 0.5% Natural gas Space heating ..................................................... Space cooling ..................................................... Water heating ..................................................... Cooking .............................................................. Clothes dryers..................................................... Other uses5 ......................................................... Delivered energy ............................................. 2.52 0.02 1.20 0.21 0.05 0.25 4.25 3.32 0.02 1.20 0.21 0.05 0.25 5.05 2.90 0.02 1.21 0.21 0.05 0.24 4.63 2.80 0.02 1.22 0.21 0.05 0.23 4.54 2.76 0.02 1.24 0.22 0.05 0.23 4.52 2.69 0.02 1.23 0.22 0.06 0.22 4.43 2.61 0.02 1.19 0.22 0.06 0.21 4.31 -0.9% -0.2% 0.0% 0.3% 0.5% -0.6% -0.6% Distillate fuel oil Space heating ..................................................... Water heating ..................................................... Other uses6 ......................................................... Delivered energy ............................................. 0.43 0.05 0.01 0.49 0.44 0.05 0.01 0.50 0.36 0.03 0.01 0.40 0.32 0.03 0.01 0.35 0.28 0.02 0.01 0.31 0.25 0.02 0.01 0.27 0.22 0.01 0.01 0.24 -2.5% -4.7% -0.5% -2.7% Propane Space heating ..................................................... Water heating ..................................................... Cooking .............................................................. Other uses6 ......................................................... Delivered energy ............................................. 0.26 0.07 0.03 0.04 0.40 0.30 0.06 0.03 0.04 0.43 0.20 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.32 0.18 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.30 0.17 0.04 0.02 0.05 0.28 0.15 0.03 0.02 0.06 0.26 0.14 0.03 0.02 0.06 0.25 -2.8% -3.0% -0.9% 1.5% -2.0% Marketed renewables (wood)7 .............................. Kerosene .............................................................. 0.44 0.01 0.58 0.01 0.41 0.01 0.39 0.01 0.38 0.01 0.36 0.00 0.35 0.00 -1.8% -3.0% Energy intensity (million Btu per household) Delivered energy consumption ........................... Total energy consumption .................................. (thousand Btu per square foot) Delivered energy consumption ........................... Total energy consumption .................................. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 A-9 Reference case Table A4.  Residential sector key indicators and consumption (continued) Table A4. (quadrillion Residential key indicators andnoted) consumption (continued) Btusector per year, unless otherwise (quadrillion Btu per year, unless otherwise noted) Reference case Key indicators and consumption Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) 2012 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Delivered energy consumption by end use Space heating ..................................................... Space cooling ..................................................... Water heating ..................................................... Refrigeration ....................................................... Cooking .............................................................. Clothes dryers..................................................... Freezers ............................................................. Lighting ............................................................... Clothes washers1 ................................................ Dishwashers1 ...................................................... Televisions and related equipment2 .................... Computers and related equipment3 .................... Furnace fans and boiler circulation pumps ......... Other uses8 ......................................................... Delivered energy ............................................. 3.95 0.86 1.76 0.37 0.35 0.25 0.08 0.64 0.03 0.10 0.33 0.12 0.09 1.36 10.28 5.05 0.68 1.76 0.36 0.34 0.25 0.08 0.59 0.03 0.09 0.33 0.12 0.13 1.49 11.32 4.23 0.81 1.75 0.34 0.35 0.26 0.07 0.43 0.02 0.10 0.32 0.10 0.11 1.73 10.63 4.04 0.84 1.76 0.33 0.36 0.27 0.07 0.38 0.02 0.10 0.32 0.08 0.11 1.82 10.51 3.92 0.90 1.78 0.33 0.37 0.28 0.07 0.34 0.02 0.11 0.34 0.07 0.10 1.94 10.57 3.78 0.96 1.75 0.35 0.38 0.29 0.06 0.29 0.02 0.12 0.36 0.06 0.10 2.05 10.56 3.63 1.02 1.71 0.36 0.39 0.30 0.06 0.27 0.02 0.12 0.37 0.05 0.09 2.17 10.57 -1.2% 1.5% -0.1% 0.0% 0.4% 0.7% -0.7% -2.9% -2.0% 1.0% 0.5% -3.1% -1.3% 1.4% -0.3% Electricity related losses ...................................... 9.57 9.79 9.75 9.74 9.91 10.10 10.33 0.2% Total energy consumption by end use Space heating ..................................................... Space cooling ..................................................... Water heating ..................................................... Refrigeration ....................................................... Cooking .............................................................. Clothes dryers..................................................... Freezers ............................................................. Lighting ............................................................... Clothes washers1 ................................................ Dishwashers1 ...................................................... Televisions and related equipment2 .................... Computers and related equipment3 .................... Furnace fans and boiler circulation pumps ......... Other uses8 ......................................................... Total ................................................................. 4.53 2.56 2.66 1.12 0.56 0.66 0.24 1.94 0.09 0.29 1.01 0.38 0.28 3.52 19.85 5.88 2.05 2.68 1.12 0.56 0.67 0.24 1.80 0.09 0.29 1.01 0.37 0.40 3.95 21.10 4.93 2.38 2.69 1.02 0.58 0.69 0.22 1.29 0.07 0.29 0.97 0.29 0.34 4.62 20.38 4.71 2.47 2.70 0.99 0.60 0.70 0.20 1.13 0.05 0.30 0.96 0.24 0.33 4.86 20.25 4.56 2.62 2.72 0.99 0.62 0.73 0.19 1.00 0.05 0.32 1.00 0.20 0.31 5.17 20.48 4.39 2.79 2.68 1.01 0.64 0.75 0.19 0.85 0.05 0.34 1.05 0.18 0.28 5.46 20.66 4.21 2.93 2.62 1.06 0.66 0.78 0.19 0.77 0.05 0.36 1.09 0.15 0.27 5.78 20.91 -1.2% 1.3% -0.1% -0.2% 0.6% 0.5% -0.9% -3.1% -2.2% 0.8% 0.3% -3.3% -1.5% 1.4% 0.0% Nonmarketed renewables9 Geothermal heat pumps ..................................... Solar hot water heating ....................................... Solar photovoltaic ............................................... Wind ................................................................... Total ................................................................. 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.00 0.06 0.02 0.01 0.09 0.01 0.13 0.02 0.01 0.13 0.01 0.17 0.03 0.01 0.18 0.01 0.23 0.03 0.01 0.24 0.01 0.28 0.03 0.01 0.29 0.01 0.35 4.1% 1.8% 8.0% 6.9% 7.0% Heating degree days10 ........................................... Cooling degree days10 ........................................... 3,772 1,494 4,469 1,307 4,119 1,467 4,042 1,517 3,966 1,568 3,893 1,618 3,820 1,670 -0.6% 0.9% 1 Does not include water heating portion of load. Includes televisions, set-top boxes, home theater systems, DVD players, and video game consoles. Includes desktop and laptop computers, monitors, and networking equipment. 4 Includes small electric devices, heating elements, and motors not listed above. Electric vehicles are included in the transportation sector. 5 Includes such appliances as outdoor grills, exterior lights, pool heaters, spa heaters, and backup electricity generators. 6 Includes such appliances as pool heaters, spa heaters, and backup electricity generators. 7 Includes wood used for primary and secondary heating in wood stoves or fireplaces as reported in the Residential Energy Consumption Survey 2009. 8 Includes small electric devices, heating elements, outdoor grills, exterior lights, pool heaters, spa heaters, backup electricity generators, and motors not listed above. Electric vehicles are included in the transportation sector. 9 Consumption determined by using the fossil fuel equivalent of 9,516 Btu per kilowatthour. 10 See Table A5 for regional detail. Btu = British thermal unit. - - = Not applicable. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Data for 2012 and 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2012 and 2013 consumption based on: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). 2012 and 2013 degree days based on state-level data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Climatic Data Center and Climate Prediction Center. Projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System run REF2015.D021915A. 2 3 A-10 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Reference case Table A5.  Commercial sector key indicators and consumption Table A5. (quadrillion Commercial sector indicators andnoted) consumption Btu per year,key unless otherwise (quadrillion Btu per year, unless otherwise noted) Reference case Key indicators and consumption 2012 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) Key indicators Total floorspace (billion square feet) Surviving ............................................................. New additions ..................................................... Total ................................................................. 80.8 1.6 82.3 81.4 1.5 82.8 86.9 2.1 89.0 92.0 2.0 94.1 96.4 2.0 98.4 100.9 2.3 103.2 106.6 2.4 109.1 1.0% 1.9% 1.0% Energy consumption intensity (thousand Btu per square foot) Delivered energy consumption ........................... Electricity related losses ..................................... Total energy consumption .................................. 99.8 112.3 212.1 104.9 113.7 218.6 100.0 108.7 208.7 96.3 105.1 201.4 95.4 103.0 198.4 94.2 101.1 195.3 92.8 99.0 191.8 -0.5% -0.5% -0.5% Purchased electricity Space heating1 ................................................... Space cooling1 .................................................... Water heating1 .................................................... Ventilation ........................................................... Cooking .............................................................. Lighting ............................................................... Refrigeration ....................................................... Office equipment (PC) ........................................ Office equipment (non-PC) ................................. Other uses2 ......................................................... Delivered energy ............................................. 0.14 0.57 0.09 0.51 0.02 0.92 0.38 0.12 0.22 1.56 4.53 0.16 0.49 0.09 0.52 0.02 0.91 0.37 0.11 0.22 1.68 4.57 0.14 0.53 0.09 0.54 0.02 0.87 0.33 0.07 0.24 1.99 4.82 0.13 0.53 0.09 0.55 0.02 0.85 0.31 0.05 0.27 2.19 4.99 0.12 0.54 0.08 0.56 0.02 0.84 0.30 0.04 0.31 2.38 5.19 0.11 0.55 0.08 0.57 0.02 0.81 0.31 0.03 0.34 2.58 5.40 0.11 0.56 0.08 0.58 0.02 0.80 0.31 0.02 0.38 2.80 5.66 -1.5% 0.5% -0.6% 0.4% -0.3% -0.5% -0.7% -5.5% 2.1% 1.9% 0.8% Natural gas Space heating1 ................................................... Space cooling1 .................................................... Water heating1 .................................................... Cooking .............................................................. Other uses3 ......................................................... Delivered energy ............................................. 1.51 0.04 0.53 0.20 0.69 2.97 1.86 0.04 0.54 0.20 0.74 3.37 1.69 0.04 0.54 0.21 0.81 3.30 1.62 0.04 0.55 0.22 0.87 3.29 1.58 0.04 0.57 0.23 1.01 3.43 1.51 0.04 0.57 0.24 1.21 3.57 1.41 0.04 0.57 0.25 1.44 3.71 -1.0% 0.1% 0.2% 0.8% 2.5% 0.4% Distillate fuel oil Space heating1 ................................................... Water heating1 .................................................... Other uses4 ......................................................... Delivered energy ............................................. 0.13 0.02 0.21 0.36 0.15 0.02 0.20 0.37 0.14 0.02 0.18 0.34 0.13 0.02 0.17 0.32 0.12 0.02 0.17 0.30 0.11 0.02 0.16 0.29 0.10 0.02 0.16 0.27 -1.7% -0.1% -0.8% -1.1% Marketed renewables (biomass) ........................... Other fuels5 ........................................................... 0.11 0.26 0.12 0.26 0.12 0.33 0.12 0.34 0.12 0.34 0.12 0.35 0.12 0.35 0.0% 1.1% Delivered energy consumption by end use Space heating1 ................................................... Space cooling1 .................................................... Water heating1 .................................................... Ventilation ........................................................... Cooking .............................................................. Lighting ............................................................... Refrigeration ....................................................... Office equipment (PC) ........................................ Office equipment (non-PC) ................................. Other uses6 ......................................................... Delivered energy ............................................. 1.78 0.62 0.64 0.51 0.22 0.92 0.38 0.12 0.22 2.82 8.22 2.17 0.53 0.65 0.52 0.22 0.91 0.37 0.11 0.22 3.00 8.69 1.97 0.57 0.65 0.54 0.24 0.87 0.33 0.07 0.24 3.43 8.90 1.87 0.57 0.65 0.55 0.24 0.85 0.31 0.05 0.27 3.69 9.06 1.82 0.57 0.67 0.56 0.25 0.84 0.30 0.04 0.31 4.02 9.38 1.73 0.58 0.67 0.57 0.26 0.81 0.31 0.03 0.34 4.42 9.73 1.61 0.59 0.67 0.58 0.27 0.80 0.31 0.02 0.38 4.87 10.12 -1.1% 0.4% 0.1% 0.4% 0.7% -0.5% -0.7% -5.5% 2.1% 1.8% 0.6% Delivered energy consumption by fuel Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 A-11 Reference case Table A5.  Commercial sector key indicators and consumption (continued) Table A5. (quadrillion Commercial sector indicators andnoted) consumption (continued) Btu per year,key unless otherwise (quadrillion Btu per year, unless otherwise noted) Reference case Key indicators and consumption 2012 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) Electricity related losses ....................................... 9.24 9.42 9.68 9.88 10.13 10.43 10.80 0.5% Total energy consumption by end use Space heating1 ................................................... Space cooling1 .................................................... Water heating1 .................................................... Ventilation ........................................................... Cooking .............................................................. Lighting ............................................................... Refrigeration ....................................................... Office equipment (PC) ........................................ Office equipment (non-PC) ................................. Other uses6 ......................................................... Total ................................................................. 2.05 1.78 0.83 1.55 0.27 2.81 1.15 0.35 0.66 6.01 17.46 2.50 1.54 0.84 1.58 0.27 2.78 1.14 0.33 0.66 6.47 18.10 2.25 1.63 0.83 1.63 0.28 2.62 0.99 0.20 0.72 7.43 18.58 2.13 1.62 0.82 1.64 0.28 2.53 0.93 0.15 0.81 8.02 18.94 2.05 1.62 0.83 1.66 0.30 2.47 0.90 0.11 0.91 8.67 19.52 1.95 1.64 0.83 1.67 0.31 2.38 0.90 0.09 1.01 9.40 20.16 1.82 1.66 0.82 1.68 0.31 2.34 0.91 0.07 1.10 10.21 20.92 -1.2% 0.3% -0.1% 0.2% 0.5% -0.6% -0.8% -5.7% 1.9% 1.7% 0.5% Nonmarketed renewable fuels7 Solar thermal ........................................................ Solar photovoltaic ................................................. Wind ..................................................................... Total .................................................................. 0.08 0.04 0.00 0.13 0.08 0.05 0.00 0.14 0.09 0.08 0.00 0.17 0.09 0.11 0.00 0.20 0.10 0.15 0.00 0.25 0.10 0.20 0.01 0.32 0.11 0.27 0.01 0.39 1.1% 6.1% 9.0% 3.9% Heating degree days New England ........................................................ Middle Atlantic ...................................................... East North Central ................................................ West North Central ............................................... South Atlantic........................................................ East South Central................................................ West South Central............................................... Mountain ............................................................... Pacific ................................................................... United States .................................................... 5,561 4,970 5,356 5,515 2,307 2,876 1,650 4,574 3,412 3,772 6,424 5,836 6,622 7,134 2,732 3,649 2,328 5,271 3,377 4,469 6,030 5,427 6,016 6,367 2,595 3,349 1,975 4,874 3,477 4,119 5,924 5,333 5,953 6,322 2,552 3,325 1,928 4,809 3,463 4,042 5,818 5,239 5,890 6,275 2,508 3,301 1,882 4,741 3,450 3,966 5,711 5,146 5,827 6,229 2,466 3,276 1,836 4,669 3,438 3,893 5,603 5,054 5,764 6,181 2,425 3,251 1,790 4,595 3,426 3,820 -0.5% -0.5% -0.5% -0.5% -0.4% -0.4% -1.0% -0.5% 0.1% -0.6% Cooling degree days New England ........................................................ Middle Atlantic ...................................................... East North Central ................................................ West North Central ............................................... South Atlantic........................................................ East South Central................................................ West South Central............................................... Mountain ............................................................... Pacific ................................................................... United States .................................................... 564 815 974 1,221 2,161 1,762 2,915 1,572 917 1,494 541 688 690 893 2,002 1,441 2,535 1,464 889 1,307 573 803 821 1,012 2,191 1,725 2,848 1,556 891 1,467 603 840 841 1,031 2,235 1,756 2,920 1,607 915 1,517 634 877 860 1,051 2,280 1,787 2,993 1,660 940 1,568 664 913 880 1,070 2,325 1,818 3,065 1,715 963 1,618 695 950 900 1,090 2,369 1,849 3,138 1,772 987 1,670 0.9% 1.2% 1.0% 0.7% 0.6% 0.9% 0.8% 0.7% 0.4% 0.9% 1 Includes fuel consumption for district services. 2 Includes (but is not limited to) miscellaneous uses such as transformers, medical imaging and other medical equipment, elevators, escalators, off-road electric vehicles, laboratory fume hoods, laundry equipment, coffee brewers, and water services. 3 Includes miscellaneous uses, such as pumps, emergency generators, combined heat and power in commercial buildings, and manufacturing performed in commercial buildings. 4 Includes miscellaneous uses, such as cooking, emergency generators, and combined heat and power in commercial buildings. 5 Includes residual fuel oil, propane, coal, motor gasoline, and kerosene. 6 Includes (but is not limited to) miscellaneous uses such as transformers, medical imaging and other medical equipment, elevators, escalators, off-road electric vehicles, laboratory fume hoods, laundry equipment, coffee brewers, water services, pumps, emergency generators, combined heat and power in commercial buildings, manufacturing performed in commercial buildings, and cooking (distillate), plus residual fuel oil, propane, coal, motor gasoline, kerosene, and marketed renewable fuels (biomass). 7 Consumption determined by using the fossil fuel equivalent of 9,516 Btu per kilowatthour. Btu = British thermal unit. PC = Personal computer. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Data for 2012 and 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2012 and 2013 consumption based on: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). 2012 and 2013 degree days based on state-level data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Climatic Data Center and Climate Prediction Center. Projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System run REF2015.D021915A. A-12 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Reference case Table A6.  Industrial sector key indicators and consumption Table A6. Industrial sector key indicators and consumption Reference case Shipments, prices, and consumption Key indicators Value of shipments (billion 2009 dollars) Manufacturing ..................................................... Agriculture, mining, and construction .................. Total ................................................................. Energy prices (2013 dollars per million Btu) Propane .............................................................. Motor gasoline .................................................... Distillate fuel oil ................................................... Residual fuel oil .................................................. Asphalt and road oil ............................................ Natural gas heat and power ................................ Natural gas feedstocks ....................................... Metallurgical coal ................................................ Other industrial coal ............................................ Coal to liquids ..................................................... Electricity ............................................................ (nominal dollars per million Btu) Propane .............................................................. Motor gasoline .................................................... Distillate fuel oil ................................................... Residual fuel oil .................................................. Asphalt and road oil ............................................ Natural gas heat and power ................................ Natural gas feedstocks ....................................... Metallurgical coal ................................................ Other industrial coal ............................................ Coal to liquids ..................................................... Electricity ............................................................ Energy consumption (quadrillion Btu)1 Industrial consumption excluding refining Propane heat and power .................................... Liquefied petroleum gas and other feedstocks2 .. Motor gasoline .................................................... Distillate fuel oil ................................................... Residual fuel oil .................................................. Petrochemical feedstocks ................................... Petroleum coke ................................................... Asphalt and road oil ............................................ Miscellaneous petroleum3 ................................... Petroleum and other liquids subtotal ................ Natural gas heat and power ................................ Natural gas feedstocks ....................................... Lease and plant fuel4 .......................................... Natural gas subtotal ......................................... Metallurgical coal and coke5 ............................... Other industrial coal ............................................ Coal subtotal .................................................... Renewables6....................................................... Purchased electricity........................................... Delivered energy ............................................ Electricity related losses ..................................... Total ................................................................ 2012 2013 2020 2025 2030 5,009 1,813 6,822 5,146 1,858 7,004 6,123 2,344 8,467 6,771 2,441 9,212 21.3 17.5 27.4 20.6 10.1 3.5 4.2 7.3 3.3 -19.8 20.3 17.5 27.3 20.0 9.8 4.3 4.8 5.5 3.2 -20.2 19.6 22.5 21.2 13.3 8.9 6.0 6.3 5.8 3.3 -21.3 21.0 17.3 27.0 20.3 10.0 3.5 4.1 7.2 3.3 -19.5 20.3 17.5 27.3 20.0 9.8 4.3 4.8 5.5 3.2 -20.2 0.25 2.16 0.24 1.28 0.07 0.74 0.17 0.83 0.37 6.11 5.26 0.58 1.43 7.27 0.60 0.87 1.47 1.51 3.16 19.52 6.46 25.98 0.28 2.22 0.25 1.31 0.06 0.74 0.11 0.78 0.61 6.37 5.42 0.59 1.52 7.54 0.60 0.88 1.48 1.48 3.05 19.92 6.29 26.22 Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) 2035 2040 7,330 2,540 9,870 8,012 2,601 10,614 8,751 2,712 11,463 2.0% 1.4% 1.8% 20.5 24.2 23.5 15.1 10.3 6.7 7.0 6.2 3.5 -22.4 21.5 26.3 26.1 17.2 11.9 6.6 6.9 6.7 3.6 -22.6 22.9 29.1 29.2 19.7 13.5 7.4 7.7 6.9 3.7 -23.3 24.5 32.3 32.7 23.5 15.7 8.6 8.9 7.2 3.9 -24.7 0.7% 2.3% 0.7% 0.6% 1.8% 2.6% 2.3% 1.0% 0.7% -0.7% 22.3 25.5 24.1 15.1 10.0 6.8 7.2 6.6 3.8 -24.2 25.2 29.9 29.0 18.6 12.7 8.2 8.6 7.7 4.3 -27.5 28.8 35.3 35.0 23.1 15.9 8.9 9.3 8.9 4.8 -30.3 33.7 42.7 42.9 29.0 19.9 10.8 11.3 10.2 5.5 -34.2 39.7 52.3 53.0 38.0 25.5 13.9 14.5 11.6 6.3 -40.0 2.5% 4.1% 2.5% 2.4% 3.6% 4.4% 4.2% 2.8% 2.5% -2.6% 0.32 2.89 0.26 1.42 0.10 0.95 0.20 1.01 0.42 7.57 5.86 0.97 1.87 8.70 0.61 0.93 1.54 1.53 3.58 22.92 7.19 30.11 0.36 3.21 0.26 1.38 0.14 1.10 0.23 1.09 0.42 8.18 5.93 1.05 1.98 8.96 0.58 0.95 1.53 1.60 3.83 24.10 7.59 31.69 0.38 3.35 0.25 1.36 0.13 1.14 0.22 1.15 0.44 8.42 6.07 1.05 2.10 9.22 0.53 0.96 1.48 1.59 3.89 24.60 7.59 32.19 0.38 3.31 0.25 1.34 0.13 1.17 0.21 1.19 0.46 8.43 6.13 1.04 2.18 9.35 0.48 0.97 1.44 1.58 3.90 24.70 7.52 32.22 0.38 3.30 0.25 1.35 0.13 1.20 0.22 1.25 0.47 8.55 6.20 1.03 2.29 9.53 0.45 0.99 1.44 1.63 3.95 25.10 7.54 32.64 1.1% 1.5% 0.0% 0.1% 3.1% 1.8% 2.5% 1.8% -1.0% 1.1% 0.5% 2.1% 1.5% 0.9% -1.0% 0.4% -0.1% 0.4% 1.0% 0.9% 0.7% 0.8% U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 A-13 Reference case Table A6.  Industrial sector key indicators and consumption (continued) Table A6. Industrial sector key indicators and consumption (continued) Reference case Shipments, prices, and consumption 2012 A-14 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) Refining consumption Liquefied petroleum gas heat and power2........... Distillate fuel oil ................................................... Residual fuel oil .................................................. Petroleum coke ................................................... Still gas ............................................................... Miscellaneous petroleum3 ................................... Petroleum and other liquids subtotal ................ Natural gas heat and power ................................ Natural gas feedstocks ....................................... Natural-gas-to-liquids heat and power ................ Natural gas subtotal ......................................... Other industrial coal ............................................ Coal-to-liquids heat and power ........................... Coal subtotal .................................................... Biofuels heat and coproducts.............................. Purchased electricity........................................... Delivered energy ............................................ Electricity related losses ..................................... Total ................................................................ 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.54 1.41 0.01 1.97 1.23 0.32 0.00 1.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.73 0.20 4.45 0.41 4.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.53 1.47 0.01 2.03 1.30 0.31 0.00 1.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.72 0.21 4.56 0.42 4.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.39 1.61 0.03 2.04 1.19 0.31 0.00 1.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.80 0.16 4.50 0.31 4.81 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.42 1.63 0.01 2.06 1.17 0.31 0.00 1.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.80 0.15 4.48 0.29 4.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.41 1.59 0.02 2.02 1.20 0.32 0.00 1.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.80 0.15 4.49 0.29 4.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.42 1.61 0.01 2.03 1.25 0.34 0.00 1.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.81 0.16 4.59 0.30 4.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.43 1.60 0.02 2.04 1.31 0.35 0.00 1.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.86 0.16 4.73 0.31 5.04 ----0.8% 0.3% 2.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.5% -0.1% ---0.6% -0.8% 0.1% -1.1% 0.0% Total industrial sector consumption Liquefied petroleum gas heat and power2........... Liquefied petroleum gas and other feedstocks2 .. Motor gasoline .................................................... Distillate fuel oil ................................................... Residual fuel oil .................................................. Petrochemical feedstocks ................................... Petroleum coke ................................................... Asphalt and road oil ............................................ Still gas ............................................................... Miscellaneous petroleum3 ................................... Petroleum and other liquids subtotal ................ Natural gas heat and power ................................ Natural gas feedstocks ....................................... Natural-gas-to-liquids heat and power ................ Lease and plant fuel4 .......................................... Natural gas subtotal ......................................... Metallurgical coal and coke5 ............................... Other industrial coal ............................................ Coal-to-liquids heat and power ........................... Coal subtotal .................................................... Biofuels heat and coproducts.............................. Renewables6....................................................... Purchased electricity........................................... Delivered energy ............................................ Electricity related losses ..................................... Total ................................................................ 0.26 2.16 0.24 1.28 0.07 0.74 0.70 0.83 1.41 0.38 8.08 6.50 0.89 0.00 1.43 8.82 0.60 0.87 0.00 1.47 0.73 1.51 3.36 23.97 6.87 30.84 0.29 2.22 0.25 1.31 0.06 0.74 0.65 0.78 1.47 0.63 8.40 6.72 0.90 0.00 1.52 9.14 0.60 0.88 0.00 1.48 0.72 1.48 3.26 24.48 6.72 31.20 0.32 2.89 0.26 1.42 0.10 0.95 0.59 1.01 1.61 0.46 9.61 7.05 1.28 0.00 1.87 10.20 0.61 0.93 0.00 1.54 0.80 1.53 3.74 27.42 7.51 34.93 0.36 3.21 0.26 1.38 0.14 1.10 0.65 1.09 1.63 0.43 10.24 7.11 1.36 0.00 1.98 10.44 0.58 0.95 0.00 1.53 0.80 1.60 3.98 28.58 7.88 36.46 0.38 3.35 0.25 1.36 0.13 1.14 0.63 1.15 1.59 0.46 10.44 7.27 1.37 0.00 2.10 10.75 0.53 0.96 0.00 1.48 0.80 1.59 4.04 29.10 7.88 36.98 0.38 3.31 0.25 1.34 0.13 1.17 0.63 1.19 1.61 0.47 10.47 7.38 1.38 0.00 2.18 10.94 0.48 0.97 0.00 1.44 0.81 1.58 4.05 29.29 7.83 37.12 0.38 3.30 0.25 1.35 0.13 1.20 0.65 1.25 1.60 0.49 10.59 7.51 1.39 0.00 2.29 11.19 0.45 0.99 0.00 1.44 0.86 1.63 4.12 29.82 7.85 37.68 1.0% 1.5% 0.0% 0.1% 2.9% 1.8% 0.0% 1.8% 0.3% -0.9% 0.9% 0.4% 1.6% -1.5% 0.8% -1.0% 0.4% --0.1% 0.6% 0.4% 0.9% 0.7% 0.6% 0.7% EnergyInformation Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 2015 U.S. Energy Administration Annual Energy Outlook Reference case Table A6.  Industrial sector key indicators and consumption (continued) Table A6. Industrial sector key indicators and consumption (continued) Reference case Key indicators and consumption 2012 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) Energy consumption per dollar of shipments (thousand Btu per 2009 dollar) Petroleum and other liquids ................................ Natural gas ......................................................... Coal .................................................................... Renewable fuels5 ................................................ Purchased electricity........................................... Delivered energy ............................................ 1.18 1.29 0.21 0.33 0.49 3.51 1.20 1.31 0.21 0.31 0.47 3.50 1.13 1.21 0.18 0.28 0.44 3.24 1.11 1.13 0.17 0.26 0.43 3.10 1.06 1.09 0.15 0.24 0.41 2.95 0.99 1.03 0.14 0.23 0.38 2.76 0.92 0.98 0.13 0.22 0.36 2.60 -1.0% -1.1% -1.9% -1.4% -1.0% -1.1% Industrial combined heat and power1 Capacity (gigawatts) ............................................. Generation (billion kilowatthours).......................... 26.9 144 27.6 147 30.6 170 32.8 181 35.8 195 38.9 211 40.7 221 1.5% 1.5% 1 Includes combined heat and power plants that have a non-regulatory status, and small on-site generating systems. Includes ethane, natural gasoline, and refinery olefins. Includes lubricants and miscellaneous petroleum products. 4 Represents natural gas used in well, field, and lease operations, in natural gas processing plant machinery, and for liquefaction in export facilities. 5 Includes net coal coke imports. 6 Includes consumption of energy produced from hydroelectric, wood and wood waste, municipal waste, and other biomass sources. Btu = British thermal unit. - - = Not applicable. Note: Includes estimated consumption for petroleum and other liquids. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Data for 2012 and 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2012 and 2013 prices for motor gasoline and distillate fuel oil are based on: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Petroleum Marketing Monthly, DOE/EIA-0380(2014/08) (Washington, DC, August 2014). 2012 and 2013 petrochemical feedstock and asphalt and road oil prices are based on: EIA, State Energy Data Report 2012, DOE/EIA-0214(2012) (Washington, DC, June 2014). 2012 and 2013 coal prices are based on: EIA, Quarterly Coal Report, October-December 2013, DOE/EIA-0121(2013/4Q) (Washington, DC, March 2014) and EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System run REF2015.D021915A. 2012 and 2013 electricity prices: EIA, Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). 2012 natural gas prices: EIA, Natural Gas Annual 2013, DOE/EIA-0131(2013) (Washington, DC, October 2014). 2013 natural gas prices: Natural Gas Monthly, DOE/EIA0130(2014/07) (Washington, DC, July 2014). 2012 refining consumption values are based on: Petroleum Supply Annual 2012, DOE/EIA-0340(2012)/1 (Washington, DC, September 2013). 2013 refining consumption based on: Petroleum Supply Annual 2013, DOE/EIA-0340(2013)/1 (Washington, DC, September 2014). Other 2012 and 2013 consumption values are based on: EIA, Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). 2012 and 2013 shipments: IHS Economics, Industry model, November 2014. Projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System run REF2015.D021915A. 2 3 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 A-15 Reference case Table A7.  Transportation sector key indicators and delivered energy consumption Table A7. Transportation sector key indicators and delivered energy consumption Reference case Key indicators and consumption Key indicators Travel indicators (billion vehicle miles traveled) Light-duty vehicles less than 8,501 pounds .... Commercial light trucks1 ................................. Freight trucks greater than 10,000 pounds ..... (billion seat miles available) Air ................................................................... (billion ton miles traveled) Rail ................................................................. Domestic shipping .......................................... Energy efficiency indicators (miles per gallon) New light-duty vehicle CAFE standard2 .......... New car2 ...................................................... New light truck2 ............................................ Compliance new light-duty vehicle3 ................ New car3 ...................................................... New light truck3 ............................................ Tested new light-duty vehicle4 ........................ New car4 ...................................................... New light truck4 ............................................ On-road new light-duty vehicle5 ...................... New car5 ...................................................... New light truck5 ............................................ Light-duty stock6 ............................................. New commercial light truck1............................ Stock commercial light truck1 .......................... Freight truck .................................................... (seat miles per gallon) Aircraft ............................................................ (ton miles per thousand Btu) Rail ................................................................. Domestic shipping .......................................... Energy use by mode (quadrillion Btu) Light-duty vehicles ................................................ Commercial light trucks1 ....................................... Bus transportation................................................. Freight trucks ........................................................ Rail, passenger ..................................................... Rail, freight............................................................ Shipping, domestic ............................................... Shipping, international .......................................... Recreational boats ................................................ Air ......................................................................... Military use............................................................ Lubricants ............................................................. Pipeline fuel .......................................................... Total .................................................................. A-16 Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) 2012 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2,578 62 242 2,644 67 268 2,917 79 314 3,090 85 337 3,287 92 355 3,458 98 374 3,570 105 397 1.1% 1.7% 1.5% 1,033 1,047 1,174 1,279 1,391 1,481 1,557 1.5% 1,729 475 1,758 480 1,828 467 1,960 444 1,999 424 2,013 416 2,066 420 0.6% -0.5% 29.4 33.4 25.7 32.7 37.0 28.6 31.7 36.3 27.4 25.6 29.6 22.0 21.5 18.1 15.2 6.7 30.0 34.1 26.3 32.8 37.2 28.8 31.7 36.5 27.6 25.6 29.8 22.1 21.9 18.1 15.5 6.7 36.3 43.7 30.9 37.9 44.2 33.1 37.9 44.1 33.1 30.6 36.1 26.5 25.0 20.6 18.0 7.2 46.0 54.3 39.5 46.7 54.6 40.3 46.6 54.6 40.3 37.7 44.6 32.3 28.5 24.2 20.3 7.5 46.3 54.3 39.5 47.4 55.3 40.7 47.4 55.3 40.7 38.3 45.1 32.6 32.3 24.4 22.4 7.7 46.5 54.3 39.5 47.9 55.5 40.9 47.8 55.4 40.9 38.7 45.3 32.7 35.1 24.6 23.8 7.8 46.8 54.4 39.5 48.1 55.5 40.9 48.1 55.5 40.8 38.9 45.3 32.7 37.0 24.6 24.4 7.8 1.7% 1.7% 1.5% 1.4% 1.5% 1.3% 1.6% 1.6% 1.5% 1.6% 1.6% 1.5% 2.0% 1.1% 1.7% 0.6% 64.2 65.9 67.4 68.7 70.2 72.0 74.1 0.4% 3.4 4.7 3.5 4.7 3.6 5.0 3.8 5.2 3.9 5.4 4.1 5.6 4.2 5.8 0.7% 0.8% 15.00 0.51 0.24 4.98 0.05 0.44 0.10 0.66 0.23 2.33 0.71 0.12 0.75 26.11 15.13 0.54 0.26 5.51 0.05 0.51 0.10 0.62 0.24 2.30 0.67 0.13 0.88 26.96 14.62 0.55 0.27 6.03 0.05 0.50 0.10 0.63 0.26 2.54 0.63 0.14 0.85 27.18 13.57 0.53 0.28 6.19 0.05 0.52 0.09 0.63 0.28 2.73 0.64 0.14 0.90 26.54 12.74 0.51 0.29 6.34 0.06 0.51 0.08 0.64 0.29 2.91 0.68 0.14 0.94 26.12 12.31 0.52 0.30 6.60 0.06 0.50 0.08 0.64 0.29 3.02 0.72 0.14 0.94 26.11 12.08 0.54 0.31 6.98 0.06 0.49 0.07 0.64 0.30 3.08 0.77 0.14 0.96 26.41 -0.8% 0.0% 0.6% 0.9% 0.9% -0.1% -1.3% 0.1% 0.8% 1.1% 0.5% 0.3% 0.3% -0.1% EnergyInformation Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 2015 U.S. Energy Administration Annual Energy Outlook Reference case Table A7.  Transportation sector key indicators and delivered energy consumption (continued) Table A7. Transportation sector key indicators and delivered energy consumption (continued) Reference case Key indicators and consumption Energy use by mode (million barrels per day oil equivalent) Light-duty vehicles ................................................ Commercial light trucks1 ....................................... Bus transportation................................................. Freight trucks ........................................................ Rail, passenger ..................................................... Rail, freight............................................................ Shipping, domestic ............................................... Shipping, international .......................................... Recreational boats ................................................ Air ......................................................................... Military use............................................................ Lubricants ............................................................. Pipeline fuel .......................................................... Total .................................................................. 2012 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 8.06 0.26 0.11 2.40 0.02 0.21 0.04 0.29 0.12 1.13 0.34 0.06 0.35 13.41 8.13 0.28 0.12 2.65 0.02 0.24 0.05 0.27 0.13 1.11 0.32 0.06 0.42 13.82 7.85 0.28 0.13 2.90 0.02 0.24 0.05 0.29 0.14 1.23 0.30 0.06 0.40 13.90 7.31 0.27 0.14 2.98 0.03 0.25 0.04 0.29 0.15 1.32 0.31 0.06 0.42 13.56 6.88 0.26 0.14 3.05 0.03 0.24 0.04 0.29 0.15 1.40 0.33 0.07 0.44 13.32 6.67 0.26 0.14 3.18 0.03 0.24 0.04 0.29 0.16 1.46 0.35 0.07 0.44 13.32 6.57 0.27 0.15 3.36 0.03 0.23 0.03 0.29 0.16 1.49 0.37 0.07 0.45 13.48 Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) -0.8% 0.0% 0.6% 0.9% 0.9% -0.1% -1.3% 0.2% 0.8% 1.1% 0.5% 0.3% 0.3% -0.1% 1 Commercial trucks 8,501 to 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating. CAFE standard based on projected new vehicle sales. Includes CAFE credits for alternative fueled vehicle sales and credit banking. 4 Environmental Protection Agency rated miles per gallon. 5 Tested new vehicle efficiency revised for on-road performance. 6 Combined”on-the-road” estimate for all cars and light trucks. CAFE = Corporate average fuel economy. Btu = British thermal unit. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Data for 2012 and 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2012 and 2013: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014); EIA, Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels 2009 (Part II - User and Fuel Data), April 2011; Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2012 (Washington, DC, January 2014); Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 33 (Oak Ridge, TN, July 2014); National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration, Summary of Fuel Economy Performance (Washington, DC, June 2014); U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey,” EC02TV (Washington, DC, December 2004); EIA, U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, Air Carrier Statistics Monthly, December 2010/2009 (Washington, DC, December 2010); and United States Department of Defense, Defense Fuel Supply Center, Factbook (January, 2010). Projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System run REF2015.D021915A. 2 3 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 A-17 Reference case Table A8.  Electricity supply, disposition, prices, and emissions Table A8. (billion Electricity supply, unless disposition, prices, and emissions kilowatthours, otherwise noted) (billion kilowatthours, unless otherwise noted) Reference case Supply, disposition, prices, and emissions 2012 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 1,478 18 1,000 769 2 458 0 3,726 1,550 22 894 789 3 483 0 3,741 1,670 14 867 804 3 620 1 3,978 1,685 15 954 808 3 648 1 4,113 1,674 14 1,073 808 3 679 1 4,252 1,665 14 1,143 812 3 733 2 4,372 1,663 15 1,198 833 3 805 2 4,518 0.3% -1.6% 1.1% 0.2% -0.1% 1.9% -0.7% 22 2 132 5 164 3,890 13 22 2 126 5 158 3,899 13 26 1 133 6 166 4,144 14 26 1 133 7 167 4,280 14 26 1 134 7 168 4,420 14 26 1 134 7 168 4,540 14 26 1 133 8 167 4,686 14 0.5% -4.0% 0.2% 1.7% 0.2% 0.7% 0.2% Net available to the grid ...................................... 3,877 3,886 4,131 4,267 4,406 4,527 4,672 0.7% End-use sector7 Coal .................................................................... Petroleum ........................................................... Natural gas ......................................................... Other gaseous fuels8 .......................................... Renewable sources9 ........................................... Other10 ................................................................ Total end-use sector net generation ............ Less direct use.................................................... Total sales to the grid .................................... 13 3 95 11 39 3 164 126 38 13 3 98 11 42 3 171 132 39 13 3 116 19 53 3 207 167 40 13 3 134 19 60 3 233 190 43 13 3 163 19 70 3 271 225 46 13 3 199 19 82 3 320 269 51 13 3 235 19 97 3 370 313 56 0.0% -0.4% 3.3% 2.1% 3.1% 0.0% 2.9% 3.3% 1.4% Total net electricity generation by fuel Coal .................................................................... Petroleum ........................................................... Natural gas ......................................................... Nuclear power..................................................... Renewable sources5,9 ......................................... Other11 ................................................................ Total net electricity generation ..................... Net generation to the grid ................................... 1,514 23 1,228 769 501 19 4,055 3,916 1,586 27 1,118 789 530 20 4,070 3,925 1,709 18 1,117 804 679 25 4,351 4,171 1,724 18 1,223 808 716 25 4,513 4,309 1,713 18 1,371 808 756 25 4,691 4,453 1,704 18 1,478 812 823 25 4,860 4,578 1,702 18 1,569 833 909 25 5,056 4,729 0.3% -1.6% 1.3% 0.2% 2.0% 0.8% 0.8% 0.7% Net imports .............................................................. 47 52 33 35 30 26 32 -1.8% Electricity sales by sector Residential ............................................................. Commercial............................................................ Industrial ................................................................ Transportation........................................................ Total .................................................................... Direct use .............................................................. Total electricity use ........................................... 1,375 1,327 986 7 3,695 139 3,834 1,391 1,338 955 7 3,691 145 3,836 1,423 1,413 1,096 9 3,941 180 4,121 1,441 1,461 1,166 10 4,078 204 4,282 1,488 1,522 1,183 12 4,205 239 4,444 1,533 1,583 1,188 15 4,319 283 4,602 1,587 1,659 1,206 18 4,470 327 4,797 0.5% 0.8% 0.9% 3.4% 0.7% 3.1% 0.8% Net generation by fuel type Electric power sector1 Power only2 Coal .................................................................. Petroleum ......................................................... Natural gas3 ...................................................... Nuclear power................................................... Pumped storage/other4 ..................................... Renewable sources5 ......................................... Distributed generation (natural gas).................. Total .............................................................. Combined heat and power6 Coal .................................................................. Petroleum ......................................................... Natural gas ....................................................... Renewable sources .......................................... Total .............................................................. Total net electric power sector generation ...... Less direct use..................................................... A-18 Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Reference case Table A8.  Electricity supply, disposition, prices, and emissions (continued) Table A8. (billion Electricity supply, unless disposition, prices, and emissions (continued) kilowatthours, otherwise noted) (billion kilowatthours, unless otherwise noted) Reference case Supply, disposition, prices, and emissions 2012 End-use prices (2013 cents per kilowatthour) Residential ............................................................. Commercial............................................................ Industrial ................................................................ Transportation........................................................ All sectors average ............................................ (nominal cents per kilowatthour) Residential ............................................................. Commercial............................................................ Industrial ................................................................ Transportation........................................................ All sectors average ............................................ Prices by service category (2013 cents per kilowatthour) Generation ............................................................. Transmission ......................................................... Distribution ............................................................. (nominal cents per kilowatthour) Generation ............................................................. Transmission ......................................................... Distribution ............................................................. Electric power sector emissions1 Sulfur dioxide (million short tons) ........................... Nitrogen oxide (million short tons) ......................... Mercury (short tons)............................................... 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) 12.1 10.2 6.8 9.5 10.0 12.2 10.1 6.9 9.7 10.1 12.9 10.6 7.3 10.3 10.5 13.5 11.1 7.6 11.0 11.0 13.6 11.1 7.7 11.2 11.1 13.9 11.3 7.9 11.6 11.3 14.5 11.8 8.4 12.3 11.8 0.6% 0.6% 0.7% 0.9% 0.6% 11.9 10.1 6.7 9.3 9.8 12.2 10.1 6.9 9.7 10.1 14.6 12.0 8.2 11.7 11.9 16.6 13.6 9.4 13.6 13.5 18.3 14.9 10.3 15.0 14.8 20.5 16.6 11.7 17.0 16.6 23.5 19.1 13.6 19.9 19.2 2.5% 2.4% 2.6% 2.7% 2.4% 6.5 0.9 2.5 6.6 0.9 2.6 6.6 1.1 2.8 7.0 1.2 2.9 7.0 1.2 2.9 7.1 1.2 3.0 7.6 1.3 3.0 0.5% 1.2% 0.6% 6.4 0.9 2.5 6.6 0.9 2.6 7.5 1.2 3.2 8.6 1.4 3.6 9.3 1.6 3.9 10.5 1.8 4.4 12.3 2.1 4.9 2.3% 3.0% 2.4% 3.43 1.68 26.69 3.27 1.69 27.94 1.42 1.57 6.58 1.44 1.57 6.53 1.44 1.56 6.43 1.47 1.57 6.40 1.53 1.57 6.41 -2.8% -0.3% -5.3% 1 Includes electricity-only and combined heat and power plants that have a regulatory status. Includes plants that only produce electricity and that have a regulatory status. Includes electricity generation from fuel cells. 4 Includes non-biogenic municipal waste. The U.S. Energy Information Administration estimates that in 2013 approximately 7 billion kilowatthours of electricity were generated from a municipal waste stream containing petroleum-derived plastics and other non-renewable sources. See U.S. Energy Information Administration, Methodology for Allocating Municipal Solid Waste to Biogenic and Non-Biogenic Energy, (Washington, DC, May 2007). 5 Includes conventional hydroelectric, geothermal, wood, wood waste, biogenic municipal waste, landfill gas, other biomass, solar, and wind power. 6 Includes combined heat and power plants whose primary business is to sell electricity and heat to the public (i.e., those that report North American Industry Classification System code 22 or that have a regulatory status). 7 Includes combined heat and power plants and electricity-only plants in the commercial and industrial sectors that have a non-regulatory status; and small onsite generating systems in the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors used primarily for own-use generation, but which may also sell some power to the grid. 8 Includes refinery gas and still gas. 9 Includes conventional hydroelectric, geothermal, wood, wood waste, all municipal waste, landfill gas, other biomass, solar, and wind power. 10 Includes batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, and miscellaneous technologies. 11 Includes pumped storage, non-biogenic municipal waste, refinery gas, still gas, batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, and miscellaneous technologies. - - = Not applicable. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Data for 2012 and 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2012 and 2013 electric power sector generation; sales to the grid; net imports; electricity sales; and electricity end-use prices: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014), and supporting databases. 2012 and 2013 emissions: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Clean Air Markets Database. 2012 and 2013 electricity prices by service category: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System run REF2015.D021915A. Projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System run REF2015.D021915A. 2 3 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 A-19 Reference case Table A9.  Electricity generating capacity Table A9. (gigawatts) Electricity generating capacity (gigawatts) Reference case Net summer capacity1 2025 2030 2035 2040 255.4 87.5 203.2 140.1 101.4 22.4 0.1 187.1 0.7 997.9 252.8 78.3 211.9 144.2 101.4 22.4 0.1 190.2 1.1 1,002.4 252.8 73.2 233.6 151.8 101.6 22.4 0.1 196.6 1.7 1,033.7 252.8 69.2 255.1 160.7 102.1 22.4 0.1 209.7 2.4 1,074.4 252.9 68.2 281.3 172.6 104.9 22.4 0.1 229.2 3.1 1,134.6 -0.6% -1.2% 1.5% 0.8% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 1.5% -0.5% 4.3 1.0 25.7 3.1 1.4 35.4 4.1 1.0 26.0 3.1 1.4 35.6 4.1 1.0 26.0 3.1 1.4 35.6 4.1 1.0 26.0 3.1 1.4 35.6 4.1 1.0 26.0 3.1 1.4 35.6 4.1 1.0 26.0 3.1 1.4 35.6 -0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% ----------- ----------- 0.7 0.4 14.2 1.6 5.5 0.0 0.0 30.5 0.0 52.8 0.7 0.4 14.2 1.6 5.5 0.0 0.0 30.5 0.0 52.8 0.7 0.4 14.2 1.6 5.5 0.0 0.0 30.5 0.0 52.8 0.7 0.4 14.2 1.6 5.5 0.0 0.0 30.5 0.0 52.8 0.7 0.4 14.2 1.6 5.5 0.0 0.0 30.5 0.0 52.8 ----------- ------------ ------------ 0.3 0.0 7.7 3.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.7 16.5 69.3 0.3 0.0 17.3 8.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.1 1.1 34.3 87.1 0.3 0.0 39.0 16.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 13.4 1.7 71.4 124.2 0.3 0.0 60.5 26.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 26.6 2.4 116.5 169.4 0.4 0.0 86.9 37.9 3.5 0.0 0.0 46.1 3.1 177.9 230.7 ------------ Cumulative retirements11 Coal ..................................................................... Oil and natural gas steam5 .................................. Combined cycle ................................................... Combustion turbine/diesel ................................... Nuclear power ..................................................... Pumped storage .................................................. Fuel cells ............................................................. Renewable sources7 ............................................ Total ................................................................ ---------- ---------- 37.4 11.8 7.1 4.9 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.6 65.0 40.1 21.0 8.0 5.5 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.6 78.3 40.1 26.1 8.0 6.1 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.6 84.1 40.1 30.1 8.0 6.5 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.6 88.5 40.1 31.0 8.3 6.5 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.6 89.7 ---------- Total electric power sector capacity ..................... 1,029 1,029 1,033 1,038 1,069 1,110 1,170 0.5% Electric power sector2 Power only3 Coal4 .................................................................... Oil and natural gas steam4,5 ................................ Combined cycle ................................................... Combustion turbine/diesel ................................... Nuclear power6 .................................................... Pumped storage .................................................. Fuel cells ............................................................. Renewable sources7 ............................................ Distributed generation (natural gas)8 ................... Total ................................................................ Combined heat and power9 Coal ..................................................................... Oil and natural gas steam5 .................................. Combined cycle ................................................... Combustion turbine/diesel ................................... Renewable sources7 ............................................ Total ................................................................ Cumulative planned additions10 Coal ..................................................................... Oil and natural gas steam5 .................................. Combined cycle ................................................... Combustion turbine/diesel ................................... Nuclear power ..................................................... Pumped storage .................................................. Fuel cells ............................................................. Renewable sources7 ............................................ Distributed generation8 ........................................ Total ................................................................ Cumulative unplanned additions10 Coal ..................................................................... Oil and natural gas steam5 .................................. Combined cycle ................................................... Combustion turbine/diesel ................................... Nuclear power ..................................................... Pumped storage .................................................. Fuel cells ............................................................. Renewable sources7 ............................................ Distributed generation8 ........................................ Total ................................................................ Cumulative electric power sector additions10 ... A-20 2012 2013 2020 300.2 99.2 185.3 136.4 102.1 22.4 0.0 148.1 0.0 993.7 296.1 94.6 188.3 139.6 98.9 22.4 0.1 153.3 0.0 993.2 4.5 1.0 25.7 3.1 1.4 35.6 Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Reference case Table A9.  Electricity generating capacity (continued) Table A9. (gigawatts) Electricity generating capacity (continued) (gigawatts) Reference case Net summer capacity1 2012 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) End-use generators12 Coal ....................................................................... Petroleum .............................................................. Natural gas ............................................................ Other gaseous fuels13 ............................................ Renewable sources7 .............................................. Other14 ................................................................... Total ................................................................... 3.4 0.9 16.3 2.1 10.4 0.5 33.6 3.4 0.9 16.9 2.1 12.1 0.5 36.0 3.4 0.9 19.5 2.8 18.2 0.5 45.3 3.4 0.9 22.7 2.8 22.4 0.5 52.8 3.4 0.9 27.6 2.8 28.6 0.5 63.8 3.4 0.9 33.6 2.8 36.0 0.5 77.2 3.4 0.9 38.9 2.8 44.6 0.5 91.1 0.0% -0.4% 3.1% 1.0% 4.9% 0.0% 3.5% Cumulative capacity additions10......................... -- -- 10.5 18.0 29.1 42.6 56.5 -- 1 Net summer capacity is the steady hourly output that generating equipment is expected to supply to system load (exclusive of auxiliary power), as demonstrated by tests during summer peak demand. 2 Includes electricity-only and combined heat and power plants that have a regulatory status. 3 Includes plants that only produce electricity and that have a regulatory status. Includes capacity increases (uprates) at existing units. 4 Coal and oil and natural gas steam capacity reflect the impact of 4.1 GW of existing coal capacity converting to gas steam capacity. 5 Includes oil-, gas-, and dual-fired capacity. 6 Nuclear capacity includes 0.2 gigawatts of uprates. 7 Includes conventional hydroelectric, geothermal, wood, wood waste, all municipal waste, landfill gas, other biomass, solar, and wind power. Facilities co-firing biomass and coal are classified as coal. 8 Primarily peak load capacity fueled by natural gas. 9 Includes combined heat and power plants whose primary business is to sell electricity and heat to the public (i.e., those that report North American Industry Classification System code 22 or that have a regulatory status). 10 Cumulative additions after December 31, 2013. 11 Cumulative retirements after December 31, 2013. 12 Includes combined heat and power plants and electricity-only plants in the commercial and industrial sectors that have a non-regulatory status; and small onsite generating systems in the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors used primarily for own-use generation, but which may also sell some power to the grid. 13 Includes refinery gas and still gas. 14 Includes batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, and miscellaneous technologies. - - = Not applicable. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Data for 2012 and 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2012 and 2013 capacity and projected planned additions: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-860, "Annual Electric Generator Report” (preliminary). Projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System run REF2015.D021915A. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 A-21 Reference case Table A10.  Electricity trade Table A10. (billion Electricity trade kilowatthours, unless otherwise noted) (billion kilowatthours, unless otherwise noted) Reference case Electricity trade 2012 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) Interregional electricity trade Gross domestic sales Firm power .......................................................... Economy ............................................................. Total ................................................................ 156 184 340 157 115 272 122 195 318 63 214 277 28 207 235 28 232 260 28 268 296 -6.2% 3.2% 0.3% Gross domestic sales (million 2013 dollars) Firm power .......................................................... Economy ............................................................. Total ................................................................ 9,711 6,217 15,929 9,802 4,772 14,574 7,622 9,376 16,998 3,952 11,934 15,886 1,722 11,963 13,685 1,722 14,056 15,778 1,722 18,159 19,881 -6.2% 5.1% 1.2% Imports from Canada and Mexico Firm power .......................................................... Economy ............................................................. Total ................................................................ 15.9 43.1 59.0 15.8 47.9 63.7 20.4 28.0 48.4 16.4 34.4 50.7 14.0 30.6 44.6 14.0 26.2 40.2 14.0 32.1 46.1 -0.5% -1.5% -1.2% Exports to Canada and Mexico Firm power .......................................................... Economy ............................................................. Total ................................................................ 2.7 8.8 11.5 2.3 9.1 11.4 1.5 14.0 15.4 0.5 14.7 15.2 0.0 14.7 14.7 0.0 14.4 14.4 0.0 14.4 14.4 -1.7% 0.9% International electricity trade - - = Not applicable. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Data for 2012 and 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Firm power sales are capacity sales, meaning the delivery of the power is scheduled as part of the normal operating conditions of the affected electric systems. Economy sales are subject to curtailment or cessation of delivery by the supplier in accordance with prior agreements or under specified conditions. Sources: 2012 and 2013 interregional firm electricity trade data: 2013 seasonal reliability assessments from North American Electric Reliability Council regional entities and Independent System Operators. 2012 and 2013 interregional economy electricity trade are model results. 2012 and 2013 Mexican electricity trade data: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Electric Power Annual 2012, DOE/EIA-0348(2012) (Washington, DC, December 2013). 2012 Canadian international electricity trade data: National Energy Board, Electricity Exports and Imports Statistics, 2012. 2013 Canadian international electricity trade data: National Energy Board, Electricity Exports and Imports Statistics, 2013. Projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System run REF2015.D021915A. A-22 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Reference case Table A11.  Petroleum and other liquids supply and disposition Table A11. (million Petroleum and liquidsotherwise supply and disposition barrels perother day, unless noted) (million barrels per day, unless otherwise noted) Reference case Supply and disposition Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) 2012 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Crude oil Domestic crude production1 ................................... Alaska ................................................................. Lower 48 states .................................................. Net imports ............................................................ Gross imports ..................................................... Exports ............................................................... Other crude supply2 ............................................... Total crude supply .................................................. 6.50 0.53 5.98 8.46 8.53 0.07 0.04 15.00 7.44 0.52 6.92 7.60 7.73 0.13 0.27 15.30 10.60 0.42 10.18 5.51 6.14 0.63 0.00 16.11 10.28 0.32 9.96 6.09 6.72 0.63 0.00 16.37 10.04 0.24 9.80 6.44 7.07 0.63 0.00 16.48 9.38 0.18 9.20 7.35 7.98 0.63 0.00 16.73 9.43 0.34 9.09 7.58 8.21 0.63 0.00 17.01 0.9% -1.6% 1.0% 0.0% 0.2% 5.9% -0.4% Net product imports .................................................. Gross refined product imports3 .............................. Unfinished oil imports ............................................ Blending component imports ................................. Exports .................................................................. Refinery processing gain4 ......................................... Product stock withdrawal .......................................... Natural gas plant liquids ........................................... Supply from renewable sources................................ Ethanol .................................................................. Domestic production ........................................... Net imports ......................................................... Stock withdrawal ................................................. Biodiesel ................................................................ Domestic production ........................................... Net imports ......................................................... Stock withdrawal ................................................. Other biomass-derived liquids5 .............................. Domestic production ........................................... Net imports ......................................................... Stock withdrawal ................................................. Liquids from gas ....................................................... Liquids from coal....................................................... Other6 ....................................................................... -1.05 0.82 0.60 0.62 3.08 1.06 -0.07 2.41 0.88 0.82 0.84 -0.02 0.00 0.06 0.06 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.19 -1.37 0.82 0.66 0.60 3.43 1.09 0.11 2.61 0.93 0.83 0.85 -0.02 0.00 0.10 0.09 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21 -2.80 1.21 0.60 0.59 5.20 0.98 0.00 4.04 1.01 0.84 0.86 -0.02 0.00 0.14 0.13 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.28 -3.24 1.28 0.56 0.55 5.63 1.00 0.00 4.16 1.01 0.84 0.86 -0.02 0.00 0.11 0.10 0.01 0.00 0.06 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.29 -3.56 1.31 0.52 0.49 5.89 0.97 0.00 4.19 1.01 0.84 0.86 -0.02 0.00 0.11 0.10 0.01 0.00 0.06 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 -3.94 1.31 0.49 0.45 6.18 0.99 0.00 4.13 1.04 0.87 0.87 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.10 0.01 0.00 0.06 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.31 -4.26 1.26 0.45 0.40 6.36 0.98 0.00 4.07 1.12 0.95 0.93 0.02 0.00 0.11 0.10 0.01 0.00 0.06 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.32 -1.6% -1.4% -1.5% 2.3% -0.4% -1.7% 0.7% 0.5% 0.4% --0.4% 0.3% 0.9% -31.9% 31.9% ----1.6% Total primary supply7 ............................................. 18.43 18.87 19.62 19.59 19.38 19.26 19.24 0.1% Product supplied by fuel Liquefied petroleum gases and other8 ................ Motor gasoline9 ................................................... of which: E8510................................................ Jet fuel11 ............................................................. Distillate fuel oil12 ................................................ of which: Diesel............................................... Residual fuel oil .................................................. Other13 ................................................................ by sector Residential and commercial ................................ Industrial14 .......................................................... Transportation..................................................... Electric power15................................................... Unspecified sector16............................................ Total product supplied ........................................... 2.30 8.69 0.01 1.40 3.74 3.46 0.37 1.97 2.50 8.85 0.01 1.43 3.83 3.56 0.32 2.04 2.91 8.49 0.02 1.55 4.26 3.94 0.27 2.18 3.19 7.89 0.08 1.64 4.31 4.02 0.28 2.30 3.30 7.41 0.13 1.75 4.34 4.09 0.28 2.33 3.27 7.16 0.16 1.82 4.38 4.15 0.28 2.37 3.25 7.05 0.19 1.87 4.38 4.17 0.28 2.43 1.0% -0.8% 9.9% 1.0% 0.5% 0.6% -0.4% 0.7% 0.82 4.49 13.04 0.10 0.02 18.47 0.86 4.69 13.36 0.12 -0.12 18.96 0.76 5.50 13.46 0.08 -0.15 19.65 0.71 5.90 13.08 0.08 -0.16 19.61 0.67 6.04 12.79 0.08 -0.17 19.41 0.64 6.04 12.71 0.08 -0.17 19.29 0.61 6.09 12.66 0.08 -0.17 19.27 -1.3% 1.0% -0.2% -1.4% -0.1% Discrepancy17 ........................................................... -0.03 -0.10 -0.03 -0.02 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -- Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 A-23 Reference case Table A11.  Petroleum and other liquids supply and disposition (continued) Table A11. (million Petroleum and liquidsotherwise supply and disposition (continued) barrels perother day, unless noted) (million barrels per day, unless otherwise noted) Reference case Supply and disposition 2012 Domestic refinery distillation capacity18 .................... Capacity utilization rate (percent)19 ........................... Net import share of product supplied (percent) ......... Net expenditures for imported crude oil and petroleum products (billion 2013 dollars) ............... 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) 17.4 88.7 40.1 17.8 88.3 33.0 18.8 87.8 13.7 18.8 89.0 14.5 18.8 89.4 14.8 18.8 90.7 17.7 18.8 92.0 17.4 0.2% 0.2% -2.3% 345 308 167 211 259 339 405 1.0% 1 Includes lease condensate. Strategic petroleum reserve stock additions plus unaccounted for crude oil and crude oil stock withdrawals. Includes other hydrocarbons and alcohols. 4 The volumetric amount by which total output is greater than input due to the processing of crude oil into products which, in total, have a lower specific gravity than the crude oil processed. 5 Includes pyrolysis oils, biomass-derived Fischer-Tropsch liquids, biobutanol, and renewable feedstocks used for the on-site production of diesel and gasoline. 6 Includes domestic sources of other blending components, other hydrocarbons, and ethers. 7 Total crude supply, net product imports, refinery processing gain, product stock withdrawal, natural gas plant liquids, supply from renewable sources, liquids from gas, liquids from coal, and other supply. 8 Includes ethane, natural gasoline, and refinery olefins. 9 Includes ethanol and ethers blended into gasoline. 10 E85 refers to a blend of 85 percent ethanol (renewable) and 15 percent motor gasoline (nonrenewable). To address cold starting issues, the percentage of ethanol varies seasonally. The annual average ethanol content of 74 percent is used for this forecast. 11 Includes only kerosene type. 12 Includes distillate fuel oil from petroleum and biomass feedstocks. 13 Includes kerosene, aviation gasoline, petrochemical feedstocks, lubricants, waxes, asphalt, road oil, still gas, special naphthas, petroleum coke, crude oil product supplied, methanol, and miscellaneous petroleum products. 14 Includes energy for combined heat and power plants that have a non-regulatory status, and small on-site generating systems. 15 Includes consumption of energy by electricity-only and combined heat and power plants that have a regulatory status. 16 Represents consumption unattributed to the sectors above. 17 Balancing item. Includes unaccounted for supply, losses, and gains. 18 End-of-year operable capacity. 19 Rate is calculated by dividing the gross annual input to atmospheric crude oil distillation units by their operable refining capacity in barrels per calendar day. - - = Not applicable. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Data for 2012 and 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2012 and 2013 product supplied based on: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). Other 2012 data: EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual 2012, DOE/EIA-0340(2012)/1 (Washington, DC, September 2013). Other 2013 data: EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual 2013, DOE/EIA-0340(2013)/1 (Washington, DC, September 2014). Projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System run REF2015.D021915A. 2 3 A-24 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Reference case Table A12.  Petroleum and other liquids prices Table A12. (2013 Petroleum andgallon, other liquids prices noted) dollars per unless otherwise (2013 dollars per gallon, unless otherwise noted) Reference case Sector and fuel 2012 Crude oil prices (2013 dollars per barrel) Brent spot .............................................................. West Texas Intermediate spot ............................... Average imported refiners acquisition cost1 ........... Brent / West Texas Intermediate spread ............... 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) 113 96 103 17.8 109 98 98 10.7 79 73 71 6.2 91 85 82 6.1 106 99 96 6.2 122 116 112 6.0 141 136 131 5.6 1.0% 1.2% 1.1% -2.4% Residential Propane .............................................................. Distillate fuel oil ................................................... 2.22 3.79 2.13 3.78 2.10 2.99 2.16 3.28 2.23 3.65 2.33 4.08 2.43 4.56 0.5% 0.7% Commercial Distillate fuel oil ................................................... Residual fuel oil .................................................. Residual fuel oil (2013 dollars per barrel) ........... 3.69 3.43 144 3.68 3.31 139 2.89 2.12 89 3.20 2.39 101 3.56 2.71 114 3.99 3.08 129 4.47 3.64 153 0.7% 0.4% 0.4% Industrial2 Propane .............................................................. Distillate fuel oil ................................................... Residual fuel oil .................................................. Residual fuel oil (2013 dollars per barrel) ........... 1.95 3.76 3.09 130 1.85 3.75 3.00 126 1.79 2.91 2.00 84 1.87 3.23 2.27 95 1.96 3.58 2.58 108 2.09 4.00 2.95 124 2.24 4.49 3.51 147 0.7% 0.7% 0.6% 0.6% Transportation Propane .............................................................. E853 .................................................................... Ethanol wholesale price ...................................... Motor gasoline4 ................................................... Jet fuel5 ............................................................... Diesel fuel (distillate fuel oil)6 .............................. Residual fuel oil .................................................. Residual fuel oil (2013 dollars per barrel) ........... 2.31 3.39 2.58 3.72 3.10 3.94 3.00 126 2.24 3.14 2.37 3.55 2.94 3.86 2.89 122 2.19 2.90 2.49 2.74 2.17 3.17 1.74 73 2.25 2.77 2.47 2.95 2.47 3.49 2.00 84 2.32 2.98 2.35 3.20 2.88 3.84 2.30 97 2.42 3.16 2.49 3.53 3.31 4.26 2.64 111 2.52 3.38 2.64 3.90 3.81 4.75 3.03 127 0.4% 0.3% 0.4% 0.3% 1.0% 0.8% 0.2% 0.2% Electric power7 Distillate fuel oil ................................................... Residual fuel oil .................................................. Residual fuel oil (2013 dollars per barrel) ........... 3.34 3.12 131 3.33 2.83 119 2.60 1.71 72 2.90 1.99 83 3.28 2.30 97 3.70 2.67 112 4.19 3.23 136 0.9% 0.5% 0.5% Average prices, all sectors8 Propane .............................................................. Motor gasoline4 ................................................... Jet fuel5 ............................................................... Distillate fuel oil ................................................... Residual fuel oil .................................................. Residual fuel oil (2013 dollars per barrel) ........... Average........................................................... 2.09 3.70 3.10 3.89 3.04 128 3.29 2.00 3.53 2.94 3.83 2.90 122 3.16 1.93 2.74 2.17 3.11 1.83 77 2.46 1.99 2.95 2.47 3.43 2.10 88 2.65 2.06 3.20 2.88 3.78 2.40 101 2.89 2.18 3.53 3.31 4.20 2.75 116 3.23 2.30 3.90 3.81 4.69 3.22 135 3.62 0.5% 0.4% 1.0% 0.8% 0.4% 0.4% 0.5% Delivered sector product prices Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 A-25 Reference case Table A12.  Petroleum and other liquids prices (continued) Table A12. (nominal Petroleum andper other liquids prices (continued) dollars gallon, unless otherwise noted) (nominal dollars per gallon, unless otherwise noted) Reference case Sector and fuel 2012 Crude oil prices (nominal dollars per barrel) Brent spot .............................................................. West Texas Intermediate spot ............................... Average imported refiners acquisition cost1 ........... 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) 112 94 101 109 98 98 90 83 80 112 105 102 142 133 129 180 171 165 229 220 212 2.8% 3.0% 2.9% Residential Propane .............................................................. Distillate fuel oil ................................................... 2.19 3.73 2.13 3.78 2.38 3.39 2.66 4.04 2.99 4.90 3.42 5.99 3.94 7.40 2.3% 2.5% Commercial Distillate fuel oil ................................................... Residual fuel oil .................................................. Residual fuel oil (nominal dollars per barrel) ....... 3.63 3.38 142 3.68 3.31 139 3.28 2.41 101 3.94 2.95 124 4.78 3.63 153 5.86 4.53 190 7.25 5.90 248 2.5% 2.2% 2.2% Industrial2 Propane .............................................................. Distillate fuel oil ................................................... Residual fuel oil .................................................. Residual fuel oil (nominal dollars per barrel) ....... 1.92 3.71 3.05 128 1.85 3.75 3.00 126 2.04 3.30 2.26 95 2.30 3.98 2.79 117 2.63 4.80 3.46 145 3.08 5.89 4.34 182 3.62 7.28 5.69 239 2.5% 2.5% 2.4% 2.4% Transportation Propane .............................................................. E853 .................................................................... Ethanol wholesale price ...................................... Motor gasoline4 ................................................... Jet fuel5 ............................................................... Diesel fuel (distillate fuel oil)6 .............................. Residual fuel oil .................................................. Residual fuel oil (nominal dollars per barrel) ....... 2.28 3.34 2.55 3.67 3.06 3.89 2.95 124 2.24 3.14 2.37 3.55 2.94 3.86 2.89 122 2.49 3.29 2.83 3.10 2.47 3.60 1.98 83 2.78 3.41 3.04 3.63 3.05 4.30 2.46 103 3.12 3.99 3.15 4.29 3.86 5.15 3.08 129 3.56 4.65 3.67 5.18 4.87 6.26 3.88 163 4.09 5.48 4.27 6.32 6.18 7.70 4.92 207 2.2% 2.1% 2.2% 2.2% 2.8% 2.6% 2.0% 2.0% Electric power7 Distillate fuel oil ................................................... Residual fuel oil .................................................. Residual fuel oil (nominal dollars per barrel) ....... 3.29 3.07 129 3.33 2.83 119 2.95 1.94 82 3.57 2.45 103 4.39 3.09 130 5.45 3.93 165 6.79 5.24 220 2.7% 2.3% 2.3% Average prices, all sectors8 Propane .............................................................. Motor gasoline4 ................................................... Jet fuel5 ............................................................... Distillate fuel oil ................................................... Residual fuel oil .................................................. Residual fuel oil (nominal dollars per barrel) ....... Average........................................................... 2.06 3.64 3.06 3.83 2.99 126 3.24 2.00 3.53 2.94 3.83 2.90 122 3.16 2.19 3.10 2.47 3.52 2.07 87 2.79 2.45 3.63 3.05 4.22 2.58 108 3.26 2.77 4.29 3.86 5.07 3.22 135 3.88 3.20 5.18 4.87 6.18 4.04 170 4.75 3.73 6.32 6.18 7.61 5.21 219 5.86 2.3% 2.2% 2.8% 2.6% 2.2% 2.2% 2.3% Delivered sector product prices 1 Weighted average price delivered to U.S. refiners. Includes combined heat and power plants that have a non-regulatory status, and small on-site generating systems. E85 refers to a blend of 85 percent ethanol (renewable) and 15 percent motor gasoline (nonrenewable). To address cold starting issues, the percentage of ethanol varies seasonally. The annual average ethanol content of 74 percent is used for this forecast. 4 Sales weighted-average price for all grades. Includes Federal, State, and local taxes. 5 Includes only kerosene type. 6 Diesel fuel for on-road use. Includes Federal and State taxes while excluding county and local taxes. 7 Includes electricity-only and combined heat and power plants that have a regulatory status. 8 Weighted averages of end-use fuel prices are derived from the prices in each sector and the corresponding sectoral consumption. Note: Data for 2012 and 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2012 and 2013 Brent and West Texas Intermediate crude oil spot prices: Thomson Reuters. 2012 and 2013 average imported crude oil price: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). 2012 and 2013 prices for motor gasoline, distillate fuel oil, and jet fuel are based on: EIA, Petroleum Marketing Monthly, DOE/EIA-0380(2014/08) (Washington, DC, August 2014). 2012 and 2013 residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation sector petroleum product prices are derived from: EIA, Form EIA-782A, “Refiners’/Gas Plant Operators’ Monthly Petroleum Product Sales Report.” 2012 and 2013 electric power prices based on: EIA, Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). 2012 and 2013 E85 prices derived from monthly prices in the Clean Cities Alternative Fuel Price Report. 2012 and 2013 wholesale ethanol prices derived from Bloomberg U.S. average rack price. Projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System run REF2015.D021915A. 2 3 A-26 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Reference case Table A13.  Natural gas supply, disposition, and prices Table A13. (trillion Natural gasfeet supply, disposition, and prices cubic per year, unless otherwise noted) (trillion cubic feet, unless otherwise noted) Reference case Supply, disposition, and prices Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) 2012 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Supply Dry gas production1 .............................................. Supplemental natural gas2 .................................... Net imports ........................................................... Pipeline3............................................................. Liquefied natural gas ......................................... Total supply............................................................ 24.06 0.06 1.52 1.37 0.15 25.64 24.40 0.05 1.29 1.20 0.09 25.75 28.82 0.06 -2.55 -0.48 -2.08 26.33 30.51 0.06 -3.50 -1.01 -2.49 27.07 33.01 0.06 -4.81 -1.52 -3.29 28.27 34.14 0.06 -5.19 -1.90 -3.29 29.01 35.45 0.06 -5.62 -2.33 -3.29 29.90 1.4% 0.6% ---0.6% Consumption by sector Residential ............................................................ Commercial........................................................... Industrial4 .............................................................. Natural-gas-to-liquids heat and power5 ................. Natural gas to liquids production6 ......................... Electric power7 ...................................................... Transportation8 ..................................................... Pipeline fuel .......................................................... Lease and plant fuel9 ............................................ Total consumption................................................. 4.15 2.90 7.21 0.00 0.00 9.11 0.04 0.73 1.40 25.53 4.92 3.28 7.41 0.00 0.00 8.16 0.05 0.86 1.48 26.16 4.50 3.21 8.10 0.00 0.00 7.61 0.07 0.83 1.82 26.14 4.42 3.20 8.24 0.00 0.00 8.13 0.10 0.87 1.92 26.88 4.40 3.33 8.41 0.00 0.00 8.81 0.17 0.91 2.05 28.08 4.31 3.47 8.52 0.00 0.00 9.17 0.31 0.92 2.12 28.82 4.20 3.61 8.66 0.00 0.00 9.38 0.70 0.93 2.23 29.70 -0.6% 0.4% 0.6% --0.5% 10.3% 0.3% 1.5% 0.5% Discrepancy10 ......................................................... 0.11 -0.41 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 -- Natural gas spot price at Henry Hub (2013 dollars per million Btu) ................................ (nominal dollars per million Btu)............................ 2.79 2.75 3.73 3.73 4.88 5.54 5.46 6.72 5.69 7.63 6.60 9.70 7.85 12.73 2.8% 4.7% 10.86 8.36 3.94 3.59 20.93 5.61 10.29 8.35 4.68 4.51 18.13 6.32 11.92 9.82 6.35 5.52 18.27 7.66 13.07 10.83 7.07 6.43 17.23 8.50 13.15 10.69 6.99 6.38 16.13 8.40 14.13 11.44 7.75 7.15 17.60 9.22 15.90 12.97 9.03 8.49 20.18 10.76 1.6% 1.6% 2.5% 2.4% 0.4% 2.0% 10.70 8.24 3.88 3.54 20.62 5.53 10.29 8.35 4.68 4.51 18.13 6.32 13.52 11.14 7.20 6.26 20.73 8.68 16.09 13.34 8.71 7.92 21.21 10.46 17.62 14.33 9.37 8.55 21.62 11.27 20.77 16.81 11.39 10.51 25.87 13.55 25.77 21.03 14.64 13.76 32.72 17.44 3.5% 3.5% 4.3% 4.2% 2.2% 3.8% Delivered prices (2013 dollars per thousand cubic feet) Residential ......................................................... Commercial........................................................ Industrial4 ........................................................... Electric power7 ................................................... Transportation11 ................................................. Average12 ....................................................... (nominal dollars per thousand cubic feet) Residential ......................................................... Commercial........................................................ Industrial4 ........................................................... Electric power7 ................................................... Transportation11 ................................................. Average12 ....................................................... 1 Marketed production (wet) minus extraction losses. 2 Synthetic natural gas, propane air, coke oven gas, refinery gas, biomass gas, air injected for Btu stabilization, and manufactured gas commingled and distributed with natural gas. 3 Includes any natural gas regasified in the Bahamas and transported via pipeline to Florida, as well as gas from Canada and Mexico. 4 Includes energy for combined heat and power plants that have a non-regulatory status, and small on-site generating systems. Excludes use for lease and plant fuel. 5 Includes any natural gas used in the process of converting natural gas to liquid fuel that is not actually converted. 6 Includes any natural gas converted into liquid fuel. 7 Includes consumption of energy by electricity-only and combined heat and power plants that have a regulatory status. 8 Natural gas used as fuel in motor vehicles, trains, and ships. 9 Represents natural gas used in well, field, and lease operations, in natural gas processing plant machinery, and for liquefaction in export facilities. 10 Balancing item. Natural gas lost as a result of converting flow data measured at varying temperatures and pressures to a standard temperature and pressure and the merger of different data reporting systems which vary in scope, format, definition, and respondent type. In addition, 2012 and 2013 values include net storage injections. 11 Natural gas used as fuel in motor vehicles, trains, and ships. Price includes estimated motor vehicle fuel taxes and estimated dispensing costs or charges. 12 Weighted average prices. Weights used are the sectoral consumption values excluding lease, plant, and pipeline fuel. - - = Not applicable. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Data for 2012 and 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2012 supply values; lease, plant, and pipeline fuel consumption; and residential, commercial, and industrial delivered prices: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Natural Gas Annual 2013, DOE/EIA-0131(2013) (Washington, DC, October 2014). 2013 supply values; lease, plant, and pipeline fuel consumption; and residential, commercial, and industrial delivered prices: EIA, Natural Gas Monthly, DOE/EIA-0130(2014/07) (Washington, DC, July 2014). Other 2012 and 2013 consumption based on: EIA, Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). 2012 and 2013 natural gas spot price at Henry Hub: Thomson Reuters. 2012 and 2013 electric power prices: EIA, Electric Power Monthly, DOE/EIA-0226, April 2013 and April 2014, Table 4.2, and EIA, State Energy Data Report 2012, DOE/EIA-0214(2012) (Washington, DC, June 2014). 2012 transportation sector delivered prices are based on: EIA, Natural Gas Annual 2013, DOE/EIA-0131(2013) (Washington, DC, October 2014), EIA, State Energy Data Report 2012, DOE/EIA-0214(2012) (Washington, DC, June 2014), and estimated State and Federal motor fuel taxes and dispensing costs or charges. 2013 transportation sector delivered prices are model results. Projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System run REF2015.D021915A. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 A-27 Reference case Table A14.  Oil and gas supply Table A14. Oil and gas supply Reference case Production and supply 2012 Crude oil Lower 48 average wellhead price1 (2013 dollars per barrel) ...................................... 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) 96 97 75 87 101 117 136 1.3% 6.50 4.60 2.19 0.28 2.12 1.38 0.07 1.31 0.53 0.47 0.06 0.00 7.44 5.57 3.15 0.28 2.14 1.36 0.07 1.29 0.52 0.45 0.06 0.00 10.60 8.03 5.60 0.35 2.08 2.15 0.05 2.10 0.42 0.30 0.12 0.00 10.28 8.01 5.31 0.47 2.23 1.95 0.04 1.92 0.32 0.23 0.09 0.00 10.04 7.60 4.83 0.58 2.19 2.21 0.03 2.18 0.24 0.18 0.06 0.00 9.38 7.07 4.40 0.69 1.98 2.14 0.03 2.11 0.18 0.14 0.04 0.00 9.43 6.92 4.29 0.83 1.80 2.17 0.02 2.14 0.34 0.12 0.02 0.20 0.9% 0.8% 1.1% 4.1% -0.6% 1.7% -3.8% 1.9% -1.6% -4.9% -3.6% 15.9% 30.1 29.4 37.4 39.4 42.6 43.4 44.8 1.6% Natural gas plant liquids production (million barrels per day) United States total ................................................. Lower 48 onshore ............................................... Lower 48 offshore ............................................... Alaska ................................................................. 2.41 2.18 0.20 0.03 2.61 2.39 0.18 0.03 4.04 3.82 0.19 0.02 4.16 3.94 0.20 0.02 4.20 3.92 0.26 0.01 4.13 3.87 0.25 0.01 4.07 3.79 0.26 0.02 1.7% 1.7% 1.3% -1.4% Natural gas Natural gas spot price at Henry Hub (2013 dollars per million Btu).............................. 2.79 3.73 4.88 5.46 5.69 6.60 7.85 2.8% 24.06 22.16 4.78 10.16 1.64 5.58 1.57 0.14 1.42 0.33 0.33 0.00 0.00 24.40 22.63 4.38 11.34 1.29 5.61 1.46 0.11 1.35 0.32 0.32 0.00 0.00 28.82 26.52 5.21 15.44 1.45 4.42 2.03 0.06 1.98 0.27 0.27 0.00 0.00 30.51 28.10 5.55 17.03 1.32 4.19 2.16 0.04 2.13 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 33.01 29.05 5.99 17.85 1.24 3.97 2.79 0.03 2.76 1.18 1.18 0.00 0.00 34.14 30.26 6.40 18.85 1.24 3.77 2.73 0.02 2.70 1.16 1.16 0.00 0.00 35.45 31.49 6.97 19.58 1.25 3.69 2.81 0.02 2.79 1.15 1.15 0.00 0.00 1.4% 1.2% 1.7% 2.0% -0.1% -1.5% 2.5% -5.9% 2.7% 4.9% 4.9% --- 298 0.06 293 0.05 309 0.06 316 0.06 329 0.06 338 0.06 345 0.06 0.6% 0.6% 44.7 44.5 43.4 47.4 52.1 54.0 56.7 0.9% 2 Production (million barrels per day) United States total ............................................... Lower 48 onshore ............................................. Tight oil3 ......................................................... Carbon dioxide enhanced oil recovery ........... Other .............................................................. Lower 48 offshore ............................................. State .............................................................. Federal........................................................... Alaska ............................................................... Onshore ......................................................... State offshore ................................................ Federal offshore............................................. Lower 48 end of year reserves2 (billion barrels) ..................................................... 4 Dry production (trillion cubic feet) United States total ............................................... Lower 48 onshore ............................................. Tight gas ........................................................ Shale gas and tight oil plays3 ......................... Coalbed methane .......................................... Other .............................................................. Lower 48 offshore ............................................. State .............................................................. Federal........................................................... Alaska ............................................................... Onshore ......................................................... State offshore ................................................ Federal offshore............................................. Lower 48 end of year dry reserves4 (trillion cubic feet)................................................ Supplemental gas supplies (trillion cubic feet)5 Total lower 48 wells drilled (thousands) ............... 1 Represents lower 48 onshore and offshore supplies. Includes lease condensate. Tight oil represents resources in low-permeability reservoirs, including shale and chalk formations. The specific plays included in the tight oil category are Bakken/Three Forks/Sanish, Eagle Ford, Woodford, Austin Chalk, Spraberry, Niobrara, Avalon/Bone Springs, and Monterey. 4 Marketed production (wet) minus extraction losses. 5 Synthetic natural gas, propane air, coke oven gas, refinery gas, biomass gas, air injected for Btu stabilization, and manufactured gas commingled and distributed with natural gas. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Data for 2012 and 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2012 and 2013 crude oil lower 48 average wellhead price: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Petroleum Marketing Monthly, DOE/EIA0380(2014/08) (Washington, DC, August 2014). 2012 and 2013 lower 48 onshore, lower 48 offshore, and Alaska crude oil production: EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual 2013, DOE/EIA-0340(2013)/1 (Washington, DC, September 2014). 2012 U.S. crude oil and natural gas reserves: EIA, U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Reserves, DOE/EIA-0216(2012) (Washington, DC, April 2014). 2012 Alaska and total natural gas production, and supplemental gas supplies: EIA, Natural Gas Annual 2013, DOE/EIA-0131(2013) (Washington, DC, October 2014). 2012 and 2013 natural gas spot price at Henry Hub: Thomson Reuters. 2013 Alaska and total natural gas production, and supplemental gas supplies: EIA, Natural Gas Monthly, DOE/EIA-0130(2014/07) (Washington, DC, July 2014). Other 2012 and 2013 values: EIA, Office of Energy Analysis. Projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System run REF2015.D021915A. 2 3 A-28 U.S. Energy Administration Annual Energy Outlook EnergyInformation Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 2015 Reference case Table A15.  Coal supply, disposition, and prices Table A15. (million Coal supply, disposition, and prices short tons per year, unless otherwise noted) (million short tons, unless otherwise noted) Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) Reference case Supply, disposition, and prices 2012 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Production1 Appalachia ............................................................. Interior ................................................................... West ...................................................................... 293 180 543 272 183 530 260 219 592 248 235 622 243 258 617 235 278 597 228 300 589 -0.6% 1.8% 0.4% East of the Mississippi ........................................... West of the Mississippi .......................................... Total ................................................................... 423 593 1,016 407 578 985 428 643 1,071 426 679 1,105 442 676 1,118 453 658 1,111 467 650 1,117 0.5% 0.4% 0.5% Waste coal supplied2 .............................................. 11 10 11 10 10 10 10 0.0% Net imports Imports3 ................................................................. Exports .................................................................. Total ................................................................... 8 126 -118 7 118 -110 1 95 -94 1 112 -110 1 130 -129 1 131 -130 1 141 -140 -6.8% 0.7% 0.9% Total supply4 ........................................................... 909 885 987 1,005 999 990 988 0.4% Consumption by sector Commercial and institutional .................................. Coke plants ............................................................ Other industrial5 ..................................................... Coal-to-liquids heat and power .............................. Coal to liquids production ...................................... Electric power6 ....................................................... Total ................................................................... 2 21 43 0 0 824 889 2 21 43 0 0 858 925 2 21 47 0 0 917 987 2 21 47 0 0 935 1,005 2 20 48 0 0 930 999 2 19 48 0 0 921 990 2 18 49 0 0 919 988 0.5% -0.7% 0.5% --0.3% 0.2% Discrepancy and stock change7 ............................ 20 -40 0 0 0 0 0 -- Average minemouth price8 (2013 dollars per short ton) .................................... (2013 dollars per million Btu) ................................. 40.5 2.01 37.2 1.84 37.9 1.88 40.3 2.02 43.7 2.18 46.7 2.32 49.2 2.44 1.0% 1.0% 92.1 193.4 71.4 -- 90.5 157.0 69.3 -- 86.4 165.8 70.3 -- 89.2 177.7 73.6 -- 92.0 189.5 76.5 -- 95.0 197.3 79.1 -- 99.2 204.4 82.5 -- 0.3% 1.0% 0.6% -- 46.5 2.41 51.5 120.2 45.2 2.34 49.1 95.1 45.7 2.38 49.5 100.9 48.2 2.54 52.2 107.2 50.6 2.67 54.7 112.7 53.1 2.79 57.1 118.9 55.6 2.92 59.7 120.7 0.8% 0.8% 0.7% 0.9% Delivered prices9 (2013 dollars per short ton) Commercial and institutional .................................. Coke plants ............................................................ Other industrial5 ..................................................... Coal to liquids ........................................................ Electric power6 (2013 dollars per short ton) ................................. (2013 dollars per million Btu) .............................. Average......................................................... Exports10 ................................................................ Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 A-29 Reference case Table A15.  Coal supply, disposition, and prices (continued) Table A15. (million Coal supply, disposition, and prices (continued) short tons per year, unless otherwise noted) (million short tons, unless otherwise noted) Reference case Supply, disposition, and prices 2012 Average minemouth price8 (nominal dollars per short ton) ............................... (nominal dollars per million Btu)............................. Delivered prices9 (nominal dollars per short ton) Commercial and institutional .................................. Coke plants ............................................................ Other industrial5 ..................................................... Coal to liquids ........................................................ Electric power6 (nominal dollars per short ton) ............................ (nominal dollars per million Btu).......................... Average......................................................... Exports10 ................................................................ 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) 40.0 1.98 37.2 1.84 43.0 2.14 49.7 2.48 58.6 2.92 68.6 3.41 79.8 3.96 2.9% 2.9% 90.8 190.6 70.3 -- 90.5 157.0 69.3 -- 98.0 188.0 79.7 -- 109.9 218.7 90.7 -- 123.4 254.0 102.5 -- 139.7 289.9 116.3 -- 160.8 331.3 133.8 -- 2.2% 2.8% 2.5% -- 45.8 2.37 50.7 118.4 45.2 2.34 49.1 95.1 51.8 2.70 56.2 114.4 59.4 3.13 64.3 131.9 67.9 3.58 73.3 151.1 78.0 4.10 84.0 174.7 90.1 4.73 96.8 195.6 2.6% 2.6% 2.6% 2.7% 1 Includes anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, and lignite. 2 Includes waste coal consumed by the electric power and industrial sectors. Waste coal supplied is counted as a supply-side item to balance the same amount of waste coal included in the consumption data. 3 Excludes imports to Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. 4 Production plus waste coal supplied plus net imports. 5 Includes consumption for combined heat and power plants that have a non-regulatory status, and small on-site generating systems. Excludes all coal use in the coal-to-liquids process. 6 Includes all electricity-only and combined heat and power plants that have a regulatory status. 7 Balancing item: the sum of production, net imports, and waste coal supplied minus total consumption. 8 Includes reported prices for both open market and captive mines. Prices weighted by production, which differs from average minemouth prices published in EIA data reports where it is weighted by reported sales. 9 Prices weighted by consumption; weighted average excludes commercial and institutional prices, and export free-alongside-ship prices. 10 Free-alongside-ship price at U.S. port of exit. - - = Not applicable. Btu = British thermal unit. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Data for 2012 and 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2012 and 2013 data based on: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Annual Coal Report 2013, DOE/EIA-0584(2013) (Washington, DC, January 2015); EIA, Quarterly Coal Report, October-December 2013, DOE/EIA-0121(2013/4Q) (Washington, DC, March 2014); and EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System run REF2015.D021915A. Projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System run REF2015.D021915A. A-30 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Reference case Table A16.  Renewable energy generating capacity and generation Table A16. (gigawatts, Renewable energy generating unless otherwise noted)capacity and generation (gigawatts, unless otherwise noted) Reference case Net summer capacity and generation Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) 2012 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Electric power sector1 Net summer capacity Conventional hydroelectric power ...................... Geothermal2....................................................... Municipal waste3 ................................................ Wood and other biomass4.................................. Solar thermal ..................................................... Solar photovoltaic5 ............................................. Wind .................................................................. Offshore wind..................................................... Total electric power sector capacity ........... 78.1 2.6 3.6 2.9 0.5 2.6 59.2 0.0 149.4 78.3 2.6 3.7 3.3 1.3 5.2 60.3 0.0 154.7 79.2 3.8 3.8 3.5 1.8 14.4 82.0 0.0 188.6 79.6 5.3 3.8 3.5 1.8 14.7 83.0 0.0 191.6 79.7 7.0 3.8 3.6 1.8 15.7 86.3 0.0 198.0 79.8 8.2 3.8 4.2 1.8 17.9 95.6 0.0 211.2 80.1 9.1 3.8 5.5 1.8 22.2 108.2 0.0 230.6 0.1% 4.7% 0.1% 1.8% 1.2% 5.5% 2.2% -1.5% Generation (billion kilowatthours) Conventional hydroelectric power ...................... Geothermal2....................................................... Biogenic municipal waste6 ................................. Wood and other biomass ................................... Dedicated plants ............................................. Cofiring ........................................................... Solar thermal ..................................................... Solar photovoltaic5 ............................................. Wind .................................................................. Offshore wind..................................................... Total electric power sector generation ....... 273.9 15.6 16.9 11.1 9.9 1.2 0.9 3.3 140.7 0.0 462.3 265.7 16.5 16.5 12.2 11.1 1.1 0.9 8.0 167.6 0.0 487.4 291.0 26.8 20.0 24.7 13.4 11.3 3.6 29.7 230.6 0.1 626.4 292.8 38.5 20.3 36.2 15.1 21.1 3.6 30.3 233.8 0.1 655.6 293.4 52.4 20.1 40.4 16.7 23.7 3.6 32.6 243.3 0.1 685.9 293.8 62.3 20.0 47.1 20.4 26.7 3.6 37.6 276.1 0.1 740.7 295.6 69.6 20.2 58.8 30.3 28.5 3.6 47.1 317.1 0.1 812.1 0.4% 5.5% 0.8% 6.0% 3.8% 12.7% 5.1% 6.8% 2.4% -1.9% End-use sectors7 Net summer capacity Conventional hydroelectric power ................... Geothermal ..................................................... Municipal waste8 ............................................. Biomass .......................................................... Solar photovoltaic5 .......................................... Wind ............................................................... Total end-use sector capacity .................. 0.3 0.0 0.5 4.9 4.6 0.2 10.4 0.3 0.0 0.5 5.0 6.2 0.2 12.1 0.3 0.0 0.5 5.4 11.4 0.7 18.2 0.3 0.0 0.5 5.4 15.5 0.7 22.4 0.3 0.0 0.5 5.4 21.5 0.9 28.6 0.3 0.0 0.5 5.5 28.7 1.1 36.0 0.3 0.0 0.5 5.6 36.7 1.5 44.6 0.0% -0.0% 0.4% 6.8% 7.7% 4.9% Generation (billion kilowatthours) Conventional hydroelectric power ................... Geothermal ..................................................... Municipal waste8 ............................................. Biomass .......................................................... Solar photovoltaic5 .......................................... Wind ............................................................... Total end-use sector generation .............. 1.4 0.0 3.6 26.5 7.1 0.2 38.8 1.4 0.0 3.6 27.2 9.6 0.3 42.1 1.4 0.0 3.6 29.1 17.9 0.9 52.9 1.4 0.0 3.6 29.3 24.8 1.0 60.1 1.4 0.0 3.6 29.4 34.7 1.2 70.2 1.4 0.0 3.6 29.4 46.3 1.5 82.3 1.4 0.0 3.6 30.5 59.3 2.1 96.9 0.0% -0.0% 0.4% 7.0% 8.0% 3.1% Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 A-31 Reference case Table A16.  Renewable energy generating capacity and generation (continued) Table A16. (gigawatts, Renewable energy generating unless otherwise noted)capacity and generation (continued) (gigawatts, unless otherwise noted) Reference case Net summer capacity and generation Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) 2012 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Total, all sectors Net summer capacity Conventional hydroelectric power ...................... Geothermal ........................................................ Municipal waste ................................................. Wood and other biomass4.................................. Solar5 ................................................................. Wind .................................................................. Total capacity, all sectors ............................ 78.4 2.6 4.1 7.8 7.6 59.4 159.8 78.5 2.6 4.1 8.3 12.7 60.5 166.8 79.5 3.8 4.3 8.9 27.6 82.7 206.8 79.9 5.3 4.3 8.9 31.9 83.8 214.1 80.0 7.0 4.3 9.1 39.0 87.3 226.6 80.1 8.2 4.3 9.6 48.3 96.7 247.2 80.4 9.1 4.3 11.1 60.6 109.7 275.2 0.1% 4.7% 0.1% 1.1% 6.0% 2.2% 1.9% Generation (billion kilowatthours) Conventional hydroelectric power ...................... Geothermal ........................................................ Municipal waste ................................................. Wood and other biomass ................................... Solar5 ................................................................. Wind .................................................................. Total generation, all sectors ........................ 275.2 15.6 20.6 37.6 11.2 141.0 501.2 267.1 16.5 20.1 39.4 18.5 167.8 529.5 292.3 26.8 23.7 53.8 51.3 231.5 679.4 294.2 38.5 23.9 65.5 58.7 234.9 715.6 294.7 52.4 23.7 69.8 70.9 244.6 756.2 295.2 62.3 23.7 76.5 87.5 277.8 823.0 297.0 69.6 23.8 89.3 110.1 319.3 909.1 0.4% 5.5% 0.6% 3.1% 6.8% 2.4% 2.0% 1 Includes electricity-only and combined heat and power plants that have a regulatory status. 2 Includes both hydrothermal resources (hot water and steam) and near-field enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). Near-field EGS potential occurs on known hydrothermal sites, however this potential requires the addition of external fluids for electricity generation and is only available after 2025. 3 Includes municipal waste, landfill gas, and municipal sewage sludge. Incremental growth is assumed to be for landfill gas facilities. All municipal waste is included, although a portion of the municipal waste stream contains petroleum-derived plastics and other non-renewable sources. 4 Facilities co-firing biomass and coal are classified as coal. 5 Does not include off-grid photovoltaics (PV). Based on annual PV shipments from 1989 through 2013, EIA estimates that as much as 274 megawatts of remote electricity generation PV applications (i.e., off-grid power systems) were in service in 2013, plus an additional 573 megawatts in communications, transportation, and assorted other non-grid-connected, specialized applications. See U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 2011, DOE/EIA-0384(2011) (Washington, DC, September 2012), Table 10.9 (annual PV shipments, 1989-2010), and Table 12 (U.S. photovoltaic module shipments by end use, sector, and type) in U.S. Energy Information Administration, Solar Photovoltaic Cell/Module Shipments Report, 2011 (Washington, DC, September 2012) and U.S. Energy Information Administration, Solar Photovoltaic Cell/Module Shipments Report, 2012 (Washington, DC, December 2013). The approach used to develop the estimate, based on shipment data, provides an upper estimate of the size of the PV stock, including both grid-based and off-grid PV. It will overestimate the size of the stock, because shipments include a substantial number of units that are exported, and each year some of the PV units installed earlier will be retired from service or abandoned. 6 Includes biogenic municipal waste, landfill gas, and municipal sewage sludge. Incremental growth is assumed to be for landfill gas facilities. Only biogenic municipal waste is included. The U.S. Energy Information Administration estimates that in 2013 approximately 7 billion kilowatthours of electricity were generated from a municipal waste stream containing petroleum-derived plastics and other non-renewable sources. See U.S. Energy Information Administration, Methodology for Allocating Municipal Solid Waste to Biogenic and Non-Biogenic Energy (Washington, DC, May 2007). 7 Includes combined heat and power plants and electricity-only plants in the commercial and industrial sectors that have a non-regulatory status; and small onsite generating systems in the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors used primarily for own-use generation, but which may also sell some power to the grid. 8 Includes municipal waste, landfill gas, and municipal sewage sludge. All municipal waste is included, although a portion of the municipal waste stream contains petroleum-derived plastics and other non-renewable sources. - - = Not applicable. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Data for 2012 and 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2012 and 2013 capacity: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-860, "Annual Electric Generator Report" (preliminary). 2012 and 2013 generation: EIA, Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). Projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System run REF2015.D021915A. A-32 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Reference case Table A17.  Renewable energy consumption by sector and source Table A17. (quadrillion Renewable energy consumption by sector and source Btu per year) (quadrillion Btu per year) Reference case Sector and source 2012 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) Marketed renewable energy1 Residential (wood) ............................................... 0.44 0.58 0.41 0.39 0.38 0.36 0.35 -1.8% Commercial (biomass) ........................................ 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.0% Industrial2 ............................................................. Conventional hydroelectric power ....................... Municipal waste3 ................................................. Biomass .............................................................. Biofuels heat and coproducts.............................. 2.24 0.01 0.17 1.32 0.73 2.20 0.01 0.19 1.28 0.72 2.33 0.01 0.19 1.33 0.80 2.39 0.01 0.19 1.39 0.80 2.39 0.01 0.19 1.39 0.80 2.39 0.01 0.19 1.38 0.81 2.49 0.01 0.19 1.42 0.86 0.5% 0.0% 0.2% 0.4% 0.6% Transportation ..................................................... Ethanol used in E854 .......................................... Ethanol used in gasoline blending ...................... Biodiesel used in distillate blending .................... Biobutanol ........................................................... Liquids from biomass .......................................... Renewable diesel and gasoline5 ......................... 1.18 0.01 1.05 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.26 0.01 1.06 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.43 0.02 1.07 0.27 0.00 0.01 0.06 1.42 0.08 1.00 0.21 0.00 0.02 0.11 1.42 0.13 0.95 0.21 0.00 0.02 0.11 1.46 0.16 0.96 0.21 0.00 0.02 0.11 1.57 0.19 1.05 0.21 0.00 0.02 0.11 0.8% 9.9% 0.0% 0.4% -22.0% -- Electric power6 ..................................................... Conventional hydroelectric power ....................... Geothermal ......................................................... Biogenic municipal waste7 .................................. Biomass .............................................................. Dedicated plants .............................................. Cofiring ............................................................ Solar thermal ...................................................... Solar photovoltaic ............................................... Wind ................................................................... 4.53 2.61 0.15 0.23 0.17 0.10 0.07 0.01 0.03 1.34 4.78 2.53 0.16 0.23 0.18 0.12 0.07 0.01 0.08 1.59 6.13 2.77 0.26 0.27 0.32 0.14 0.18 0.03 0.28 2.19 6.43 2.79 0.37 0.27 0.45 0.16 0.29 0.03 0.29 2.23 6.72 2.79 0.50 0.27 0.50 0.18 0.33 0.03 0.31 2.32 7.26 2.80 0.60 0.27 0.58 0.21 0.37 0.03 0.36 2.63 7.99 2.81 0.67 0.27 0.74 0.32 0.42 0.03 0.45 3.02 1.9% 0.4% 5.5% 0.6% 5.3% 3.8% 7.0% 5.1% 6.8% 2.4% Total marketed renewable energy ......................... 8.50 8.95 10.42 10.76 11.04 11.60 12.52 1.3% Sources of ethanol from corn and other starch ..................................... from cellulose......................................................... Net imports ............................................................ Total ................................................................... 1.08 0.00 -0.02 1.06 1.09 0.00 -0.02 1.07 1.10 0.01 -0.03 1.09 1.09 0.01 -0.02 1.08 1.10 0.01 -0.03 1.08 1.11 0.01 -0.01 1.12 1.19 0.01 0.02 1.23 0.3% --0.5% Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 A-33 Reference case Table A17.  Renewable energy consumption by sector and source (continued) Table A17. (quadrillion Renewable consumption by sector and source (continued) Btuenergy per year) (quadrillion Btu per year) Reference case Sector and source 2012 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) Nonmarketed renewable energy8 Selected consumption Residential............................................................ Solar hot water heating ....................................... Geothermal heat pumps ..................................... Solar photovoltaic ............................................... Wind ................................................................... 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.06 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.00 0.13 0.01 0.02 0.09 0.01 0.17 0.01 0.02 0.13 0.01 0.23 0.01 0.03 0.18 0.01 0.28 0.01 0.03 0.24 0.01 0.35 0.01 0.03 0.29 0.01 7.0% 1.8% 4.1% 8.0% 6.9% Commercial ......................................................... Solar thermal ...................................................... Solar photovoltaic ............................................... Wind ................................................................... 0.13 0.08 0.04 0.00 0.14 0.08 0.05 0.00 0.17 0.09 0.08 0.00 0.20 0.09 0.11 0.00 0.25 0.10 0.15 0.00 0.32 0.10 0.20 0.01 0.39 0.11 0.27 0.01 3.9% 1.1% 6.1% 9.0% 1 Includes nonelectric renewable energy groups for which the energy source is bought and sold in the marketplace, although all transactions may not necessarily be marketed, and marketed renewable energy inputs for electricity entering the marketplace on the electric power grid. Excludes electricity imports; see Table A2. Actual heat rates used to determine fuel consumption for all renewable fuels except hydroelectric, geothermal, solar, and wind. Consumption at hydroelectric, geothermal, solar, and wind facilities is determined by using the fossil fuel equivalent of 9,516 Btu per kilowatthour. 2 Includes combined heat and power plants that have a non-regulatory status, and small on-site generating systems. 3 Includes municipal waste, landfill gas, and municipal sewage sludge. All municipal waste is included, although a portion of the municipal waste stream contains petroleum-derived plastics and other non-renewable sources. 4 Excludes motor gasoline component of E85. 5 Renewable feedstocks for the on-site production of diesel and gasoline. 6 Includes consumption of energy by electricity-only and combined heat and power plants that have a regulatory status. 7 Includes biogenic municipal waste, landfill gas, and municipal sewage sludge. Incremental growth is assumed to be for landfill gas facilities. Only biogenic municipal waste is included. The U.S. Energy Information Administration estimates that in 2013 approximately 0.3 quadrillion Btus were consumed from a municipal waste stream containing petroleum-derived plastics and other non-renewable sources. See U.S. Energy Information Administration, Methodology for Allocating Municipal Solid Waste to Biogenic and Non-Biogenic Energy (Washington, DC, May 2007). 8 Includes selected renewable energy consumption data for which the energy is not bought or sold, either directly or indirectly as an input to marketed energy. The U.S. Energy Information Administration does not estimate or project total consumption of nonmarketed renewable energy. - - = Not applicable. Btu = British thermal unit. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Data for 2012 and 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2012 and 2013 ethanol: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). 2012 and 2013 electric power sector: EIA, Form EIA-860, "Annual Electric Generator Report” (preliminary). Other 2012 and 2013 values: EIA, Office of Energy Analysis. Projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System run REF2015.D021915A. A-34 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Reference case Table A18.  Energy-related carbon dioxide emissions by sector and source Table A18. (million Energy-related carbon emissions metric tons, unlessdioxide otherwise noted) by sector and source (million metric tons, unless otherwise noted) Reference case Sector and source Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) 2012 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Residential Petroleum .............................................................. Natural gas ............................................................ Electricity1 .............................................................. Total residential ................................................ 61 225 757 1,044 64 267 773 1,105 50 246 761 1,057 45 241 761 1,047 41 240 770 1,051 37 235 776 1,048 33 229 779 1,042 -2.4% -0.6% 0.0% -0.2% Commercial Petroleum .............................................................. Natural gas ............................................................ Coal ....................................................................... Electricity1 .............................................................. Total commercial .............................................. 40 157 4 731 933 41 178 4 744 968 44 175 5 755 979 43 175 5 772 994 42 182 5 788 1,016 41 189 5 801 1,037 41 197 4 814 1,057 -0.1% 0.4% 0.5% 0.3% 0.3% Industrial2 Petroleum .............................................................. Natural gas3 ........................................................... Coal ....................................................................... Electricity1 .............................................................. Total industrial .................................................. 345 447 142 543 1,476 350 462 143 531 1,486 410 512 150 586 1,658 425 523 148 615 1,711 424 539 144 613 1,719 424 549 139 601 1,714 429 563 139 592 1,723 0.8% 0.7% -0.1% 0.4% 0.5% Transportation Petroleum4 ............................................................. Natural gas5 ........................................................... Electricity1 .............................................................. Total transportation .......................................... 1,774 41 4 1,819 1,792 49 4 1,845 1,752 49 5 1,806 1,701 53 5 1,759 1,662 59 6 1,727 1,647 67 8 1,722 1,631 89 9 1,728 -0.3% 2.2% 2.9% -0.2% Electric power6 Petroleum .............................................................. Natural gas ............................................................ Coal ....................................................................... Other7 .................................................................... Total electric power .......................................... 19 493 1,511 12 2,035 23 442 1,575 12 2,053 13 412 1,670 12 2,107 13 441 1,687 12 2,153 13 478 1,674 12 2,177 13 497 1,664 12 2,186 13 509 1,661 12 2,195 -2.1% 0.5% 0.2% 0.0% 0.2% Total by fuel Petroleum4 ............................................................. Natural gas ............................................................ Coal ....................................................................... Other7 .................................................................... Total ................................................................... 2,240 1,363 1,657 12 5,272 2,272 1,399 1,722 12 5,405 2,269 1,394 1,824 12 5,499 2,227 1,432 1,840 12 5,511 2,182 1,497 1,822 12 5,514 2,163 1,538 1,808 12 5,521 2,147 1,586 1,804 12 5,549 -0.2% 0.5% 0.2% 0.0% 0.1% Carbon dioxide emissions (tons per person) ................................................... 16.8 17.1 16.5 15.9 15.4 14.9 14.6 -0.6% 1 Emissions from the electric power sector are distributed to the end-use sectors. Includes combined heat and power plants that have a non-regulatory status, and small on-site generating systems. Includes lease and plant fuel. 4 This includes carbon dioxide from international bunker fuels, both civilian and military, which are excluded from the accounting of carbon dioxide emissions under the United Nations convention. From 1990 through 2013, international bunker fuels accounted for 90 to 126 million metric tons annually. 5 Includes pipeline fuel natural gas and natural gas used as fuel in motor vehicles, trains, and ships. 6 Includes electricity-only and combined heat and power plants that have a regulatory status. 7 Includes emissions from geothermal power and nonbiogenic emissions from municipal waste. Note: By convention, the direct emissions from biogenic energy sources are excluded from energy-related carbon dioxide emissions. The release of carbon from these sources is assumed to be balanced by the uptake of carbon when the feedstock is grown, resulting in zero net emissions over some period of time. If, however, increased use of biomass energy results in a decline in terrestrial carbon stocks, a net positive release of carbon may occur. See Table A19, "EnergyRelated Carbon Dioxide Emissions by End Use", for the emissions from biogenic energy sources as an indication of the potential net release of carbon dioxide in the absence of offsetting sequestration. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Data for 2012 and 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2012 and 2013 emissions and emission factors: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). Projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System run REF2015.D021915A. 2 3 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 A-35 Reference case Table A19.  Energy-related carbon dioxide emissions by end use Table A19. (million Energy-related carbon dioxide emissions by end use metric tons) (million metric tons) Reference case Sector and end use 2012 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Residential Space heating ........................................................ Space cooling ........................................................ Water heating ........................................................ Refrigeration .......................................................... Cooking ................................................................. Clothes dryers........................................................ Freezers ................................................................ Lighting .................................................................. Clothes washers1 ................................................... Dishwashers1 ......................................................... Televisions and related equipment2 ....................... Computers and related equipment3 ....................... Furnace fans and boiler circulation pumps ............ Other uses4 ............................................................ Discrepancy5 .......................................................... Total residential ................................................ 228 136 143 60 30 35 13 103 5 16 54 20 15 188 0 1,044 293 109 144 59 30 36 13 96 5 15 54 20 21 211 0 1,105 248 124 142 53 31 36 11 67 4 15 50 15 18 242 0 1,057 236 128 142 51 32 37 11 59 3 15 50 12 17 253 0 1,047 228 135 143 51 32 37 10 52 3 17 51 11 16 267 0 1,051 218 141 139 51 33 38 10 43 2 17 53 9 14 278 0 1,048 207 145 134 52 34 39 9 38 2 18 54 7 13 288 0 1,042 -1.3% 1.1% -0.3% -0.5% 0.4% 0.3% -1.1% -3.3% -2.4% 0.5% 0.0% -3.6% -1.8% 1.2% --0.2% Commercial Space heating6 ...................................................... Space cooling6 ....................................................... Water heating6 ....................................................... Ventilation .............................................................. Cooking ................................................................. Lighting .................................................................. Refrigeration .......................................................... Office equipment (PC) ........................................... Office equipment (non-PC) .................................... Other uses7 ............................................................ Total commercial .............................................. 112 95 44 82 14 149 61 19 35 321 933 136 82 45 84 14 148 61 17 35 346 968 122 85 44 85 15 137 52 11 38 392 979 115 84 44 85 15 131 48 8 42 422 994 111 84 44 85 16 127 46 6 47 452 1,016 105 83 44 84 16 120 45 4 51 484 1,037 97 82 43 83 16 116 45 3 55 516 1,057 -1.2% 0.0% -0.2% 0.0% 0.4% -0.9% -1.1% -5.9% 1.6% 1.5% 0.3% 261 96 69 247 15 29 125 45 38 22 47 44 8 15 39 154 1,254 268 96 69 247 15 30 123 46 39 22 48 47 8 17 40 156 1,270 252 104 63 293 16 41 135 54 42 24 48 50 9 20 44 161 1,355 251 109 59 311 16 42 141 55 43 25 49 52 10 20 46 164 1,392 250 113 54 309 17 45 135 51 42 27 51 53 10 20 48 165 1,389 255 116 50 298 16 48 129 43 43 28 53 58 11 19 49 166 1,383 260 119 49 291 16 52 122 38 43 29 52 63 12 18 49 169 1,383 -0.1% 0.8% -1.2% 0.6% 0.1% 2.1% 0.0% -0.7% 0.3% 1.1% 0.3% 1.1% 1.4% 0.3% 0.8% 0.3% 0.3% 66 62 101 230 -8 1,476 66 64 102 232 -16 1,486 65 77 117 259 44 1,658 64 80 115 259 61 1,711 62 83 113 257 73 1,719 60 85 108 253 79 1,714 58 87 108 253 86 1,723 -0.4% 1.1% 0.2% 0.3% -0.5% Industrial8 Manufacturing Refining .............................................................. Food products ..................................................... Paper products ................................................... Bulk chemicals .................................................... Glass .................................................................. Cement and lime................................................. Iron and steel ...................................................... Aluminum ............................................................ Fabricated metal products .................................. Machinery ........................................................... Computers and electronics ................................. Transportation equipment ................................... Electrical equipment ........................................... Wood products.................................................... Plastics ............................................................... Balance of manufacturing ................................... Total manufacturing ......................................... Nonmanufacturing Agriculture........................................................... Construction........................................................ Mining ................................................................. Total nonmanufacturing ................................... Discrepancy5 .......................................................... Total industrial .................................................. A-36 Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Reference case Table A19.  Energy-related carbon dioxide emissions by end use (continued) Table A19. (million Energy-related carbon dioxide emissions by end use (continued) metric tons) (million metric tons) Reference case Sector and end use Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) 2012 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Transportation Light-duty vehicles ................................................. Commercial light trucks9 ........................................ Bus transportation.................................................. Freight trucks ......................................................... Rail, passenger ...................................................... Rail, freight............................................................. Shipping, domestic ................................................ Shipping, international ........................................... Recreational boats ................................................. Air .......................................................................... Military use............................................................. Lubricants .............................................................. Pipeline fuel ........................................................... Discrepancy5 .......................................................... Total transportation .......................................... 1,035 36 16 356 5 31 7 52 16 165 50 5 40 5 1,819 1,044 38 18 389 6 36 7 48 17 163 48 5 47 -21 1,845 967 37 18 417 6 35 7 47 18 180 45 5 45 -21 1,806 892 36 18 429 6 36 6 47 18 193 45 5 48 -21 1,759 834 35 19 440 6 34 6 47 19 206 48 5 50 -21 1,727 801 35 19 456 6 32 5 48 20 214 51 5 50 -21 1,722 777 36 19 477 7 31 5 48 20 219 54 5 51 -20 1,728 -1.1% -0.2% 0.2% 0.8% 0.6% -0.5% -1.4% 0.0% 0.6% 1.1% 0.5% 0.3% 0.3% --0.2% Biogenic energy combustion10 Biomass ................................................................. Electric power sector .......................................... Other sectors ...................................................... Biogenic waste....................................................... Biofuels heat and coproducts ................................ Ethanol .................................................................. Biodiesel ................................................................ Liquids from biomass ............................................. Renewable diesel and gasoline ............................. Total ................................................................... 192 16 176 21 69 73 8 0 0 362 203 17 186 21 68 73 14 0 0 379 205 30 175 24 75 74 20 1 4 403 221 42 179 25 75 74 16 1 8 419 224 47 177 24 75 74 16 1 8 422 229 55 174 24 76 77 16 1 8 431 247 69 178 24 81 84 16 1 8 461 0.7% 5.3% -0.2% 0.6% 0.6% 0.5% 0.4% 22.0% -0.7% 1 Does not include water heating portion of load. Includes televisions, set-top boxes, home theater systems, DVD players, and video game consoles. Includes desktop and laptop computers, monitors, and networking equipment. 4 Includes small electric devices, heating elements, outdoor grills, exterior lights, pool heaters, spa heaters, backup electricity generators, and motors not listed above. Electric vehicles are included in the transportation sector. 5 Represents differences between total emissions by end-use and total emissions by fuel as reported in Table A18. Emissions by fuel may reflect benchmarking and other modeling adjustments to energy use and the associated emissions that are not assigned to specific end uses. 6 Includes emissions related to fuel consumption for district services. 7 Includes emissions related to (but not limited to) miscellaneous uses such as transformers, medical imaging and other medical equipment, elevators, escalators, off-road electric vehicles, laboratory fume hoods, laundry equipment, coffee brewers, water services, pumps, emergency generators, combined heat and power in commercial buildings, manufacturing performed in commercial buildings, and cooking (distillate), plus residual fuel oil, propane, coal, motor gasoline, kerosene, and marketed renewable fuels (biomass). 8 Includes combined heat and power plants that have a non-regulatory status, and small on-site generating systems. 9 Commercial trucks 8,501 to 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating. 10 By convention, the direct emissions from biogenic energy sources are excluded from energy-related carbon dioxide emissions. The release of carbon from these sources is assumed to be balanced by the uptake of carbon when the feedstock is grown, resulting in zero net emissions over some period of time. If, however, increased use of biomass energy results in a decline in terrestrial carbon stocks, a net positive release of carbon may occur. Accordingly, the emissions from biogenic energy sources are reported here as an indication of the potential net release of carbon dioxide in the absence of offsetting sequestration. - - = Not applicable. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Data for 2012 and 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2012 and 2013 emissions and emission factors: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). Projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System run REF2015.D021915A. 2 3 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 A-37 Reference case Table A20.  Macroeconomic indicators Table A20. (billion Macroeconomic indicators 2005 chain-weighted dollars, unless otherwise noted) (billion 2009 chain-weighted dollars, unless otherwise noted) Reference case Indicators Real gross domestic product ................................ Components of real gross domestic product Real consumption .................................................. Real investment ..................................................... Real government spending .................................... Real exports........................................................... Real imports........................................................... Energy intensity (thousand Btu per 2009 dollar of GDP) Delivered energy.................................................... Total energy ........................................................... Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) 2012 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 15,369 15,710 18,801 21,295 23,894 26,659 29,898 2.4% 10,450 2,436 2,954 1,960 2,413 10,700 2,556 2,894 2,020 2,440 12,832 3,531 2,985 2,813 3,334 14,484 4,025 3,098 3,807 4,079 16,275 4,474 3,286 4,815 4,888 18,179 4,984 3,469 6,010 5,859 20,476 5,634 3,691 7,338 7,037 2.4% 3.0% 0.9% 4.9% 4.0% 4.47 6.14 4.53 6.18 3.93 5.36 3.49 4.79 3.13 4.31 2.83 3.90 2.56 3.54 -2.1% -2.0% 1.05 1.07 1.21 1.31 1.43 1.57 1.73 1.8% Price indices GDP chain-type price index (2009=1.000) ............. Consumer price index (1982-4=1.00) All-urban ............................................................. Energy commodities and services ...................... Wholesale price index (1982=1.00) All commodities................................................... Fuel and power ................................................... Metals and metal products .................................. Industrial commodities excluding energy ............ 2.30 2.46 2.33 2.44 2.63 2.55 2.89 2.98 3.18 3.42 3.54 4.03 3.95 4.85 2.0% 2.6% 2.02 2.12 2.20 1.94 2.03 2.12 2.14 1.96 2.25 2.26 2.43 2.22 2.47 2.67 2.62 2.40 2.71 3.08 2.85 2.61 3.02 3.69 3.13 2.85 3.39 4.56 3.42 3.12 1.9% 2.9% 1.8% 1.7% Interest rates (percent, nominal) Federal funds rate.................................................. 10-year treasury note............................................. AA utility bond rate................................................. 0.14 1.80 3.83 0.11 2.35 4.24 3.40 4.12 6.15 3.56 4.14 6.06 3.69 4.28 6.33 3.76 4.41 6.47 4.04 4.63 6.71 ---- Value of shipments (billion 2009 dollars) Non-industrial and service sectors ......................... Total industrial ....................................................... Agriculture, mining, and construction .................. Manufacturing ..................................................... Energy-intensive .............................................. Non-energy-intensive ....................................... Total shipments ...................................................... 23,989 6,822 1,813 5,009 1,675 3,334 30,810 24,398 7,004 1,858 5,146 1,685 3,461 31,402 28,468 8,467 2,344 6,123 1,946 4,177 36,935 32,023 9,212 2,441 6,771 2,084 4,687 41,235 34,968 9,870 2,540 7,330 2,168 5,162 44,838 37,767 10,614 2,601 8,012 2,237 5,776 48,380 40,814 11,463 2,712 8,751 2,317 6,433 52,277 1.9% 1.8% 1.4% 2.0% 1.2% 2.3% 1.9% Population and employment (millions) Population, with armed forces overseas ................ Population, aged 16 and over ................................ Population, aged 65 and over ................................ Employment, nonfarm............................................ Employment, manufacturing .................................. 315 249 43 134 11.8 317 251 45 136 11.9 334 267 56 149 11.8 347 277 65 154 11.3 359 288 73 159 10.7 370 298 78 163 10.3 380 307 80 169 9.7 0.7% 0.7% 2.2% 0.8% -0.7% Key labor indicators Labor force (millions) ............................................. Nonfarm labor productivity (2009=1.00)................. Unemployment rate (percent) ................................ 155 1.05 8.08 155 1.05 7.35 166 1.20 5.40 170 1.34 4.96 174 1.48 5.03 179 1.62 5.02 185 1.78 4.85 0.6% 2.0% -- Key indicators for energy demand Real disposable personal income .......................... Housing starts (millions) ........................................ Commercial floorspace (billion square feet) ........... Unit sales of light-duty vehicles (millions) .............. 11,676 0.84 82.3 14.4 11,651 0.99 82.8 15.5 14,411 1.69 89.0 17.0 16,318 1.70 94.1 17.2 18,487 1.66 98.4 17.5 20,610 1.62 103.2 17.7 22,957 1.62 109.1 18.2 2.5% 1.8% 1.0% 0.6% GDP = Gross domestic product. Btu = British thermal unit. - - = Not applicable. Sources: 2012 and 2013: IHS Economics, Industry and Employment models, November 2014. Projections: U.S. Energy Information Administration, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System run REF2015.D021915A. A-38 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Reference case Table A21.  International petroleum and other liquids supply, disposition, and prices Table A21. (million International petroleum andotherwise other liquids supply, disposition, and prices barrels per day, unless noted) (million barrels per day, unless otherwise noted) Reference case Supply, disposition, and prices 2012 Crude oil spot prices (2013 dollars per barrel) Brent ...................................................................... West Texas Intermediate ....................................... (nominal dollars per barrel) Brent ...................................................................... West Texas Intermediate ....................................... Petroleum and other liquids consumption1 OECD United States (50 states) .................................... United States territories ...................................... Canada ............................................................... Mexico and Chile ................................................ OECD Europe2 ................................................... Japan .................................................................. South Korea ........................................................ Australia and New Zealand ................................. Total OECD consumption ............................. Non-OECD Russia ................................................................. Other Europe and Eurasia3 ................................. China .................................................................. India .................................................................... Other Asia4 ......................................................... Middle East ......................................................... Africa .................................................................. Brazil ................................................................... Other Central and South America ....................... Total non-OECD consumption ...................... Total consumption.................................................. Petroleum and other liquids production OPEC5 Middle East ...................................................... North Africa ...................................................... West Africa ...................................................... South America ................................................. Total OPEC production .............................. Non-OPEC OECD United States (50 states) ................................. Canada ............................................................ Mexico and Chile ............................................. OECD Europe2 ................................................ Japan and South Korea ................................... Australia and New Zealand .............................. Total OECD production .............................. Non-OECD Russia .............................................................. Other Europe and Eurasia3 .............................. China ............................................................... Other Asia4 ...................................................... Middle East ...................................................... Africa ............................................................... Brazil ................................................................ Other Central and South America .................... Total non-OECD production ...................... Total petroleum and other liquids production ..... OPEC market share (percent) .................................. 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) 113 96 109 98 79 73 91 85 106 99 122 116 141 136 1.0% 1.2% 112 94 109 98 90 83 112 105 142 133 180 171 229 220 2.8% 3.0% 18.47 0.29 2.29 2.50 14.07 4.73 2.41 1.17 45.93 18.96 0.30 2.29 2.46 13.96 4.56 2.43 1.16 46.14 19.65 0.31 2.31 2.71 14.20 4.27 2.58 1.16 47.20 19.61 0.32 2.25 2.78 14.15 4.18 2.57 1.12 46.97 19.41 0.34 2.21 2.80 14.09 4.03 2.53 1.11 46.52 19.29 0.36 2.17 2.83 14.03 3.86 2.46 1.11 46.10 19.27 0.38 2.14 2.92 14.12 3.65 2.40 1.15 46.04 0.1% 1.0% -0.3% 0.6% 0.0% -0.8% 0.0% -0.1% 0.0% 3.20 2.00 10.29 3.63 7.35 7.32 3.36 2.93 3.35 43.41 3.30 2.06 10.67 3.70 7.37 7.61 3.42 3.11 3.38 44.60 3.31 2.22 13.13 4.30 9.08 8.40 3.93 3.33 3.49 51.20 3.24 2.28 14.75 4.89 10.69 8.81 4.28 3.44 3.55 55.92 3.23 2.39 17.03 5.52 12.35 9.56 4.78 3.74 3.72 62.31 3.17 2.50 18.92 6.13 14.20 10.28 5.39 4.09 3.90 68.58 3.01 2.59 20.19 6.79 16.49 11.13 6.18 4.50 4.15 75.01 -0.3% 0.9% 2.4% 2.3% 3.0% 1.4% 2.2% 1.4% 0.8% 1.9% 89.3 90.7 98.4 102.9 108.8 114.7 121.0 1.1% 26.29 3.37 4.40 2.99 37.05 26.32 2.90 4.26 3.01 36.49 24.56 3.51 5.00 3.10 36.16 26.23 3.56 5.16 3.16 38.10 29.34 3.67 5.24 3.27 41.53 33.12 3.85 5.33 3.49 45.79 36.14 4.06 5.43 3.79 49.42 1.2% 1.3% 0.9% 0.9% 1.1% 11.04 4.00 2.96 4.04 0.18 0.57 22.80 12.64 4.15 2.94 3.88 0.18 0.49 24.29 16.92 5.05 2.93 3.35 0.17 0.60 29.03 16.74 5.68 3.12 3.06 0.17 0.80 29.58 16.52 6.26 3.32 2.98 0.18 0.86 30.12 15.84 6.61 3.52 2.97 0.18 0.91 30.03 15.89 6.76 3.79 3.19 0.18 0.96 30.77 0.8% 1.8% 0.9% -0.7% 0.1% 2.5% 0.9% 10.52 3.20 4.39 3.88 1.31 2.31 2.61 2.17 30.38 10.50 3.27 4.48 3.82 1.20 2.41 2.73 2.21 30.63 10.71 3.41 5.11 3.85 1.03 2.70 3.70 2.71 33.21 10.78 4.14 5.46 3.72 0.93 2.86 4.56 2.76 35.22 11.22 4.42 5.66 3.67 0.85 2.94 5.43 2.97 37.17 11.81 4.70 5.75 3.71 0.78 3.03 5.90 3.16 38.85 12.16 5.18 5.84 4.01 0.77 3.33 6.12 3.47 40.88 0.5% 1.7% 1.0% 0.2% -1.6% 1.2% 3.0% 1.7% 1.1% 90.2 41.1 91.4 39.9 98.4 36.7 102.9 37.0 108.8 38.2 114.7 39.9 121.1 40.8 1.0% -- Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 A-39 Reference case Table A21.  International petroleum and other liquids supply, disposition, and prices (continued) Table A21. (million International petroleum andotherwise other liquids supply, disposition, and prices (continued) barrels per day, unless noted) (million barrels per day, unless otherwise noted) Reference case Supply, disposition, and prices Selected world production subtotals: Crude oil and equivalents6 ..................................... Tight oil ............................................................... Bitumen7 ............................................................. Refinery processing gain8 ...................................... Natural gas plant liquids ........................................ Liquids from renewable sources9 ........................... Liquids from coal10 ................................................. Liquids from natural gas11 ...................................... Liquids from kerogen12........................................... Crude oil production6 OPEC5 Middle East ...................................................... North Africa ...................................................... West Africa ...................................................... South America ................................................. Total OPEC production .............................. Non-OPEC OECD United States (50 states) ................................. Canada ............................................................ Mexico and Chile ............................................. OECD Europe2 ................................................ Japan and South Korea ................................... Australia and New Zealand .............................. Total OECD production .............................. Non-OECD Russia .............................................................. Other Europe and Eurasia3 .............................. China ............................................................... Other Asia4 ...................................................... Middle East ...................................................... Africa ............................................................... Brazil ................................................................ Other Central and South America .................... Total non-OECD production ...................... Total crude oil production6 .................................... OPEC market share (percent) .................................. Annual growth 2013-2040 (percent) 2012 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 77.35 2.63 1.94 2.37 9.11 1.93 0.21 0.14 0.01 77.93 3.62 2.11 2.40 9.36 2.14 0.21 0.24 0.01 82.19 7.49 3.00 2.42 11.28 2.56 0.33 0.33 0.01 85.20 8.31 3.52 2.61 11.93 2.92 0.51 0.43 0.01 89.77 9.16 3.95 2.74 12.42 3.36 0.69 0.51 0.01 94.33 9.82 4.21 2.88 12.93 3.78 0.87 0.57 0.01 99.09 10.15 4.26 2.97 13.79 4.22 1.05 0.61 0.01 0.9% 3.9% 2.6% 0.8% 1.4% 2.5% 6.2% 3.5% 0.7% 23.24 2.91 4.34 2.80 33.30 23.13 2.43 4.20 2.82 32.60 21.20 2.93 4.89 2.86 31.89 22.66 2.93 5.05 2.86 33.51 25.59 2.92 5.13 2.98 36.62 29.11 2.93 5.21 3.20 40.46 31.79 2.96 5.29 3.48 43.52 1.2% 0.7% 0.9% 0.8% 1.1% 7.54 3.28 2.61 2.99 0.01 0.45 16.87 8.90 3.42 2.59 2.82 0.00 0.37 18.10 11.58 4.35 2.61 2.17 0.00 0.47 21.18 11.28 4.93 2.81 1.80 0.00 0.61 21.44 11.01 5.48 3.00 1.66 0.00 0.67 21.83 10.37 5.83 3.22 1.58 0.00 0.71 21.71 10.41 5.92 3.45 1.69 0.00 0.75 22.23 0.6% 2.0% 1.1% -1.9% -1.6% 2.7% 0.8% 10.04 2.95 4.07 3.14 1.26 1.88 2.06 1.77 27.18 10.02 3.05 4.16 3.04 1.16 1.97 2.02 1.81 27.24 10.15 3.18 4.54 2.94 1.00 2.18 2.87 2.25 29.11 10.11 3.83 4.68 2.63 0.90 2.31 3.50 2.29 30.25 10.42 4.03 4.56 2.45 0.82 2.38 4.16 2.49 31.32 10.85 4.21 4.36 2.38 0.76 2.45 4.47 2.67 32.15 11.10 4.66 4.13 2.47 0.74 2.70 4.60 2.94 33.35 0.4% 1.6% 0.0% -0.8% -1.6% 1.2% 3.1% 1.8% 0.8% 77.3 43.1 77.9 41.8 82.2 38.8 85.2 39.3 89.8 40.8 94.3 42.9 99.1 43.9 0.9% -- 1 Estimated consumption. Includes both OPEC and non-OPEC consumers in the regional breakdown. 2 OECD Europe = Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. 3 Other Europe and Eurasia = Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. 4 Other Asia = Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia (Kampuchea), Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Hong Kong, India (for production), Indonesia, Kiribati, Laos, Malaysia, Macau, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar (Burma), Nauru, Nepal, New Caledonia, Niue, North Korea, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, Vanuatu, and Vietnam. 5 OPEC = Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries = Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. 6 Includes crude oil, lease condensate, tight oil (shale oil), extra-heavy oil, and bitumen (oil sands). 7 Includes diluted and upgraded/synthetic bitumen (syncrude). 8 The volumetric amount by which total output is greater than input due to the processing of crude oil into products which, in total, have a lower specific gravity than the crude oil processed. 9 Includes liquids produced from energy crops. 10 Includes liquids converted from coal via the Fischer-Tropsch coal-to-liquids process. 11 Includes liquids converted from natural gas via the Fischer-Tropsch gas-to-liquids process. 12 Includes liquids produced from kerogen (oil shale, not to be confused with tight oil (shale oil)). OECD = Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. - - = Not applicable. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Data for 2012 and 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2012 and 2013 Brent and West Texas Intermediate crude oil spot prices: Thomson Reuters. 2012 quantities derived from: Energy Information Administration (EIA), International Energy Statistics database as of September 2014. 2013 quantities and projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System run REF2015.D021915A and EIA, Generate World Oil Balance application. A-40 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Appendix B Economic growth case comparisons Table B1.  Total energy supply, disposition, and price summary Total energy supply, disposition, and price summary (quadrillion Btu per year, unless otherwise noted) (quadrillion Btu per year, unless otherwise noted) Table B1. Supply, disposition, and prices 2013 Projections 2020 2030 2040 Low High Low High Low High economic Reference economic economic Reference economic economic Reference economic growth growth growth growth growth growth Production Crude oil and lease condensate .................... Natural gas plant liquids ................................ Dry natural gas .............................................. Coal1 ............................................................. Nuclear / uranium2 ........................................ Conventional hydroelectric power ................. Biomass3 ....................................................... Other renewable energy4 .............................. Other5 ............................................................ Total ........................................................ 15.6 3.6 25.1 20.0 8.3 2.5 4.2 2.3 1.3 82.7 22.2 5.4 29.2 20.8 8.4 2.8 4.5 3.2 0.8 97.4 22.2 5.5 29.6 21.7 8.4 2.8 4.4 3.2 0.9 98.7 22.2 5.5 30.0 22.0 8.4 2.8 4.5 3.4 0.9 99.7 20.8 5.6 32.6 21.8 8.5 2.8 4.4 3.5 0.9 100.7 21.1 5.7 33.9 22.5 8.5 2.8 4.6 3.6 0.9 103.7 21.3 5.8 35.3 23.0 8.6 2.8 5.0 4.2 1.0 107.0 19.4 5.4 35.5 21.7 8.5 2.8 4.5 3.7 0.9 102.3 19.9 5.5 36.4 22.6 8.7 2.8 5.0 4.6 1.0 106.6 20.3 5.7 37.7 23.5 9.5 2.8 6.0 6.7 1.0 113.3 Imports Crude oil........................................................ Petroleum and other liquids6 ......................... Natural gas7 .................................................. Other imports8 ............................................... Total ........................................................ 17.0 4.3 2.9 0.3 24.5 12.8 4.5 1.8 0.1 19.3 13.6 4.6 1.9 0.1 20.2 14.3 4.6 2.0 0.1 21.0 13.9 4.3 1.4 0.1 19.7 15.7 4.4 1.6 0.1 21.7 17.3 4.5 1.7 0.1 23.5 15.6 4.0 1.6 0.1 21.3 18.2 4.1 1.7 0.1 24.1 20.7 4.6 1.9 0.1 27.3 Exports Petroleum and other liquids9 ......................... Natural gas10 ................................................. Coal............................................................... Total ........................................................ 7.3 1.6 2.9 11.7 11.1 4.5 2.5 18.1 11.2 4.5 2.5 18.1 11.1 4.1 2.5 17.7 12.7 6.8 3.3 22.8 12.6 6.4 3.3 22.4 12.6 5.9 3.3 21.7 13.7 8.1 3.5 25.3 13.7 7.4 3.5 24.6 13.7 6.7 3.5 23.9 Discrepancy11 ................................................... -1.6 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 Consumption Petroleum and other liquids12 ........................ Natural gas.................................................... Coal13 ............................................................ Nuclear / uranium2 ........................................ Conventional hydroelectric power ................. Biomass14...................................................... Other renewable energy4 .............................. Other15 .......................................................... Total ........................................................ 35.9 26.9 18.0 8.3 2.5 2.9 2.3 0.4 97.1 36.2 26.4 18.3 8.4 2.8 3.0 3.2 0.3 98.7 37.1 26.8 19.2 8.4 2.8 3.0 3.2 0.3 100.8 37.9 27.7 19.5 8.4 2.8 3.1 3.4 0.3 103.1 34.1 27.0 18.4 8.5 2.8 2.9 3.5 0.3 97.5 36.5 28.8 19.2 8.5 2.8 3.2 3.6 0.3 102.9 38.5 30.9 19.6 8.6 2.8 3.6 4.2 0.3 108.5 32.9 28.6 18.1 8.5 2.8 3.1 3.7 0.3 98.0 36.2 30.5 19.0 8.7 2.8 3.5 4.6 0.3 105.7 39.8 32.7 19.9 9.5 2.8 4.4 6.7 0.4 116.2 109 98 78 72 79 73 80 74 104 97 106 99 108 102 138 132 141 136 145 140 3.73 4.53 4.88 5.03 5.43 5.69 6.02 7.46 7.85 8.45 37.2 37.5 37.9 38.0 43.6 43.7 44.1 49.0 49.2 50.3 1.84 2.50 10.1 1.86 2.50 10.3 1.88 2.54 10.5 1.89 2.56 10.6 2.17 2.81 10.7 2.18 2.84 11.1 2.20 2.88 11.1 2.43 3.06 11.4 2.44 3.09 11.8 2.49 3.18 12.3 Prices (2013 dollars per unit) Crude oil spot prices (dollars per barrel) Brent ......................................................... West Texas Intermediate ......................... Natural gas at Henry Hub (dollars per million Btu) ................................. Coal (dollars per ton) at the minemouth16 ................................... Coal (dollars per million Btu) at the minemouth16 ................................... Average end-use17 ................................... Average electricity (cents per kilowatthour)... U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 B-1 Economic growth case comparisons Table B1.  Total energy supply, disposition, and price summary (continued) Table B1. (quadrillion Total energy disposition, and price summary (continued) Btusupply, per year, unless otherwise noted) (quadrillion Btu per year, unless otherwise noted) Projections Supply, disposition, and prices 2013 Prices (nominal dollars per unit) Crude oil spot prices (dollars per barrel) Brent ......................................................... West Texas Intermediate ......................... Natural gas at Henry Hub (dollars per million Btu) ................................. Coal (dollars per ton) at the minemouth16 ................................... Coal (dollars per million Btu) at the minemouth16 ................................... Average end-use17 ................................... Average electricity (cents per kilowatthour)... 2020 2030 2040 Low High Low High Low High economic Reference economic economic Reference economic economic Reference economic growth growth growth growth growth growth 109 98 95 87 90 83 90 83 178 168 142 133 139 132 345 331 229 220 224 216 3.73 5.47 5.54 5.68 9.36 7.63 7.77 18.71 12.73 13.03 37.2 45.2 43.0 42.8 75.0 58.6 57.0 122.9 79.8 77.6 1.84 2.50 10.1 2.25 3.02 12.4 2.14 2.88 11.9 2.13 2.89 11.9 3.73 4.84 18.4 2.92 3.81 14.8 2.84 3.71 14.4 6.09 7.67 28.6 3.96 5.00 19.2 3.85 4.90 18.9 1 Includes waste coal. 2 These values represent the energy obtained from uranium when it is used in light water reactors. The total energy content of uranium is much larger, but alternative processes are required to take advantage of it. 3 Includes grid-connected electricity from wood and wood waste; biomass, such as corn, used for liquid fuels production; and non-electric energy demand from wood. Refer to Table A17 for details. 4 Includes grid-connected electricity from landfill gas; biogenic municipal waste; wind; photovoltaic and solar thermal sources; and non-electric energy from renewable sources, such as active and passive solar systems. Excludes electricity imports using renewable sources and nonmarketed renewable energy. See Table A17 for selected nonmarketed residential and commercial renewable energy data. 5 Includes non-biogenic municipal waste, liquid hydrogen, methanol, and some domestic inputs to refineries. 6 Includes imports of finished petroleum products, unfinished oils, alcohols, ethers, blending components, and renewable fuels such as ethanol. 7 Includes imports of liquefied natural gas that are later re-exported. 8 Includes coal, coal coke (net), and electricity (net). Excludes imports of fuel used in nuclear power plants. 9 Includes crude oil, petroleum products, ethanol, and biodiesel. 10 Includes re-exported liquefied natural gas. 11 Balancing item. Includes unaccounted for supply, losses, gains, and net storage withdrawals. 12 Estimated consumption. Includes petroleum-derived fuels and non-petroleum derived fuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel, and coal-based synthetic liquids. Petroleum coke, which is a solid, is included. Also included are hydrocarbon gas liquids and crude oil consumed as a fuel. Refer to Table A17 for detailed renewable liquid fuels consumption. 13 Excludes coal converted to coal-based synthetic liquids and natural gas. 14 Includes grid-connected electricity from wood and wood waste, non-electric energy from wood, and biofuels heat and coproducts used in the production of liquid fuels, but excludes the energy content of the liquid fuels. 15 Includes non-biogenic municipal waste, liquid hydrogen, and net electricity imports. 16 Includes reported prices for both open market and captive mines. Prices weighted by production, which differs from average minemouth prices published in EIA data reports where it is weighted by reported sales. 17 Prices weighted by consumption; weighted average excludes export free-alongside-ship (f.a.s.) prices. Btu = British thermal unit. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Data for 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2013 natural gas supply values: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Natural Gas Monthly, DOE/EIA-0130(2014/07) (Washington, DC, July 2014). 2013 coal minemouth and delivered coal prices: EIA, Annual Coal Report 2013, DOE/EIA-0584(2013) (Washington, DC, January 2015). 2013 petroleum supply values: EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual 2013, DOE/EIA-0340(2013)/1 (Washington, DC, September 2014). 2013 crude oil spot prices and natural gas spot price at Henry Hub: Thomson Reuters. Other 2013 coal values: Quarterly Coal Report, October-December 2013, DOE/EIA-0121(2013/4Q) (Washington, DC, March 2014). Other 2013 values: EIA, Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). Projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System runs LOWMACRO.D021915A, REF2015.D021915A, and HIGHMACRO.D021915A. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 B-2 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Economic growth case comparisons Table B2.  Energy consumption by sector and source Table B2. (quadrillion Energy consumption sectorotherwise and source Btu per year,byunless noted) (quadrillion Btu per year, unless otherwise noted) Sector and source 2013 Projections 2020 2030 2040 Low High Low High Low High economic Reference economic economic Reference economic economic Reference economic growth growth growth growth growth growth Energy consumption Residential Propane ..................................................... Kerosene ................................................... Distillate fuel oil .......................................... Petroleum and other liquids subtotal....... Natural gas ................................................ Renewable energy1 .................................... Electricity ................................................... Delivered energy .................................. Electricity related losses ............................ Total ...................................................... 0.43 0.01 0.50 0.93 5.05 0.58 4.75 11.32 9.79 21.10 0.32 0.01 0.40 0.73 4.59 0.41 4.77 10.50 9.57 20.07 0.32 0.01 0.40 0.73 4.63 0.41 4.86 10.63 9.75 20.38 0.33 0.01 0.40 0.74 4.70 0.42 5.00 10.85 9.97 20.82 0.27 0.00 0.31 0.58 4.32 0.36 4.82 10.09 9.56 19.66 0.28 0.01 0.31 0.59 4.52 0.38 5.08 10.57 9.91 20.48 0.30 0.01 0.31 0.62 4.76 0.39 5.50 11.26 10.52 21.78 0.23 0.00 0.24 0.47 3.98 0.34 4.96 9.74 9.60 19.35 0.25 0.00 0.24 0.49 4.31 0.35 5.42 10.57 10.33 20.91 0.28 0.00 0.24 0.53 4.67 0.37 6.07 11.64 11.51 23.15 Commercial Propane ..................................................... Motor gasoline2 .......................................... Kerosene ................................................... Distillate fuel oil .......................................... Residual fuel oil.......................................... Petroleum and other liquids subtotal....... Natural gas ................................................ Coal ........................................................... Renewable energy3 .................................... Electricity ................................................... Delivered energy .................................. Electricity related losses ............................ Total ...................................................... 0.15 0.05 0.00 0.37 0.03 0.59 3.37 0.04 0.12 4.57 8.69 9.42 18.10 0.16 0.05 0.00 0.34 0.07 0.62 3.32 0.05 0.12 4.82 8.92 9.66 18.58 0.16 0.05 0.00 0.34 0.07 0.62 3.30 0.05 0.12 4.82 8.90 9.68 18.58 0.16 0.05 0.00 0.34 0.07 0.62 3.29 0.05 0.12 4.83 8.91 9.64 18.55 0.17 0.05 0.00 0.31 0.07 0.60 3.38 0.05 0.12 5.17 9.31 10.24 19.55 0.17 0.05 0.00 0.30 0.07 0.60 3.43 0.05 0.12 5.19 9.38 10.13 19.52 0.17 0.05 0.00 0.30 0.07 0.60 3.45 0.05 0.12 5.27 9.48 10.07 19.56 0.18 0.05 0.00 0.27 0.06 0.57 3.62 0.05 0.12 5.59 9.95 10.83 20.78 0.18 0.06 0.00 0.27 0.06 0.58 3.71 0.05 0.12 5.66 10.12 10.80 20.92 0.18 0.06 0.00 0.27 0.07 0.59 3.75 0.05 0.12 5.77 10.27 10.93 21.20 Industrial4 Liquefied petroleum gases and other5 ....... Motor gasoline2 .......................................... Distillate fuel oil .......................................... Residual fuel oil.......................................... Petrochemical feedstocks .......................... Other petroleum6 ........................................ Petroleum and other liquids subtotal....... Natural gas ................................................ Natural-gas-to-liquids heat and power ....... Lease and plant fuel7 ................................. Natural gas subtotal ................................ Metallurgical coal ....................................... Other industrial coal ................................... Coal-to-liquids heat and power .................. Net coal coke imports ................................ Coal subtotal ........................................... Biofuels heat and coproducts ..................... Renewable energy8 .................................... Electricity ................................................... Delivered energy .................................. Electricity related losses ............................ Total ...................................................... 2.51 0.25 1.31 0.06 0.74 3.52 8.40 7.62 0.00 1.52 9.14 0.62 0.88 0.00 -0.02 1.48 0.72 1.48 3.26 24.48 6.72 31.20 3.13 0.25 1.33 0.11 0.94 3.53 9.30 8.04 0.00 1.85 9.89 0.55 0.89 0.00 0.00 1.44 0.80 1.47 3.58 26.48 7.17 33.65 3.20 0.26 1.42 0.10 0.95 3.67 9.61 8.33 0.00 1.87 10.20 0.61 0.93 0.00 0.00 1.54 0.80 1.53 3.74 27.42 7.51 34.93 3.23 0.27 1.46 0.13 0.98 3.90 9.96 8.46 0.00 1.85 10.31 0.65 1.00 0.00 0.01 1.65 0.81 1.64 3.99 28.35 7.95 36.30 3.51 0.24 1.24 0.12 1.07 3.42 9.59 8.04 0.00 2.09 10.12 0.49 0.87 0.00 -0.03 1.33 0.80 1.37 3.58 26.80 7.11 33.91 3.72 0.25 1.36 0.13 1.14 3.83 10.44 8.65 0.00 2.10 10.75 0.56 0.96 0.00 -0.03 1.48 0.80 1.59 4.04 29.10 7.88 36.98 3.81 0.27 1.49 0.14 1.17 4.20 11.08 9.17 0.00 2.12 11.29 0.66 1.09 0.00 -0.03 1.72 0.81 1.87 4.49 31.27 8.59 39.86 3.60 0.23 1.21 0.11 1.16 3.44 9.76 8.13 0.00 2.29 10.42 0.43 0.87 0.00 -0.05 1.25 0.80 1.34 3.60 27.17 6.96 34.13 3.67 0.25 1.35 0.13 1.20 3.99 10.59 8.90 0.00 2.29 11.19 0.51 0.99 0.00 -0.06 1.44 0.86 1.63 4.12 29.82 7.85 37.68 3.76 0.26 1.51 0.15 1.23 4.56 11.48 9.83 0.00 2.33 12.15 0.69 1.25 0.00 -0.07 1.86 0.89 2.23 4.88 33.50 9.26 42.76 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 B-3 Economic growth case comparisons Table B2.  Energy consumption by sector and source (continued) Table B2. (quadrillion Energy consumption sectorotherwise and source (continued) Btu per year,byunless noted) (quadrillion Btu per year, unless otherwise noted) Sector and source 2013 Projections 2020 2030 2040 Low High Low High Low High economic Reference economic economic Reference economic economic Reference economic growth growth growth growth growth growth Transportation Propane ..................................................... Motor gasoline2 .......................................... of which: E859 ..................................... Jet fuel10..................................................... Distillate fuel oil11 ....................................... Residual fuel oil.......................................... Other petroleum12 ...................................... Petroleum and other liquids subtotal....... Pipeline fuel natural gas............................. Compressed / liquefied natural gas............ Liquid hydrogen ......................................... Electricity ................................................... Delivered energy .................................. Electricity related losses ............................ Total ...................................................... 0.05 15.94 0.02 2.80 6.50 0.57 0.15 26.00 0.88 0.05 0.00 0.02 26.96 0.05 27.01 0.04 15.26 0.03 2.95 6.91 0.35 0.16 25.68 0.84 0.06 0.00 0.03 26.61 0.06 26.67 0.04 15.35 0.03 3.01 7.35 0.35 0.16 26.27 0.85 0.07 0.00 0.03 27.22 0.06 27.29 0.04 15.42 0.03 3.07 7.77 0.35 0.16 26.82 0.87 0.06 0.00 0.03 27.79 0.06 27.85 0.05 12.75 0.26 3.27 6.93 0.36 0.16 23.52 0.91 0.16 0.00 0.04 24.63 0.08 24.71 0.05 13.30 0.20 3.40 7.76 0.36 0.16 25.03 0.94 0.17 0.00 0.04 26.18 0.08 26.27 0.06 13.57 0.19 3.54 8.79 0.36 0.16 26.48 0.98 0.16 0.00 0.04 27.67 0.08 27.75 0.06 11.28 0.29 3.51 6.88 0.36 0.16 22.25 0.93 0.68 0.00 0.06 23.93 0.11 24.04 0.07 12.55 0.28 3.64 7.97 0.36 0.16 24.76 0.96 0.71 0.00 0.06 26.49 0.12 26.61 0.08 13.19 0.30 3.79 10.01 0.37 0.16 27.61 1.00 0.89 0.00 0.06 29.57 0.12 29.69 Unspecified sector13 ..................................... -0.27 -0.30 -0.34 -0.37 -0.31 -0.37 -0.45 -0.30 -0.38 -0.55 Delivered energy consumption for all sectors Liquefied petroleum gases and other5 ....... Motor gasoline2 .......................................... of which: E859 ..................................... Jet fuel10..................................................... Kerosene ................................................... Distillate fuel oil .......................................... Residual fuel oil.......................................... Petrochemical feedstocks .......................... Other petroleum14 ...................................... Petroleum and other liquids subtotal....... Natural gas ................................................ Natural-gas-to-liquids heat and power ....... Lease and plant fuel7 ................................. Pipeline natural gas ................................... Natural gas subtotal ................................ Metallurgical coal ....................................... Other coal .................................................. Coal-to-liquids heat and power .................. Net coal coke imports ................................ Coal subtotal ........................................... Biofuels heat and coproducts ..................... Renewable energy15 .................................. Liquid hydrogen ......................................... Electricity ................................................... Delivered energy .................................. Electricity related losses ............................ Total ...................................................... 3.14 16.36 0.02 2.97 0.01 8.10 0.65 0.74 3.67 35.65 16.10 0.00 1.52 0.88 18.50 0.62 0.92 0.00 -0.02 1.52 0.72 2.18 0.00 12.60 71.17 25.97 97.14 3.66 15.69 0.03 3.13 0.01 8.37 0.53 0.94 3.68 36.02 16.01 0.00 1.85 0.84 18.70 0.55 0.94 0.00 0.00 1.49 0.80 2.00 0.00 13.20 72.21 26.45 98.67 3.73 15.79 0.03 3.20 0.01 8.86 0.53 0.95 3.82 36.89 16.32 0.00 1.87 0.85 19.05 0.61 0.98 0.00 0.00 1.59 0.80 2.06 0.00 13.45 73.84 27.00 100.84 3.76 15.86 0.03 3.26 0.01 9.28 0.55 0.98 4.06 37.77 16.51 0.00 1.85 0.87 19.23 0.65 1.04 0.00 0.01 1.69 0.81 2.17 0.00 13.85 75.52 27.62 103.15 4.00 13.15 0.26 3.47 0.01 8.17 0.54 1.07 3.57 33.98 15.89 0.00 2.09 0.91 18.89 0.49 0.91 0.00 -0.03 1.38 0.80 1.85 0.00 13.61 70.52 26.99 97.52 4.23 13.72 0.20 3.61 0.01 9.05 0.56 1.14 3.98 36.30 16.76 0.00 2.10 0.94 19.80 0.56 1.00 0.00 -0.03 1.53 0.80 2.09 0.00 14.35 74.87 28.01 102.87 4.35 14.00 0.19 3.75 0.01 10.11 0.57 1.17 4.36 38.33 17.54 0.00 2.12 0.98 20.64 0.66 1.14 0.00 -0.03 1.77 0.81 2.38 0.00 15.30 79.23 29.27 108.50 4.06 11.66 0.29 3.73 0.01 7.99 0.54 1.16 3.59 32.75 16.42 0.00 2.29 0.93 19.64 0.43 0.92 0.00 -0.05 1.30 0.80 1.80 0.00 14.20 70.49 27.51 97.99 4.17 12.96 0.28 3.86 0.01 9.13 0.56 1.20 4.15 36.03 17.64 0.00 2.29 0.96 20.88 0.51 1.04 0.00 -0.06 1.49 0.86 2.10 0.00 15.25 76.62 29.10 105.73 4.31 13.62 0.30 4.03 0.01 11.15 0.58 1.23 4.72 39.65 19.14 0.00 2.33 1.00 22.47 0.69 1.30 0.00 -0.07 1.91 0.89 2.72 0.00 16.78 84.44 31.81 116.25 Electric power16 Distillate fuel oil .......................................... Residual fuel oil.......................................... Petroleum and other liquids subtotal....... Natural gas ................................................ Steam coal ................................................. Nuclear / uranium17 .................................... Renewable energy18 .................................. Non-biogenic municipal waste ................... Electricity imports ....................................... Total ...................................................... 0.05 0.21 0.26 8.36 16.49 8.27 4.78 0.23 0.18 38.57 0.09 0.08 0.17 7.66 16.84 8.42 6.23 0.23 0.11 39.65 0.09 0.08 0.17 7.80 17.59 8.42 6.13 0.23 0.11 40.45 0.09 0.09 0.18 8.42 17.85 8.42 6.26 0.23 0.11 41.47 0.08 0.08 0.17 8.14 17.00 8.46 6.53 0.23 0.09 40.61 0.08 0.09 0.17 9.03 17.63 8.47 6.72 0.23 0.10 42.35 0.09 0.09 0.18 10.24 17.85 8.57 7.41 0.23 0.10 44.57 0.08 0.09 0.17 8.97 16.81 8.46 6.97 0.23 0.11 41.71 0.08 0.09 0.18 9.61 17.52 8.73 7.99 0.23 0.11 44.36 0.08 0.10 0.18 10.23 17.95 9.54 10.33 0.23 0.13 48.59 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 B-4 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Economic growth case comparisons Table B2.  Energy consumption by sector and source (continued) Table B2. (quadrillion Energy consumption byunless sectorotherwise and source (continued) Btu per year, noted) (quadrillion Btu per year, unless otherwise noted) Sector and source 2013 2020 Projections 2030 2040 Low High Low High Low High economic Reference economic economic Reference economic economic Reference economic growth growth growth growth growth growth Total energy consumption Liquefied petroleum gases and other5 ........ Motor gasoline2 .......................................... of which: E859 ..................................... Jet fuel10 ..................................................... Kerosene .................................................... Distillate fuel oil .......................................... Residual fuel oil .......................................... Petrochemical feedstocks .......................... Other petroleum14 ....................................... Petroleum and other liquids subtotal ....... Natural gas ................................................. Natural-gas-to-liquids heat and power........ Lease and plant fuel7 .................................. Pipeline natural gas .................................... Natural gas subtotal ................................ Metallurgical coal........................................ Other coal ................................................... Coal-to-liquids heat and power ................... Net coal coke imports ................................. Coal subtotal ........................................... Nuclear / uranium17 .................................... Biofuels heat and coproducts ..................... Renewable energy19 ................................... Liquid hydrogen .......................................... Non-biogenic municipal waste .................... Electricity imports ....................................... Total....................................................... 3.14 16.36 0.02 2.97 0.01 8.15 0.87 0.74 3.67 35.91 24.46 0.00 1.52 0.88 26.86 0.62 17.41 0.00 -0.02 18.01 8.27 0.72 6.96 0.00 0.23 0.18 97.14 3.66 15.69 0.03 3.13 0.01 8.46 0.62 0.94 3.68 36.19 23.67 0.00 1.85 0.84 26.36 0.55 17.78 0.00 0.00 18.32 8.42 0.80 8.23 0.00 0.23 0.11 98.67 3.73 15.79 0.03 3.20 0.01 8.95 0.61 0.95 3.82 37.06 24.12 0.00 1.87 0.85 26.85 0.61 18.57 0.00 0.00 19.18 8.42 0.80 8.19 0.00 0.23 0.11 100.84 3.76 15.86 0.03 3.26 0.01 9.37 0.64 0.98 4.06 37.95 24.93 0.00 1.85 0.87 27.65 0.65 18.90 0.00 0.01 19.55 8.42 0.81 8.44 0.00 0.23 0.11 103.15 4.00 13.15 0.26 3.47 0.01 8.25 0.63 1.07 3.57 34.15 24.03 0.00 2.09 0.91 27.03 0.49 17.91 0.00 -0.03 18.37 8.46 0.80 8.38 0.00 0.23 0.09 97.52 4.23 13.72 0.20 3.61 0.01 9.13 0.64 1.14 3.98 36.47 25.79 0.00 2.10 0.94 28.83 0.56 18.63 0.00 -0.03 19.16 8.47 0.80 8.81 0.00 0.23 0.10 102.87 4.35 14.00 0.19 3.75 0.01 10.20 0.66 1.17 4.36 38.50 27.77 0.00 2.12 0.98 30.88 0.66 18.99 0.00 -0.03 19.61 8.57 0.81 9.79 0.00 0.23 0.10 108.50 4.06 11.66 0.29 3.73 0.01 8.07 0.63 1.16 3.59 32.92 25.39 0.00 2.29 0.93 28.61 0.43 17.72 0.00 -0.05 18.10 8.46 0.80 8.77 0.00 0.23 0.11 97.99 4.17 12.96 0.28 3.86 0.01 9.21 0.65 1.20 4.15 36.21 27.25 0.00 2.29 0.96 30.50 0.51 18.56 0.00 -0.06 19.01 8.73 0.86 10.09 0.00 0.23 0.11 105.73 4.31 13.62 0.30 4.03 0.01 11.23 0.68 1.23 4.72 39.84 29.37 0.00 2.33 1.00 32.70 0.69 19.25 0.00 -0.07 19.87 9.54 0.89 13.05 0.00 0.23 0.13 116.25 Energy use and related statistics Delivered energy use ...................................... Total energy use ............................................. Ethanol consumed in motor gasoline and E85 Population (millions) ........................................ Gross domestic product (billion 2009 dollars) . Carbon dioxide emissions (million metric tons) 71.17 97.14 1.12 317 15,710 5,405 72.21 98.67 1.12 333 17,747 5,343 73.84 100.84 1.12 334 18,801 5,499 75.52 103.15 1.13 335 19,590 5,631 70.52 97.52 1.12 354 21,224 5,210 74.87 102.87 1.12 359 23,894 5,514 79.23 108.50 1.14 363 26,146 5,791 70.49 97.99 1.16 371 25,763 5,160 76.62 105.73 1.27 380 29,898 5,549 84.44 116.25 1.34 390 34,146 5,979 1 Includes wood used for residential heating. See Table A4 and/or Table A17 for estimates of nonmarketed renewable energy consumption for geothermal heat pumps, solar thermal water heating, and electricity generation from wind and solar photovoltaic sources. 2 Includes ethanol and ethers blended into gasoline. 3 Excludes ethanol. Includes commercial sector consumption of wood and wood waste, landfill gas, municipal waste, and other biomass for combined heat and power. See Table A5 and/or Table A17 for estimates of nonmarketed renewable energy consumption for solar thermal water heating and electricity generation from wind and solar photovoltaic sources. 4 Includes energy for combined heat and power plants that have a non-regulatory status, and small on-site generating systems. 5 Includes ethane, natural gasoline, and refinery olefins. 6 Includes petroleum coke, asphalt, road oil, lubricants, still gas, and miscellaneous petroleum products. 7 Represents natural gas used in well, field, and lease operations, in natural gas processing plant machinery, and for liquefaction in export facilities. 8 Includes consumption of energy produced from hydroelectric, wood and wood waste, municipal waste, and other biomass sources. Excludes ethanol in motor gasoline. 9 E85 refers to a blend of 85 percent ethanol (renewable) and 15 percent motor gasoline (nonrenewable). To address cold starting issues, the percentage of ethanol varies seasonally. The annual average ethanol content of 74 percent is used for this forecast. 10 Includes only kerosene type. 11 Diesel fuel for on- and off- road use. 12 Includes aviation gasoline and lubricants. 13 Represents consumption unattributed to the sectors above. 14 Includes aviation gasoline, petroleum coke, asphalt, road oil, lubricants, still gas, and miscellaneous petroleum products. 15 Includes electricity generated for sale to the grid and for own use from renewable sources, and non-electric energy from renewable sources. Excludes ethanol and nonmarketed renewable energy consumption for geothermal heat pumps, buildings photovoltaic systems, and solar thermal water heaters. 16 Includes consumption of energy by electricity-only and combined heat and power plants that have a regulatory status. 17 These values represent the energy obtained from uranium when it is used in light water reactors. The total energy content of uranium is much larger, but alternative processes are required to take advantage of it. 18 Includes conventional hydroelectric, geothermal, wood and wood waste, biogenic municipal waste, other biomass, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal sources. Excludes net electricity imports. 19 Includes conventional hydroelectric, geothermal, wood and wood waste, biogenic municipal waste, other biomass, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal sources. Excludes ethanol, net electricity imports, and nonmarketed renewable energy consumption for geothermal heat pumps, buildings photovoltaic systems, and solar thermal water heaters. Btu = British thermal unit. Note: Includes estimated consumption for petroleum and other liquids. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Data for 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2013 consumption based on: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). 2013 population and gross domestic product: IHS Economics, Industry and Employment models, November 2014. 2013 carbon dioxide emissions and emission factors: EIA, Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). Projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System runs LOWMACRO.D021915A, REF2015.D021915A, and HIGHMACRO.D021915A. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 B-5 Economic growth case comparisons Table B3.  Energy prices by sector and source Table B3. (2013 Energy prices by sector andunless source dollars per million Btu, otherwise noted) (2013 dollars per million Btu, unless otherwise noted) Sector and source 2013 Projections 2020 2030 2040 Low High Low High Low High economic Reference economic economic Reference economic economic Reference economic growth growth growth growth growth growth Residential Propane ........................................................ Distillate fuel oil ............................................. Natural gas.................................................... Electricity....................................................... 23.3 27.2 10.0 35.6 22.8 21.2 11.1 37.1 23.0 21.5 11.6 37.8 23.1 21.7 11.9 38.0 24.2 25.5 12.5 38.7 24.4 26.3 12.8 40.0 24.6 26.9 13.4 40.1 26.4 31.8 14.7 41.2 26.6 32.9 15.5 42.4 26.9 34.2 16.6 43.7 Commercial Propane ........................................................ Distillate fuel oil ............................................. Residual fuel oil ............................................. Natural gas.................................................... Electricity....................................................... 20.0 26.7 22.1 8.1 29.7 19.2 20.6 14.1 9.1 30.2 19.4 21.0 14.2 9.6 31.1 19.5 21.1 14.3 9.8 31.6 20.9 25.1 17.8 10.3 31.2 21.1 25.8 18.1 10.4 32.6 21.3 26.4 18.4 10.8 33.1 23.7 31.3 24.0 12.1 33.0 23.9 32.5 24.3 12.6 34.5 24.3 33.9 24.0 13.4 36.3 Industrial1 Propane ........................................................ Distillate fuel oil ............................................. Residual fuel oil ............................................. Natural gas2 .................................................. Metallurgical coal .......................................... Other industrial coal ...................................... Coal to liquids ............................................... Electricity....................................................... 20.3 27.3 20.0 4.6 5.5 3.2 -20.2 19.4 20.9 13.2 5.7 5.8 3.3 -20.7 19.6 21.2 13.3 6.2 5.8 3.3 -21.3 19.8 21.4 13.4 6.4 5.8 3.3 -21.6 21.2 25.5 16.9 6.6 6.7 3.6 -21.6 21.5 26.1 17.2 6.8 6.7 3.6 -22.6 21.7 26.7 17.6 7.1 6.7 3.6 -23.1 24.2 31.6 23.1 8.4 7.1 3.9 -23.5 24.5 32.7 23.5 8.8 7.2 3.9 -24.7 24.9 34.2 23.1 9.2 7.3 4.0 -26.0 Transportation Propane ........................................................ E853 .............................................................. Motor gasoline4 ............................................. Jet fuel5 ......................................................... Diesel fuel (distillate fuel oil)6 ........................ Residual fuel oil ............................................. Natural gas7 .................................................. Electricity....................................................... 24.6 33.1 29.3 21.8 28.2 19.3 17.6 28.5 23.8 30.1 22.3 15.8 22.8 11.4 17.2 29.3 24.0 30.4 22.5 16.1 23.1 11.7 17.8 30.2 24.1 30.7 22.6 16.3 23.3 11.9 18.2 31.0 25.2 28.7 25.8 20.7 27.4 15.0 15.3 31.5 25.5 31.2 26.4 21.3 28.0 15.4 15.7 32.9 25.6 31.5 26.7 22.0 28.6 15.8 16.5 33.2 27.4 33.9 31.3 27.4 33.5 19.8 18.6 34.5 27.6 35.4 32.3 28.3 34.7 20.3 19.6 36.0 27.9 36.9 33.5 29.7 36.2 21.0 20.7 37.7 Electric power8 Distillate fuel oil ............................................. Residual fuel oil ............................................. Natural gas.................................................... Steam coal .................................................... 24.0 18.9 4.4 2.3 18.5 11.3 4.9 2.3 18.8 11.5 5.4 2.4 18.9 11.5 5.6 2.4 22.8 15.0 6.0 2.7 23.6 15.4 6.2 2.7 24.2 15.7 6.6 2.7 29.1 21.3 7.9 2.9 30.2 21.6 8.3 2.9 31.6 21.3 8.7 3.0 Average price to all users9 Propane ........................................................ E853 .............................................................. Motor gasoline4 ............................................. Jet fuel5 ......................................................... Distillate fuel oil ............................................. Residual fuel oil ............................................. Natural gas.................................................... Metallurgical coal .......................................... Other coal ..................................................... Coal to liquids ............................................... Electricity....................................................... 21.9 33.1 29.0 21.8 27.9 19.4 6.1 5.5 2.4 -29.5 20.8 30.1 22.3 15.8 22.3 12.0 7.0 5.8 2.4 -30.1 21.1 30.4 22.5 16.1 22.6 12.2 7.5 5.8 2.4 -30.8 21.2 30.7 22.6 16.3 22.8 12.4 7.6 5.8 2.4 -31.0 22.3 28.7 25.8 20.7 26.9 15.6 8.0 6.7 2.7 -31.4 22.6 31.2 26.4 21.3 27.6 16.0 8.2 6.7 2.7 -32.4 22.8 31.5 26.7 22.0 28.2 16.5 8.5 6.7 2.7 -32.7 24.9 33.9 31.3 27.4 33.1 21.1 10.0 7.1 3.0 -33.5 25.2 35.4 32.3 28.3 34.2 21.5 10.5 7.2 3.0 -34.7 25.6 36.9 33.5 29.7 35.8 21.8 11.1 7.3 3.0 -36.0 Non-renewable energy expenditures by sector (billion 2013 dollars) Residential .................................................... Commercial ................................................... Industrial1 ...................................................... Transportation ............................................... Total non-renewable expenditures ............. Transportation renewable expenditures ........ Total expenditures .................................. 243 177 224 719 1,364 1 1,364 244 188 247 546 1,225 1 1,226 254 194 264 565 1,276 1 1,277 262 197 279 579 1,317 1 1,318 255 210 286 584 1,336 8 1,344 276 219 323 638 1,456 6 1,462 300 226 356 687 1,569 6 1,575 277 245 344 687 1,553 10 1,562 311 259 389 791 1,751 10 1,761 358 277 454 922 2,011 11 2,023 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 B-6 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Economic growth case comparisons Table B3.  Energy prices by sector and source (continued) Table B3. (nominal Energydollars prices per by sector source millionand Btu, unless(continued) otherwise noted) (nominal dollars per million Btu, unless otherwise noted) Sector and source 2013 2020 Projections 2030 2040 Low High Low High Low High economic Reference economic economic Reference economic economic Reference economic growth growth growth growth growth growth Residential Propane ........................................................ Distillate fuel oil ............................................. Natural gas.................................................... Electricity....................................................... 23.3 27.2 10.0 35.6 27.6 25.6 13.4 44.8 26.1 24.4 13.2 42.9 26.1 24.5 13.4 42.8 41.7 44.0 21.6 66.7 32.8 35.3 17.1 53.6 31.8 34.8 17.2 51.8 66.3 79.7 36.9 103.4 43.1 53.3 25.1 68.8 41.5 52.8 25.6 67.4 Commercial Propane ........................................................ Distillate fuel oil ............................................. Residual fuel oil ............................................. Natural gas.................................................... Electricity....................................................... 20.0 26.7 22.1 8.1 29.7 23.1 24.9 17.0 11.0 36.5 22.0 23.8 16.1 10.8 35.3 22.0 23.8 16.1 11.1 35.6 36.0 43.3 30.6 17.7 53.8 28.3 34.6 24.3 13.9 43.7 27.6 34.1 23.8 14.0 42.8 59.4 78.6 60.3 30.4 82.8 38.8 52.6 39.4 20.5 56.0 37.5 52.3 37.0 20.7 56.0 Industrial1 Propane ........................................................ Distillate fuel oil ............................................. Residual fuel oil ............................................. Natural gas2 .................................................. Metallurgical coal .......................................... Other industrial coal ...................................... Coal to liquids ............................................... Electricity....................................................... 20.3 27.3 20.0 4.6 5.5 3.2 -20.2 23.4 25.2 15.9 6.9 7.0 4.0 -24.9 22.3 24.1 15.1 7.0 6.6 3.8 -24.2 22.3 24.1 15.2 7.2 6.5 3.8 -24.3 36.6 43.8 29.1 11.4 11.5 6.2 -37.2 28.8 35.0 23.1 9.1 8.9 4.8 -30.3 28.1 34.5 22.7 9.2 8.6 4.7 -29.8 60.7 79.3 58.0 21.0 17.9 9.7 -58.9 39.7 53.0 38.0 14.2 11.6 6.3 -40.0 38.4 52.7 35.7 14.2 11.2 6.1 -40.2 Transportation Propane ........................................................ E853 .............................................................. Motor gasoline4 ............................................. Jet fuel5 ......................................................... Diesel fuel (distillate fuel oil)6 ........................ Residual fuel oil ............................................. Natural gas7 .................................................. Electricity....................................................... 24.6 33.1 29.3 21.8 28.2 19.3 17.6 28.5 28.8 36.3 27.0 19.1 27.5 13.8 20.7 35.4 27.2 34.4 25.5 18.3 26.2 13.2 20.2 34.3 27.2 34.7 25.5 18.3 26.3 13.4 20.6 35.0 43.5 49.5 44.5 35.6 47.2 25.7 26.3 54.3 34.1 41.9 35.3 28.6 37.6 20.6 21.0 44.1 33.1 40.7 34.5 28.4 37.0 20.5 21.3 42.8 68.8 85.1 78.4 68.7 84.1 49.8 46.7 86.6 44.8 57.4 52.4 45.8 56.2 32.9 31.8 58.4 43.1 56.9 51.7 45.9 55.9 32.4 31.9 58.1 Electric power8 Distillate fuel oil ............................................. Residual fuel oil ............................................. Natural gas.................................................... Steam coal .................................................... 24.0 18.9 4.4 2.3 22.3 13.7 6.0 2.8 21.3 13.0 6.1 2.7 21.4 13.0 6.4 2.7 39.3 25.9 10.4 4.6 31.7 20.6 8.3 3.6 31.3 20.3 8.5 3.5 72.9 53.4 19.8 7.3 49.0 35.0 13.4 4.7 48.7 32.8 13.4 4.6 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 B-7 Economic growth case comparisons Table B3.  Energy prices by sector and source (continued) Table B3. (nominal Energydollars prices per by sector source millionand Btu, unless(continued) otherwise noted) (nominal dollars per million Btu, unless otherwise noted) Sector and source 2013 2020 Projections 2030 2040 Low High Low High Low High economic Reference economic economic Reference economic economic Reference economic growth growth growth growth growth growth Average price to all users9 Propane ........................................................ E853 .............................................................. Motor gasoline4 ............................................. Jet fuel5 ......................................................... Distillate fuel oil ............................................. Residual fuel oil ............................................. Natural gas.................................................... Metallurgical coal .......................................... Other coal ..................................................... Coal to liquids ............................................... Electricity....................................................... 21.9 33.1 29.0 21.8 27.9 19.4 6.1 5.5 2.4 -29.5 25.1 36.3 27.0 19.1 26.9 14.5 8.5 7.0 2.9 -36.4 23.9 34.4 25.5 18.3 25.7 13.8 8.5 6.6 2.8 -34.9 23.9 34.7 25.5 18.3 25.7 14.0 8.6 6.5 2.8 -35.0 38.4 49.5 44.5 35.6 46.4 26.9 13.9 11.5 4.7 -54.0 30.3 41.9 35.3 28.6 36.9 21.5 11.0 8.9 3.7 -43.4 29.5 40.7 34.5 28.4 36.4 21.3 11.0 8.6 3.5 -42.2 62.4 85.1 78.4 68.7 83.0 52.8 25.1 17.9 7.4 -83.9 40.9 57.4 52.4 45.8 55.5 34.8 17.0 11.6 4.8 -56.2 39.5 56.9 51.7 45.9 55.2 33.6 17.1 11.2 4.7 -55.5 Non-renewable energy expenditures by sector (billion nominal dollars) Residential .................................................... Commercial ................................................... Industrial1 ...................................................... Transportation ............................................... Total non-renewable expenditures ............. Transportation renewable expenditures ........ Total expenditures .................................. 243 177 224 719 1,364 1 1,364 295 227 298 660 1,479 1 1,480 288 220 299 641 1,448 1 1,449 296 223 314 654 1,487 1 1,488 440 362 493 1,006 2,301 13 2,314 370 294 433 855 1,952 8 1,960 387 292 460 888 2,027 8 2,035 694 614 863 1,724 3,894 24 3,919 504 420 631 1,283 2,839 16 2,855 553 428 700 1,422 3,103 17 3,120 1 Includes energy for combined heat and power plants that have a non-regulatory status, and small on-site generating systems. Excludes use for lease and plant fuel. E85 refers to a blend of 85 percent ethanol (renewable) and 15 percent motor gasoline (nonrenewable). To address cold starting issues, the percentage of ethanol varies seasonally. The annual average ethanol content of 74 percent is used for this forecast. 4 Sales weighted-average price for all grades. Includes Federal, State, and local taxes. 5 Kerosene-type jet fuel. Includes Federal and State taxes while excluding county and local taxes. 6 Diesel fuel for on-road use. Includes Federal and State taxes while excluding county and local taxes. 7 Natural gas used as fuel in motor vehicles, trains, and ships. Includes estimated motor vehicle fuel taxes and estimated dispensing costs or charges. 8 Includes electricity-only and combined heat and power plants that have a regulatory status. 9 Weighted averages of end-use fuel prices are derived from the prices shown in each sector and the corresponding sectoral consumption. Btu = British thermal unit. - - = Not applicable. Note: Data for 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2013 prices for motor gasoline, distillate fuel oil, and jet fuel are based on prices in the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Petroleum Marketing Monthly, DOE/EIA-0380(2014/08) (Washington, DC, August 2014). 2013 residential, commercial, and industrial natural gas delivered prices: EIA, Natural Gas Monthly, DOE/EIA-0130(2014/07) (Washington, DC, July 2014). 2013 transportation sector natural gas delivered prices are model results. 2013 electric power sector distillate and residual fuel oil prices: EIA, Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). 2013 electric power sector natural gas prices: EIA, Electric Power Monthly, DOE/EIA-0226, April 2013 and April 2014, Table 4.2, and EIA, State Energy Data Report 2012, DOE/EIA-0214(2012) (Washington, DC, June 2014). 2013 coal prices based on: EIA, Quarterly Coal Report, October-December 2013, DOE/EIA-0121(2013/4Q) (Washington, DC, March 2014) and EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System run REF2015.D021915A. 2013 electricity prices: EIA, Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). 2013 E85 prices derived from monthly prices in the Clean Cities Alternative Fuel Price Report. Projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System runs LOWMACRO.D021915A, REF2015.D021915A, and HIGHMACRO.D021915A. 2 3 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 B-8 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Economic growth case comparisons Table B4.  Macroeconomic indicators Table B4. (billion Macroeconomic indicatorsdollars, unless otherwise noted) 2005 chain-weighted (billion 2009 chain-weighted dollars, unless otherwise noted) Projections Indicators 2013 Real gross domestic product ........................... Components of real gross domestic product Real consumption ........................................... Real investment .............................................. Real government spending ............................. Real exports .................................................... Real imports .................................................... Energy intensity (thousand Btu per 2009 dollar of GDP) Delivered energy ............................................. Total energy .................................................... 2020 2030 2040 Low High Low High Low High economic Reference economic economic Reference economic economic Reference economic growth growth growth growth growth growth 15,710 17,747 18,801 19,590 21,224 23,894 26,146 25,763 29,898 34,146 10,700 2,556 2,894 2,020 2,440 12,214 3,157 2,926 2,623 3,158 12,832 3,531 2,985 2,813 3,334 13,285 3,923 3,039 2,935 3,563 14,388 3,828 3,130 4,039 4,142 16,275 4,474 3,286 4,815 4,888 17,804 5,146 3,423 5,395 5,535 17,094 4,685 3,441 5,818 5,152 20,476 5,634 3,691 7,338 7,037 22,973 6,720 3,943 9,163 8,334 4.53 6.18 4.07 5.56 3.93 5.36 3.86 5.27 3.32 4.59 3.13 4.31 3.03 4.15 2.74 3.80 2.56 3.54 2.47 3.40 1.07 1.29 1.21 1.20 1.84 1.43 1.38 2.68 1.73 1.65 Price indices GDP chain-type price index (2009=1.000) ...... Consumer price index (1982-4=1.00) All-urban ..................................................... Energy commodities and services .............. Wholesale price index (1982=1.00) All commodities .......................................... Fuel and power .......................................... Metals and metal products ......................... Industrial commodities excluding energy.... 2.33 2.44 2.79 2.67 2.63 2.55 2.62 2.56 4.06 4.28 3.18 3.42 3.06 3.35 6.08 7.26 3.95 4.85 3.77 4.82 2.03 2.12 2.14 1.96 2.38 2.34 2.55 2.36 2.25 2.26 2.43 2.22 2.27 2.28 2.54 2.24 3.46 3.84 3.54 3.36 2.71 3.08 2.85 2.61 2.64 3.03 2.89 2.54 5.21 6.84 4.96 4.81 3.39 4.56 3.42 3.12 3.32 4.56 3.59 3.04 Interest rates (percent, nominal) Federal funds rate ........................................... 10-year treasury note ...................................... AA utility bond rate .......................................... 0.11 2.35 4.24 5.28 5.29 7.73 3.40 4.12 6.15 3.07 3.87 5.35 6.92 6.60 9.23 3.69 4.28 6.33 3.60 4.16 5.59 7.72 7.52 10.34 4.04 4.63 6.71 3.89 4.53 5.69 Value of shipments (billion 2009 dollars) Non-industrial and service sectors .................. Total industrial................................................. Agriculture, mining, and construction ......... Manufacturing ............................................ Energy-intensive .................................... Non-energy-intensive ............................ Total shipments ................................................. 24,398 7,004 1,858 5,146 1,685 3,461 31,402 27,029 7,848 2,135 5,713 1,866 3,847 34,878 28,468 8,467 2,344 6,123 1,946 4,177 36,935 29,598 8,967 2,552 6,415 2,006 4,409 38,566 31,111 8,608 2,165 6,443 1,994 4,449 39,720 34,968 9,870 2,540 7,330 2,168 5,162 44,838 38,353 11,081 2,922 8,159 2,331 5,828 49,433 34,777 9,755 2,257 7,498 2,121 5,377 44,532 40,814 11,463 2,712 8,751 2,317 6,433 52,277 46,610 13,786 3,200 10,586 2,607 7,979 60,396 Population and employment (millions) Population, with armed forces overseas ......... Population, aged 16 and over ......................... Population, aged 65 and over ......................... Employment, nonfarm ..................................... Employment, manufacturing ........................... 317 251 45 136 11.9 333 266 56 146 11.3 334 267 56 149 11.8 335 267 56 152 12.2 354 284 73 153 9.7 359 288 73 159 10.7 363 291 73 166 11.4 371 300 80 160 8.4 380 307 80 169 9.7 390 315 81 176 10.7 Key labor indicators Labor force (millions) ...................................... Non-farm labor productivity (2009=1.00)......... Unemployment rate (percent) ......................... 155 1.05 7.35 165 1.16 5.70 166 1.20 5.40 166 1.22 5.20 171 1.38 5.41 174 1.48 5.03 177 1.54 4.50 179 1.59 4.89 185 1.78 4.85 190 1.90 4.57 Key indicators for energy demand Real disposable personal income ................... Housing starts (millions) .................................. Commercial floorspace (billion square feet) .... Unit sales of light-duty vehicles (millions)........ 11,651 0.99 82.8 15.5 13,944 1.21 88.6 16.1 14,411 1.69 89.0 17.0 14,900 2.28 89.5 17.8 17,469 1.05 96.8 15.6 18,487 1.66 98.4 17.5 19,806 2.44 100.1 18.3 21,555 0.96 106.0 15.0 22,957 1.62 109.1 18.2 24,875 2.55 112.4 19.9 GDP = Gross domestic product. Btu = British thermal unit. Sources: 2013: IHS Economics, Industry and Employment models, November 2014. Projections: U.S. Energy Information Administration, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System runs LOWMACRO.D021915A, REF2015.D021915A, and HIGHMACRO.D021915A. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 B-9 _u>mm Appendix C Price case comparisons Table C1.  Total energy supply, disposition, and price summary Total energy supply, disposition, and price summary (quadrillion unless otherwise otherwisenoted) noted) (quadrillionBtu Btu per per year, year, unless Table C1. Supply, disposition, and prices 2013 Projections 2020 Low oil price Reference 2030 High oil price Low oil price Reference 2040 High oil price Low oil price Reference High oil price Production Crude oil and lease condensate .................... Natural gas plant liquids ................................ Dry natural gas .............................................. Coal1 ............................................................. Nuclear / uranium2 ........................................ Conventional hydroelectric power ................. Biomass3 ....................................................... Other renewable energy4 .............................. Other5 ............................................................ Total ........................................................ 15.6 3.6 25.1 20.0 8.3 2.5 4.2 2.3 1.3 82.7 20.9 5.3 28.3 21.4 8.4 2.8 4.4 3.2 0.9 95.6 22.2 5.5 29.6 21.7 8.4 2.8 4.4 3.2 0.9 98.7 25.6 5.8 30.9 21.4 8.4 2.8 4.5 3.4 0.9 103.8 18.2 5.4 31.0 22.5 8.5 2.8 4.6 3.5 0.9 97.4 21.1 5.7 33.9 22.5 8.5 2.8 4.6 3.6 0.9 103.7 26.2 6.3 39.1 23.5 8.7 2.8 4.8 4.0 1.0 116.5 15.0 5.0 32.8 22.6 8.5 2.8 4.7 4.1 0.9 96.5 19.9 5.5 36.4 22.6 8.7 2.8 5.0 4.6 1.0 106.6 20.9 6.2 42.2 25.4 9.8 2.8 5.7 6.4 1.0 120.5 Imports Crude oil........................................................ Petroleum and other liquids6 ......................... Natural gas7 .................................................. Other imports8 ............................................... Total ........................................................ 17.0 4.3 2.9 0.3 24.5 14.7 5.4 1.9 0.1 22.1 13.6 4.6 1.9 0.1 20.2 14.6 3.8 1.9 0.2 20.4 17.0 5.6 1.6 0.1 24.3 15.7 4.4 1.6 0.1 21.7 15.3 4.2 1.7 0.2 21.4 19.2 5.3 2.0 0.1 26.6 18.2 4.1 1.7 0.1 24.1 21.0 4.0 2.0 0.9 28.0 Exports Petroleum and other liquids9 ......................... Natural gas10 ................................................. Coal............................................................... Total ........................................................ 7.3 1.6 2.9 11.7 10.9 3.1 2.5 16.5 11.2 4.5 2.5 18.1 16.5 4.5 2.4 23.4 10.7 4.0 3.3 18.0 12.6 6.4 3.3 22.4 21.2 10.2 3.0 34.4 8.1 5.0 3.7 16.8 13.7 7.4 3.5 24.6 24.0 11.2 3.3 38.5 Discrepancy11 ................................................... -1.6 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 Consumption Petroleum and other liquids12 ........................ Natural gas.................................................... Coal13 ............................................................ Nuclear / uranium2 ........................................ Conventional hydroelectric power ................. Biomass14...................................................... Other renewable energy4 .............................. Other15 .......................................................... Total ........................................................ 35.9 26.9 18.0 8.3 2.5 2.9 2.3 0.4 97.1 37.8 26.8 18.9 8.4 2.8 3.0 3.2 0.3 101.2 37.1 26.8 19.2 8.4 2.8 3.0 3.2 0.3 100.8 35.8 28.0 19.0 8.4 2.8 3.1 3.4 0.3 100.8 37.8 28.4 19.1 8.5 2.8 3.1 3.5 0.3 103.6 36.5 28.8 19.2 8.5 2.8 3.2 3.6 0.3 102.9 33.7 30.2 20.1 8.7 2.8 3.4 4.0 0.3 103.3 38.6 29.6 18.8 8.5 2.8 3.3 4.1 0.3 106.1 36.2 30.5 19.0 8.7 2.8 3.5 4.6 0.3 105.7 32.9 31.8 21.6 9.8 2.8 4.0 6.4 0.4 109.7 109 98 58 52 79 73 149 142 69 63 106 99 194 188 76 72 141 136 252 246 3.73 4.30 4.88 4.61 5.49 5.69 7.89 7.15 7.85 10.63 37.2 37.2 37.9 39.8 42.1 43.7 47.4 46.4 49.2 52.7 1.84 2.50 10.1 1.85 2.47 10.4 1.88 2.54 10.5 1.98 2.72 10.5 2.11 2.72 11.0 2.18 2.84 11.1 2.35 3.10 11.8 2.31 2.87 11.5 2.44 3.09 11.8 2.62 3.43 12.9 Prices (2013 dollars per unit) Crude oil spot prices (dollars per barrel) Brent ......................................................... West Texas Intermediate ......................... Natural gas at Henry Hub (dollars per million Btu) ................................. Coal (dollars per ton) at the minemouth16 ................................... Coal (dollars per million Btu) at the minemouth16 ................................... Average end-use17 ................................... Average electricity (cents per kilowatthour)... U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 C-1 Price case comparisons Table C1.  Total energy supply, disposition, and price summary (continued) Table C1. (quadrillion Total energy disposition, and price summary (continued) Btusupply, per year, unless otherwise noted) (quadrillion Btu per year, unless otherwise noted) Projections Supply, disposition, and prices 2013 Prices (nominal dollars per unit) Crude oil spot prices (dollars per barrel) Brent ......................................................... West Texas Intermediate ......................... Natural gas at Henry Hub (dollars per million Btu) ................................. Coal (dollars per ton) at the minemouth16 ................................... Coal (dollars per million Btu) at the minemouth16 ................................... Average end-use17 ................................... Average electricity (cents per kilowatthour)... 2020 Low oil price Reference 2030 High oil price Low oil price Reference 2040 High oil price Low oil price Reference High oil price 109 98 65 58 90 83 167 159 91 83 142 133 263 255 120 115 229 220 416 407 3.73 4.87 5.54 5.18 7.26 7.63 10.72 11.41 12.73 17.57 37.2 42.1 43.0 44.8 55.7 58.6 64.4 74.0 79.8 87.1 1.84 2.50 10.1 2.09 2.79 11.7 2.14 2.88 11.9 2.22 3.06 11.8 2.78 3.60 14.5 2.92 3.81 14.8 3.20 4.22 16.0 3.68 4.58 18.4 3.96 5.00 19.2 4.34 5.67 21.3 1 Includes waste coal. 2 These values represent the energy obtained from uranium when it is used in light water reactors. The total energy content of uranium is much larger, but alternative processes are required to take advantage of it. 3 Includes grid-connected electricity from wood and wood waste; biomass, such as corn, used for liquid fuels production; and non-electric energy demand from wood. Refer to Table A17 for details. 4 Includes grid-connected electricity from landfill gas; biogenic municipal waste; wind; photovoltaic and solar thermal sources; and non-electric energy from renewable sources, such as active and passive solar systems. Excludes electricity imports using renewable sources and nonmarketed renewable energy. See Table A17 for selected nonmarketed residential and commercial renewable energy data. 5 Includes non-biogenic municipal waste, liquid hydrogen, methanol, and some domestic inputs to refineries. 6 Includes imports of finished petroleum products, unfinished oils, alcohols, ethers, blending components, and renewable fuels such as ethanol. 7 Includes imports of liquefied natural gas that are later re-exported. 8 Includes coal, coal coke (net), and electricity (net). Excludes imports of fuel used in nuclear power plants. 9 Includes crude oil, petroleum products, ethanol, and biodiesel. 10 Includes re-exported liquefied natural gas. 11 Balancing item. Includes unaccounted for supply, losses, gains, and net storage withdrawals. 12 Estimated consumption. Includes petroleum-derived fuels and non-petroleum derived fuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel, and coal-based synthetic liquids. Petroleum coke, which is a solid, is included. Also included are hydrocarbon gas liquids and crude oil consumed as a fuel. Refer to Table A17 for detailed renewable liquid fuels consumption. 13 Excludes coal converted to coal-based synthetic liquids and natural gas. 14 Includes grid-connected electricity from wood and wood waste, non-electric energy from wood, and biofuels heat and coproducts used in the production of liquid fuels, but excludes the energy content of the liquid fuels. 15 Includes non-biogenic municipal waste, liquid hydrogen, and net electricity imports. 16 Includes reported prices for both open market and captive mines. Prices weighted by production, which differs from average minemouth prices published in EIA data reports where it is weighted by reported sales. 17 Prices weighted by consumption; weighted average excludes export free-alongside-ship (f.a.s.) prices. Btu = British thermal unit. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Data for 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2013 natural gas supply values: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Natural Gas Monthly, DOE/EIA-0130(2014/07) (Washington, DC, July 2014). 2013 coal minemouth and delivered coal prices: EIA, Annual Coal Report 2013, DOE/EIA-0584(2013) (Washington, DC, January 2015). 2013 petroleum supply values: EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual 2013, DOE/EIA-0340(2013)/1 (Washington, DC, September 2014). 2013 crude oil spot prices and natural gas spot price at Henry Hub: Thomson Reuters. Other 2013 coal values: Quarterly Coal Report, October-December 2013, DOE/EIA-0121(2013/4Q) (Washington, DC, March 2014). Other 2013 values: EIA, Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). Projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System runs LOWPRICE.D021915A, REF2015.D021915A, and HIGHPRICE.D021915A. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 C-2 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Price case comparisons Table C2.  Energy consumption by sector and source Table C2. (quadrillion Energy consumption byunless sectorotherwise and source Btu per year, noted) (quadrillion Btu per year, unless otherwise noted) Sector and source 2013 Projections 2020 Low oil price Reference 2030 High oil price Low oil price Reference 2040 High oil price Low oil price Reference High oil price Energy consumption Residential Propane ..................................................... Kerosene ................................................... Distillate fuel oil .......................................... Petroleum and other liquids subtotal....... Natural gas ................................................ Renewable energy1 .................................... Electricity ................................................... Delivered energy .................................. Electricity related losses ............................ Total ...................................................... 0.43 0.01 0.50 0.93 5.05 0.58 4.75 11.32 9.79 21.10 0.33 0.01 0.42 0.76 4.65 0.37 4.87 10.65 9.75 20.40 0.32 0.01 0.40 0.73 4.63 0.41 4.86 10.63 9.75 20.38 0.31 0.01 0.36 0.68 4.64 0.53 4.81 10.66 9.58 20.25 0.29 0.01 0.33 0.63 4.53 0.32 5.10 10.58 9.94 20.52 0.28 0.01 0.31 0.59 4.52 0.38 5.08 10.57 9.91 20.48 0.26 0.00 0.28 0.54 4.43 0.48 4.97 10.42 9.74 20.16 0.26 0.00 0.27 0.53 4.35 0.28 5.48 10.63 10.38 21.01 0.25 0.00 0.24 0.49 4.31 0.35 5.42 10.57 10.33 20.91 0.23 0.00 0.21 0.45 4.20 0.45 5.25 10.34 10.30 20.64 Commercial Propane ..................................................... Motor gasoline2 .......................................... Kerosene ................................................... Distillate fuel oil .......................................... Residual fuel oil.......................................... Petroleum and other liquids subtotal....... Natural gas ................................................ Coal ........................................................... Renewable energy3 .................................... Electricity ................................................... Delivered energy .................................. Electricity related losses ............................ Total ...................................................... 0.15 0.05 0.00 0.37 0.03 0.59 3.37 0.04 0.12 4.57 8.69 9.42 18.10 0.17 0.05 0.00 0.36 0.08 0.66 3.33 0.05 0.12 4.83 8.98 9.66 18.64 0.16 0.05 0.00 0.34 0.07 0.62 3.30 0.05 0.12 4.82 8.90 9.68 18.58 0.15 0.04 0.00 0.29 0.05 0.54 3.33 0.05 0.12 4.80 8.84 9.57 18.41 0.18 0.06 0.00 0.33 0.08 0.66 3.43 0.05 0.12 5.21 9.46 10.14 19.60 0.17 0.05 0.00 0.30 0.07 0.60 3.43 0.05 0.12 5.19 9.38 10.13 19.52 0.16 0.05 0.00 0.26 0.05 0.52 3.29 0.05 0.12 5.11 9.09 10.01 19.10 0.20 0.06 0.01 0.32 0.09 0.67 3.75 0.05 0.12 5.70 10.29 10.80 21.09 0.18 0.06 0.00 0.27 0.06 0.58 3.71 0.05 0.12 5.66 10.12 10.80 20.92 0.16 0.05 0.00 0.23 0.05 0.50 3.53 0.05 0.12 5.54 9.73 10.87 20.60 Industrial4 Liquefied petroleum gases and other5 ....... Motor gasoline2 .......................................... Distillate fuel oil .......................................... Residual fuel oil.......................................... Petrochemical feedstocks .......................... Other petroleum6 ........................................ Petroleum and other liquids subtotal....... Natural gas ................................................ Natural-gas-to-liquids heat and power ....... Lease and plant fuel7 ................................. Natural gas subtotal ................................ Metallurgical coal ....................................... Other industrial coal ................................... Coal-to-liquids heat and power .................. Net coal coke imports ................................ Coal subtotal ........................................... Biofuels heat and coproducts ..................... Renewable energy8 .................................... Electricity ................................................... Delivered energy .................................. Electricity related losses ............................ Total ...................................................... 2.51 0.25 1.31 0.06 0.74 3.52 8.40 7.62 0.00 1.52 9.14 0.62 0.88 0.00 -0.02 1.48 0.72 1.48 3.26 24.48 6.72 31.20 3.24 0.26 1.39 0.13 0.97 3.73 9.72 8.20 0.00 1.67 9.87 0.58 0.92 0.00 0.00 1.50 0.82 1.55 3.75 27.21 7.51 34.72 3.20 0.26 1.42 0.10 0.95 3.67 9.61 8.33 0.00 1.87 10.20 0.61 0.93 0.00 0.00 1.54 0.80 1.53 3.74 27.42 7.51 34.93 3.28 0.27 1.39 0.09 0.98 3.95 9.96 8.50 0.00 1.98 10.48 0.65 0.97 0.00 0.01 1.63 0.80 1.59 3.98 28.43 7.93 36.36 3.79 0.25 1.37 0.17 1.15 3.88 10.61 8.56 0.00 1.75 10.30 0.55 0.94 0.00 -0.03 1.46 0.81 1.61 4.02 28.81 7.83 36.64 3.72 0.25 1.36 0.13 1.14 3.83 10.44 8.65 0.00 2.10 10.75 0.56 0.96 0.00 -0.03 1.48 0.80 1.59 4.04 29.10 7.88 36.98 3.72 0.26 1.33 0.11 1.13 3.96 10.52 8.82 0.16 2.94 11.92 0.61 1.04 0.68 -0.03 2.29 0.81 1.61 4.21 31.36 8.25 39.61 3.78 0.24 1.36 0.18 1.19 4.03 10.79 8.50 0.00 1.80 10.30 0.48 0.95 0.00 -0.06 1.38 0.80 1.61 4.00 28.86 7.58 36.44 3.67 0.25 1.35 0.13 1.20 3.99 10.59 8.90 0.00 2.29 11.19 0.51 0.99 0.00 -0.06 1.44 0.86 1.63 4.12 29.82 7.85 37.68 3.76 0.24 1.28 0.12 1.16 4.06 10.62 9.29 0.96 3.31 13.55 0.58 1.13 1.97 -0.05 3.63 0.98 1.81 4.35 34.95 8.54 43.48 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 C-3 Price case comparisons Table C2.  Energy consumption by sector and source (continued) Table C2. (quadrillion Energy consumption byunless sectorotherwise and source (continued) Btu per year, noted) (quadrillion Btu per year, unless otherwise noted) Sector and source 2013 2020 Low oil price Reference Projections 2030 High oil price Low oil price Reference 2040 High oil price Low oil price High oil price Transportation Propane ..................................................... Motor gasoline2 .......................................... of which: E859 ..................................... Jet fuel10..................................................... Distillate fuel oil11 ....................................... Residual fuel oil.......................................... Other petroleum12 ...................................... Petroleum and other liquids subtotal....... Pipeline fuel natural gas............................. Compressed / liquefied natural gas............ Liquid hydrogen ......................................... Electricity ................................................... Delivered energy .................................. Electricity related losses ............................ Total ...................................................... 0.05 15.94 0.02 2.80 6.50 0.57 0.15 26.00 0.88 0.05 0.00 0.02 26.96 0.05 27.01 0.04 15.94 0.02 3.02 7.27 0.35 0.16 26.78 0.83 0.06 0.00 0.03 27.70 0.06 27.76 0.04 15.35 0.03 3.01 7.35 0.35 0.16 26.27 0.85 0.07 0.00 0.03 27.22 0.06 27.29 0.06 13.98 0.19 2.97 7.26 0.35 0.16 24.79 0.89 0.39 0.00 0.03 26.10 0.07 26.17 0.05 14.31 0.14 3.42 7.84 0.36 0.16 26.13 0.90 0.06 0.00 0.04 27.13 0.08 27.21 0.05 13.30 0.20 3.40 7.76 0.36 0.16 25.03 0.94 0.17 0.00 0.04 26.18 0.08 26.27 0.07 11.44 0.52 3.37 6.88 0.36 0.16 22.28 1.04 1.31 0.00 0.05 24.68 0.10 24.78 0.05 14.18 0.16 3.65 8.44 0.36 0.16 26.84 0.91 0.06 0.00 0.05 27.87 0.10 27.98 0.07 12.55 0.28 3.64 7.97 0.36 0.16 24.76 0.96 0.71 0.00 0.06 26.49 0.12 26.61 0.09 10.54 0.76 3.61 6.68 0.36 0.16 21.46 1.07 2.47 0.00 0.08 25.08 0.16 25.24 Unspecified sector13 ..................................... -0.27 -0.33 -0.34 -0.35 -0.37 -0.37 -0.31 -0.41 -0.38 -0.29 Delivered energy consumption for all sectors Liquefied petroleum gases and other5 ....... Motor gasoline2 .......................................... of which: E859 ..................................... Jet fuel10..................................................... Kerosene ................................................... Distillate fuel oil .......................................... Residual fuel oil.......................................... Petrochemical feedstocks .......................... Other petroleum14 ...................................... Petroleum and other liquids subtotal....... Natural gas ................................................ Natural-gas-to-liquids heat and power ....... Lease and plant fuel7 ................................. Pipeline natural gas ................................... Natural gas subtotal ................................ Metallurgical coal ....................................... Other coal .................................................. Coal-to-liquids heat and power .................. Net coal coke imports ................................ Coal subtotal ........................................... Biofuels heat and coproducts ..................... Renewable energy15 .................................. Liquid hydrogen ......................................... Electricity ................................................... Delivered energy .................................. Electricity related losses ............................ Total ...................................................... 3.14 16.36 0.02 2.97 0.01 8.10 0.65 0.74 3.67 35.65 16.10 0.00 1.52 0.88 18.50 0.62 0.92 0.00 -0.02 1.52 0.72 2.18 0.00 12.60 71.17 25.97 97.14 3.78 16.38 0.02 3.20 0.01 8.80 0.57 0.97 3.89 37.59 16.24 0.00 1.67 0.83 18.73 0.58 0.97 0.00 0.00 1.55 0.82 2.04 0.00 13.48 74.22 26.98 101.20 3.73 15.79 0.03 3.20 0.01 8.86 0.53 0.95 3.82 36.89 16.32 0.00 1.87 0.85 19.05 0.61 0.98 0.00 0.00 1.59 0.80 2.06 0.00 13.45 73.84 27.00 100.84 3.79 14.41 0.19 3.15 0.01 8.66 0.50 0.98 4.11 35.61 16.86 0.00 1.98 0.89 19.73 0.65 1.02 0.00 0.01 1.67 0.80 2.23 0.00 13.63 73.68 27.15 100.84 4.31 14.74 0.14 3.62 0.01 9.18 0.61 1.15 4.04 37.66 16.57 0.00 1.75 0.90 19.21 0.55 0.99 0.00 -0.03 1.51 0.81 2.05 0.00 14.37 75.61 27.99 103.60 4.23 13.72 0.20 3.61 0.01 9.05 0.56 1.14 3.98 36.30 16.76 0.00 2.10 0.94 19.80 0.56 1.00 0.00 -0.03 1.53 0.80 2.09 0.00 14.35 74.87 28.01 102.87 4.21 11.84 0.52 3.57 0.01 8.14 0.52 1.13 4.12 33.54 17.84 0.16 2.94 1.04 21.99 0.61 1.09 0.68 -0.03 2.34 0.81 2.22 0.00 14.34 75.24 28.09 103.34 4.29 14.60 0.16 3.88 0.01 9.63 0.63 1.19 4.19 38.43 16.67 0.00 1.80 0.91 19.37 0.48 1.00 0.00 -0.06 1.42 0.80 2.01 0.00 15.23 77.25 28.86 106.11 4.17 12.96 0.28 3.86 0.01 9.13 0.56 1.20 4.15 36.03 17.64 0.00 2.29 0.96 20.88 0.51 1.04 0.00 -0.06 1.49 0.86 2.10 0.00 15.25 76.62 29.10 105.73 4.25 10.91 0.76 3.83 0.01 7.81 0.53 1.16 4.22 32.73 19.48 0.96 3.31 1.07 24.81 0.58 1.18 1.97 -0.05 3.68 0.98 2.38 0.00 15.21 79.80 29.87 109.67 Electric power16 Distillate fuel oil .......................................... Residual fuel oil.......................................... Petroleum and other liquids subtotal....... Natural gas ................................................ Steam coal ................................................. Nuclear / uranium17 .................................... Renewable energy18 .................................. Non-biogenic municipal waste ................... Electricity imports ....................................... Total ...................................................... 0.05 0.21 0.26 8.36 16.49 8.27 4.78 0.23 0.18 38.57 0.09 0.08 0.17 8.07 17.37 8.42 6.08 0.23 0.11 40.46 0.09 0.08 0.17 7.80 17.59 8.42 6.13 0.23 0.11 40.45 0.09 0.09 0.17 8.28 17.33 8.42 6.24 0.23 0.11 40.78 0.08 0.09 0.18 9.21 17.58 8.46 6.59 0.23 0.10 42.36 0.08 0.09 0.17 9.03 17.63 8.47 6.72 0.23 0.10 42.35 0.08 0.09 0.17 8.25 17.77 8.67 7.22 0.23 0.12 42.43 0.08 0.11 0.19 10.19 17.41 8.52 7.46 0.23 0.11 44.09 0.08 0.09 0.18 9.61 17.52 8.73 7.99 0.23 0.11 44.36 0.08 0.09 0.18 7.02 17.88 9.78 9.85 0.23 0.15 45.08 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 C-4 Reference U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Price case comparisons Table C2.  Energy consumption by sector and source (continued) Table C2. (quadrillion Energy consumption by unless sector otherwise and source (continued) Btu per year, noted) (quadrillion Btu per year, unless otherwise noted) Sector and source 2013 Total energy consumption Liquefied petroleum gases and other5 ....... Motor gasoline2 ............................................ of which: E859 ....................................... Jet fuel10..................................................... Kerosene ................................................... Distillate fuel oil .......................................... Residual fuel oil.......................................... Petrochemical feedstocks .......................... Other petroleum14 ...................................... Petroleum and other liquids subtotal....... Natural gas ................................................ Natural-gas-to-liquids heat and power ....... Lease and plant fuel7 ................................. Pipeline natural gas ................................... Natural gas subtotal ................................ Metallurgical coal ....................................... Other coal .................................................. Coal-to-liquids heat and power .................. Net coal coke imports ................................ Coal subtotal ........................................... Nuclear / uranium17 .................................... Biofuels heat and coproducts ..................... Renewable energy19 .................................. Liquid hydrogen ......................................... Non-biogenic municipal waste ................... Electricity imports ....................................... Total ...................................................... Energy use and related statistics Delivered energy use ...................................... Total energy use ............................................. Ethanol consumed in motor gasoline and E85 Population (millions) ....................................... Gross domestic product (billion 2009 dollars) . Carbon dioxide emissions (million metric tons) 2020 Low oil price Reference Projections 2030 High oil price Low oil price Reference 2040 High oil price Low oil price Reference High oil price 3.14 16.36 0.02 2.97 0.01 8.15 0.87 0.74 3.67 35.91 24.46 0.00 1.52 0.88 26.86 0.62 17.41 0.00 -0.02 18.01 8.27 0.72 6.96 0.00 0.23 0.18 97.14 3.78 16.38 0.02 3.20 0.01 8.88 0.65 0.97 3.89 37.77 24.31 0.00 1.67 0.83 26.81 0.58 18.34 0.00 0.00 18.92 8.42 0.82 8.12 0.00 0.23 0.11 101.20 3.73 15.79 0.03 3.20 0.01 8.95 0.61 0.95 3.82 37.06 24.12 0.00 1.87 0.85 26.85 0.61 18.57 0.00 0.00 19.18 8.42 0.80 8.19 0.00 0.23 0.11 100.84 3.79 14.41 0.19 3.15 0.01 8.75 0.59 0.98 4.11 35.79 25.14 0.00 1.98 0.89 28.02 0.65 18.35 0.00 0.01 19.00 8.42 0.80 8.47 0.00 0.23 0.11 100.84 4.31 14.74 0.14 3.62 0.01 9.27 0.70 1.15 4.04 37.84 25.78 0.00 1.75 0.90 28.43 0.55 18.57 0.00 -0.03 19.09 8.46 0.81 8.64 0.00 0.23 0.10 103.60 4.23 13.72 0.20 3.61 0.01 9.13 0.64 1.14 3.98 36.47 25.79 0.00 2.10 0.94 28.83 0.56 18.63 0.00 -0.03 19.16 8.47 0.80 8.81 0.00 0.23 0.10 102.87 4.21 11.84 0.52 3.57 0.01 8.23 0.61 1.13 4.12 33.72 26.09 0.16 2.94 1.04 30.24 0.61 18.86 0.68 -0.03 20.11 8.67 0.81 9.44 0.00 0.23 0.12 103.34 4.29 14.60 0.16 3.88 0.01 9.71 0.74 1.19 4.19 38.61 26.86 0.00 1.80 0.91 29.56 0.48 18.40 0.00 -0.06 18.83 8.52 0.80 9.46 0.00 0.23 0.11 106.11 4.17 12.96 0.28 3.86 0.01 9.21 0.65 1.20 4.15 36.21 27.25 0.00 2.29 0.96 30.50 0.51 18.56 0.00 -0.06 19.01 8.73 0.86 10.09 0.00 0.23 0.11 105.73 4.25 10.91 0.76 3.83 0.01 7.90 0.62 1.16 4.22 32.91 26.50 0.96 3.31 1.07 31.83 0.58 19.06 1.97 -0.05 21.56 9.78 0.98 12.23 0.00 0.23 0.15 109.67 71.17 97.14 1.12 317 15,710 5,405 74.22 101.20 1.16 334 18,742 5,523 73.84 100.84 1.12 334 18,801 5,499 73.68 100.84 1.13 334 18,798 5,441 75.61 103.60 1.11 359 23,963 5,585 74.87 102.87 1.12 359 23,894 5,514 75.24 103.34 1.17 359 23,844 5,461 77.25 106.11 1.12 380 29,885 5,671 76.62 105.73 1.27 380 29,898 5,549 79.80 109.67 1.28 380 29,760 5,584 1 Includes wood used for residential heating. See Table A4 and/or Table A17 for estimates of nonmarketed renewable energy consumption for geothermal heat pumps, solar thermal water heating, and electricity generation from wind and solar photovoltaic sources. 2 Includes ethanol and ethers blended into gasoline. 3 Excludes ethanol. Includes commercial sector consumption of wood and wood waste, landfill gas, municipal waste, and other biomass for combined heat and power. See Table A5 and/or Table A17 for estimates of nonmarketed renewable energy consumption for solar thermal water heating and electricity generation from wind and solar photovoltaic sources. 4 Includes energy for combined heat and power plants that have a non-regulatory status, and small on-site generating systems. 5 Includes ethane, natural gasoline, and refinery olefins. 6 Includes petroleum coke, asphalt, road oil, lubricants, still gas, and miscellaneous petroleum products. 7 Represents natural gas used in well, field, and lease operations, in natural gas processing plant machinery, and for liquefaction in export facilities. 8 Includes consumption of energy produced from hydroelectric, wood and wood waste, municipal waste, and other biomass sources. Excludes ethanol in motor gasoline. 9 E85 refers to a blend of 85 percent ethanol (renewable) and 15 percent motor gasoline (nonrenewable). To address cold starting issues, the percentage of ethanol varies seasonally. The annual average ethanol content of 74 percent is used for this forecast. 10 Includes only kerosene type. 11 Diesel fuel for on- and off- road use. 12 Includes aviation gasoline and lubricants. 13 Represents consumption unattributed to the sectors above. 14 Includes aviation gasoline, petroleum coke, asphalt, road oil, lubricants, still gas, and miscellaneous petroleum products. 15 Includes electricity generated for sale to the grid and for own use from renewable sources, and non-electric energy from renewable sources. Excludes ethanol and nonmarketed renewable energy consumption for geothermal heat pumps, buildings photovoltaic systems, and solar thermal water heaters. 16 Includes consumption of energy by electricity-only and combined heat and power plants that have a regulatory status. 17 These values represent the energy obtained from uranium when it is used in light water reactors. The total energy content of uranium is much larger, but alternative processes are required to take advantage of it. 18 Includes conventional hydroelectric, geothermal, wood and wood waste, biogenic municipal waste, other biomass, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal sources. Excludes net electricity imports. 19 Includes conventional hydroelectric, geothermal, wood and wood waste, biogenic municipal waste, other biomass, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal sources. Excludes ethanol, net electricity imports, and nonmarketed renewable energy consumption for geothermal heat pumps, buildings photovoltaic systems, and solar thermal water heaters. Btu = British thermal unit. Note: Includes estimated consumption for petroleum and other liquids. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Data for 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2013 consumption based on: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Monthly Energy Review, DOE-EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). 2013 population and gross domestic product: IHS Economics, Industry and Employment models, November 2014. 2013 carbon dioxide emissions and emission factors: EIA, Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). Projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System runs LOWPRICE.D021915A, REF2015.D021915A, and HIGHPRICE.D021915A. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 C-5 Price case comparisons Table C3.  Energy prices by sector and source Table C3. (2013 Energy prices sector andunless source dollars per by million Btu, otherwise noted) (2013 dollars per million Btu, unless otherwise noted) Sector and source 2013 Projections 2020 Low oil price Reference 2030 High oil price Low oil price Reference 2040 High oil price Low oil Price High oil price Residential Propane ........................................................ Distillate fuel oil ............................................. Natural gas.................................................... Electricity....................................................... 23.3 27.2 10.0 35.6 21.2 17.5 11.1 37.3 23.0 21.5 11.6 37.8 26.6 34.6 11.3 38.3 22.2 19.5 12.8 39.6 24.4 26.3 12.8 40.0 28.6 43.3 14.7 42.7 23.0 20.5 14.8 41.3 26.6 32.9 15.5 42.4 30.8 53.7 17.9 46.3 Commercial Propane ........................................................ Distillate fuel oil ............................................. Residual fuel oil ............................................. Natural gas.................................................... Electricity....................................................... 20.0 26.7 22.1 8.1 29.7 17.2 16.9 11.0 9.1 30.8 19.4 21.0 14.2 9.6 31.1 23.9 34.1 24.4 9.3 31.3 18.4 19.0 12.6 10.4 32.3 21.1 25.8 18.1 10.4 32.6 26.6 42.9 31.7 12.2 34.9 19.4 19.9 13.5 12.0 33.6 23.9 32.5 24.3 12.6 34.5 29.5 53.3 42.7 15.0 37.8 Industrial1 Propane ........................................................ Distillate fuel oil ............................................. Residual fuel oil ............................................. Natural gas2 .................................................. Metallurgical coal .......................................... Other industrial coal ...................................... Coal to liquids ............................................... Electricity....................................................... 20.3 27.3 20.0 4.6 5.5 3.2 -20.2 17.3 17.1 10.2 5.6 5.8 3.3 -20.9 19.6 21.2 13.3 6.2 5.8 3.3 -21.3 24.5 34.3 23.5 5.8 6.0 3.5 -21.3 18.6 19.3 11.8 6.8 6.6 3.5 -22.4 21.5 26.1 17.2 6.8 6.7 3.6 -22.6 27.3 43.2 30.7 8.7 6.9 3.9 2.6 24.5 19.7 20.2 12.7 8.2 7.0 3.7 -24.0 24.5 32.7 23.5 8.8 7.2 3.9 -24.7 30.5 53.6 41.7 11.0 7.5 4.3 3.1 27.3 Transportation Propane ........................................................ E853 .............................................................. Motor gasoline4 ............................................. Jet fuel5 ......................................................... Diesel fuel (distillate fuel oil)6 ........................ Residual fuel oil ............................................. Natural gas7 .................................................. Electricity....................................................... 24.6 33.1 29.3 21.8 28.2 19.3 17.6 28.5 22.2 28.4 19.2 12.1 19.1 8.7 17.8 29.8 24.0 30.4 22.5 16.1 23.1 11.7 17.8 30.2 27.6 36.6 34.4 28.9 36.3 21.0 18.8 30.2 23.2 25.6 20.2 14.4 21.3 10.5 18.6 32.5 25.5 31.2 26.4 21.3 28.0 15.4 15.7 32.9 29.6 39.3 41.7 38.2 45.0 27.6 20.9 35.9 24.1 28.2 21.4 15.6 22.1 11.3 19.7 34.8 27.6 35.4 32.3 28.3 34.7 20.3 19.6 36.0 31.8 47.5 52.5 48.8 55.6 35.4 22.9 40.3 Electric power8 Distillate fuel oil ............................................. Residual fuel oil ............................................. Natural gas.................................................... Steam coal .................................................... 24.0 18.9 4.4 2.3 14.7 8.3 4.9 2.3 18.8 11.5 5.4 2.4 31.8 21.7 5.1 2.6 16.7 9.7 6.2 2.6 23.6 15.4 6.2 2.7 40.6 28.9 7.9 3.0 17.7 10.4 7.8 2.7 30.2 21.6 8.3 2.9 51.0 40.0 10.1 3.3 Average price to all users9 Propane ........................................................ E853 .............................................................. Motor gasoline4 ............................................. Jet fuel5 ......................................................... Distillate fuel oil ............................................. Residual fuel oil ............................................. Natural gas.................................................... Metallurgical coal .......................................... Other coal ..................................................... Coal to liquids ............................................... Electricity....................................................... 21.9 33.1 29.0 21.8 27.9 19.4 6.1 5.5 2.4 -29.5 19.0 28.4 19.2 12.1 18.6 9.3 6.9 5.8 2.4 -30.4 21.1 30.4 22.5 16.1 22.6 12.2 7.5 5.8 2.4 -30.8 25.3 36.6 34.4 28.9 35.8 21.8 7.3 6.0 2.6 -30.8 19.8 25.6 20.2 14.4 20.8 10.9 8.1 6.6 2.6 -32.1 22.6 31.2 26.4 21.3 27.6 16.0 8.2 6.7 2.7 -32.4 27.7 39.3 41.7 38.2 44.6 28.7 10.5 6.9 3.0 2.6 34.5 20.8 28.2 21.4 15.6 21.7 11.8 9.7 7.0 2.8 -33.8 25.2 35.4 32.3 28.3 34.2 21.5 10.5 7.2 3.0 -34.7 30.5 47.5 52.5 48.8 55.1 37.8 13.4 7.5 3.4 3.1 37.7 Non-renewable energy expenditures by sector (billion 2013 dollars) Residential .................................................... Commercial ................................................... Industrial1 ...................................................... Transportation ............................................... Total non-renewable expenditures ............. Transportation renewable expenditures ........ Total expenditures .................................. 243 177 224 719 1,364 1 1,364 248 190 236 481 1,155 1 1,155 254 194 264 565 1,276 1 1,277 258 198 334 831 1,621 7 1,628 273 216 285 503 1,276 4 1,280 276 219 323 638 1,456 6 1,462 297 238 439 926 1,900 20 1,920 302 249 312 544 1,408 4 1,412 311 259 389 791 1,751 10 1,761 336 284 547 1,128 2,295 36 2,331 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 C-6 Reference U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Price case comparisons Table C3.  Energy prices by sector and source (continued) Table C3. (nominal Energy dollars prices by source persector millionand Btu, unless(continued) otherwise noted) (nominal dollars per million Btu, unless otherwise noted) Sector and source 2013 2020 Low oil price Reference Projections 2030 High oil price Low oil price Reference 2040 High oil price Low oil price Reference High oil price Residential Propane ........................................................ Distillate fuel oil ............................................. Natural gas.................................................... Electricity....................................................... 23.3 27.2 10.0 35.6 24.0 19.8 12.5 42.2 26.1 24.4 13.2 42.9 29.9 38.8 12.7 43.1 29.3 25.8 16.9 52.4 32.8 35.3 17.1 53.6 38.9 58.8 20.0 58.0 36.7 32.7 23.6 65.9 43.1 53.3 25.1 68.8 50.9 88.7 29.6 76.4 Commercial Propane ........................................................ Distillate fuel oil ............................................. Residual fuel oil ............................................. Natural gas.................................................... Electricity....................................................... 20.0 26.7 22.1 8.1 29.7 19.5 19.1 12.4 10.3 34.8 22.0 23.8 16.1 10.8 35.3 26.9 38.3 27.5 10.4 35.1 24.3 25.1 16.7 13.8 42.8 28.3 34.6 24.3 13.9 43.7 36.1 58.2 43.0 16.6 47.4 31.0 31.8 21.5 19.1 53.6 38.8 52.6 39.4 20.5 56.0 48.8 88.1 70.6 24.7 62.4 Industrial1 Propane ........................................................ Distillate fuel oil ............................................. Residual fuel oil ............................................. Natural gas2 .................................................. Metallurgical coal .......................................... Other industrial coal ...................................... Coal to liquids ............................................... Electricity....................................................... 20.3 27.3 20.0 4.6 5.5 3.2 -20.2 19.6 19.4 11.5 6.4 6.5 3.7 -23.6 22.3 24.1 15.1 7.0 6.6 3.8 -24.2 27.5 38.6 26.4 6.5 6.7 3.9 -24.0 24.5 25.5 15.6 9.0 8.7 4.6 -29.6 28.8 35.0 23.1 9.1 8.9 4.8 -30.3 37.1 58.6 41.6 11.8 9.3 5.2 3.5 33.2 31.4 32.2 20.2 13.2 11.2 5.9 -38.2 39.7 53.0 38.0 14.2 11.6 6.3 -40.0 50.4 88.6 68.9 18.2 12.4 7.1 5.1 45.1 Transportation Propane ........................................................ E853 .............................................................. Motor gasoline4 ............................................. Jet fuel5 ......................................................... Diesel fuel (distillate fuel oil)6 ........................ Residual fuel oil ............................................. Natural gas7 .................................................. Electricity....................................................... 24.6 33.1 29.3 21.8 28.2 19.3 17.6 28.5 25.1 32.1 21.7 13.7 21.6 9.9 20.2 33.8 27.2 34.4 25.5 18.3 26.2 13.2 20.2 34.3 31.1 41.1 38.6 32.5 40.7 23.6 21.2 34.0 30.6 33.9 26.7 19.0 28.1 13.8 24.6 43.0 34.1 41.9 35.3 28.6 37.6 20.6 21.0 44.1 40.3 53.3 56.6 51.9 61.2 37.5 28.5 48.7 38.4 44.9 34.1 24.9 35.3 18.0 31.4 55.6 44.8 57.4 52.4 45.8 56.2 32.9 31.8 58.4 52.6 78.5 86.8 80.6 91.8 58.4 37.8 66.6 Electric power8 Distillate fuel oil ............................................. Residual fuel oil ............................................. Natural gas.................................................... Steam coal .................................................... 24.0 18.9 4.4 2.3 16.7 9.4 5.6 2.6 21.3 13.0 6.1 2.7 35.8 24.3 5.8 2.9 22.1 12.8 8.2 3.4 31.7 20.6 8.3 3.6 55.2 39.3 10.7 4.0 28.3 16.5 12.4 4.3 49.0 35.0 13.4 4.7 84.3 66.0 16.7 5.5 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 C-7 Price case comparisons Table C3.  Energy prices by sector and source (continued) Table C3. (nominal Energy dollars prices by and source (continued) persector million Btu, unless otherwise noted) (nominal dollars per million Btu, unless otherwise noted) Sector and source 2013 2020 Low oil price Reference Projections 2030 High oil price Low oil price Reference 2040 High oil price Low oil price Reference High oil price Average price to all users9 Propane ........................................................ E853 .............................................................. Motor gasoline4 ............................................. Jet fuel5 ......................................................... Distillate fuel oil ............................................. Residual fuel oil ............................................. Natural gas.................................................... Metallurgical coal .......................................... Other coal ..................................................... Coal to liquids ............................................... Electricity....................................................... 21.9 33.1 29.0 21.8 27.9 19.4 6.1 5.5 2.4 -29.5 21.5 32.1 21.7 13.7 21.0 10.5 7.8 6.5 2.7 -34.4 23.9 34.4 25.5 18.3 25.7 13.8 8.5 6.6 2.8 -34.9 28.5 41.1 38.6 32.5 40.2 24.5 8.2 6.7 2.9 -34.7 26.2 33.9 26.7 19.0 27.5 14.5 10.7 8.7 3.4 -42.5 30.3 41.9 35.3 28.6 36.9 21.5 11.0 8.9 3.7 -43.4 37.7 53.3 56.6 51.9 60.6 39.0 14.3 9.3 4.1 3.5 46.9 33.1 44.9 34.1 24.9 34.6 18.8 15.4 11.2 4.4 -54.0 40.9 57.4 52.4 45.8 55.5 34.8 17.0 11.6 4.8 -56.2 50.4 78.5 86.8 80.6 91.0 62.5 22.2 12.4 5.6 5.1 62.3 Non-renewable energy expenditures by sector (billion nominal dollars) Residential .................................................... Commercial ................................................... Industrial1 ...................................................... Transportation ............................................... Total non-renewable expenditures ............. Transportation renewable expenditures ........ Total expenditures .................................. 243 177 224 719 1,364 1 1,364 280 215 267 544 1,307 1 1,308 288 220 299 641 1,448 1 1,449 290 222 376 934 1,822 8 1,830 361 286 376 664 1,687 5 1,692 370 294 433 855 1,952 8 1,960 403 323 597 1,258 2,581 28 2,609 482 398 498 868 2,246 7 2,253 504 420 631 1,283 2,839 16 2,855 556 470 903 1,864 3,793 60 3,852 1 Includes energy for combined heat and power plants that have a non-regulatory status, and small on-site generating systems. Excludes use for lease and plant fuel. E85 refers to a blend of 85 percent ethanol (renewable) and 15 percent motor gasoline (nonrenewable). To address cold starting issues, the percentage of ethanol varies seasonally. The annual average ethanol content of 74 percent is used for this forecast. 4 Sales weighted-average price for all grades. Includes Federal, State, and local taxes. 5 Kerosene-type jet fuel. Includes Federal and State taxes while excluding county and local taxes. 6 Diesel fuel for on-road use. Includes Federal and State taxes while excluding county and local taxes. 7 Natural gas used as fuel in motor vehicles, trains, and ships. Includes estimated motor vehicle fuel taxes and estimated dispensing costs or charges. 8 Includes electricity-only and combined heat and power plants that have a regulatory status. 9 Weighted averages of end-use fuel prices are derived from the prices shown in each sector and the corresponding sectoral consumption. Btu = British thermal unit. - - = Not applicable. Note: Data for 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2013 prices for motor gasoline, distillate fuel oil, and jet fuel are based on prices in the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Petroleum Marketing Monthly, DOE/EIA-0380(2014/08) (Washington, DC, August 2014). 2013 residential, commercial, and industrial natural gas delivered prices: EIA, Natural Gas Monthly, DOE/EIA-0130(2014/07) (Washington, DC, July 2014). 2013 transportation sector natural gas delivered prices are model results. 2013 electric power sector distillate and residual fuel oil prices: EIA, Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). 2013 electric power sector natural gas prices: EIA, Electric Power Monthly, DOE/EIA-0226, April 2013 and April 2014, Table 4.2, and EIA, State Energy Data Report 2012, DOE/EIA-0214(2012) (Washington, DC, June 2014). 2013 coal prices based on: EIA, Quarterly Coal Report, October-December 2013, DOE/EIA-0121(2013/4Q) (Washington, DC, March 2014) and EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System run REF2015.D021915A. 2013 electricity prices: EIA, Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). 2013 E85 prices derived from monthly prices in the Clean Cities Alternative Fuel Price Report. Projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System runs LOWPRICE.D021915A, REF2015.D021915A, and HIGHPRICE.D021915A. 2 3 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 C-8 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Price case comparisons Table C4.  Petroleum and other liquids supply and disposition Table C4. (million Petroleum andper other andnoted) disposition barrels day,liquids unlesssupply otherwise (million barrels per day, unless otherwise noted) Supply and disposition 2013 Projections 2020 Low oil price Reference 2030 High oil price Low oil price Reference 2040 High oil price Low oil price Reference High oil price Crude oil Domestic crude production1 .......................... Alaska ...................................................... Lower 48 states ........................................ Net imports.................................................... Gross imports ........................................... Exports ..................................................... Other crude supply2 ...................................... Total crude supply ........................................... 7.44 0.52 6.92 7.60 7.73 0.13 0.27 15.30 9.96 0.42 9.55 6.02 6.65 0.63 0.00 15.99 10.60 0.42 10.18 5.51 6.14 0.63 0.00 16.11 12.29 0.42 11.87 5.94 6.57 0.63 0.00 18.23 8.69 0.00 8.69 7.07 7.70 0.63 0.00 15.76 10.04 0.24 9.80 6.44 7.07 0.63 0.00 16.48 12.48 0.57 11.92 6.24 6.87 0.63 0.00 18.72 7.09 0.00 7.09 8.05 8.68 0.63 0.00 15.14 9.43 0.34 9.09 7.58 8.21 0.63 0.00 17.01 9.93 0.45 9.48 8.86 9.49 0.63 0.00 18.78 Net product imports ........................................... Gross refined product imports3...................... Unfinished oil imports .................................... Blending component imports ......................... Exports .......................................................... Refinery processing gain4 .................................. Product stock withdrawal ................................... Natural gas plant liquids..................................... Supply from renewable sources......................... Ethanol .......................................................... Domestic production................................. Net imports ............................................... Stock withdrawal ...................................... Biodiesel ....................................................... Domestic production................................. Net imports ............................................... Stock withdrawal ...................................... Other biomass-derived liquids5 ..................... Domestic production................................. Net imports ............................................... Stock withdrawal ...................................... Liquids from gas ................................................ Liquids from coal................................................ Other6 ................................................................ -1.37 0.82 0.66 0.60 3.43 1.09 0.11 2.61 0.93 0.83 0.85 -0.02 0.00 0.10 0.09 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21 -2.19 1.45 0.68 0.72 5.04 0.96 0.00 3.92 1.03 0.87 0.88 -0.02 0.00 0.13 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.27 -2.80 1.21 0.60 0.59 5.20 0.98 0.00 4.04 1.01 0.84 0.86 -0.02 0.00 0.14 0.13 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.28 -5.97 0.88 0.49 0.51 7.86 1.07 0.00 4.29 1.02 0.85 0.86 -0.01 0.00 0.14 0.13 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 -1.88 1.72 0.66 0.62 4.88 0.94 0.00 3.99 1.00 0.83 0.87 -0.04 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.15 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.29 -3.56 1.31 0.52 0.49 5.89 0.97 0.00 4.19 1.01 0.84 0.86 -0.02 0.00 0.11 0.10 0.01 0.00 0.06 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 -8.06 1.27 0.39 0.50 10.23 0.99 0.00 4.65 1.05 0.88 0.87 0.01 0.00 0.14 0.13 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.24 0.32 -0.71 1.65 0.62 0.53 3.51 1.00 0.00 3.71 1.00 0.83 0.86 -0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.15 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.29 -4.26 1.26 0.45 0.40 6.36 0.98 0.00 4.07 1.12 0.95 0.93 0.02 0.00 0.11 0.10 0.01 0.00 0.06 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.32 -9.49 1.31 0.31 0.44 11.54 1.01 0.00 4.55 1.25 0.96 0.90 0.06 0.00 0.15 0.14 0.01 0.00 0.15 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.49 0.71 0.35 Total primary supply7 ...................................... 18.87 19.98 19.62 18.94 20.10 19.38 18.00 20.43 19.24 17.66 Product supplied by fuel Liquefied petroleum gases and other8 ...... Motor gasoline9 ........................................ of which: E8510 .................................. Jet fuel11 ................................................... Distillate fuel oil12 ...................................... of which: Diesel ................................. Residual fuel oil ........................................ Other13...................................................... by sector Residential and commercial ..................... Industrial14 ................................................ Transportation .......................................... Electric power15 ........................................ Unspecified sector16 ................................. Total product supplied .................................... 2.50 8.85 0.01 1.43 3.83 3.56 0.32 2.04 2.94 8.80 0.01 1.55 4.22 3.90 0.28 2.20 2.91 8.49 0.02 1.55 4.26 3.94 0.27 2.18 2.96 7.77 0.13 1.53 4.16 3.88 0.26 2.30 3.34 7.94 0.09 1.76 4.41 4.13 0.31 2.36 3.30 7.41 0.13 1.75 4.34 4.09 0.28 2.33 3.31 6.44 0.36 1.73 3.91 3.68 0.27 2.39 3.31 7.86 0.11 1.88 4.62 4.38 0.32 2.45 3.25 7.05 0.19 1.87 4.38 4.17 0.28 2.43 3.34 6.02 0.52 1.86 3.77 3.57 0.27 2.45 0.86 4.69 13.36 0.12 -0.12 18.96 0.79 5.54 13.74 0.08 -0.15 20.00 0.76 5.50 13.46 0.08 -0.15 19.65 0.69 5.66 12.70 0.08 -0.16 18.97 0.72 6.12 13.35 0.08 -0.17 20.10 0.67 6.04 12.79 0.08 -0.17 19.41 0.60 6.09 11.42 0.08 -0.14 18.04 0.68 6.17 13.69 0.08 -0.18 20.44 0.61 6.09 12.66 0.08 -0.17 19.27 0.54 6.16 11.04 0.08 -0.13 17.70 Discrepancy17 .................................................... -0.10 -0.02 -0.03 -0.03 0.00 -0.03 -0.04 -0.01 -0.03 -0.04 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 C-9 Price case comparisons Table C4.  Petroleum and other liquids supply and disposition (continued) Table C4. (million Petroleum liquids supply and disposition (continued) barrelsand per other day, unless otherwise noted) (million barrels per day, unless otherwise noted) Projections Supply and disposition 2013 Domestic refinery distillation capacity18 ............. Capacity utilization rate (percent)19 .................... Net import share of product supplied (percent) .. Net expenditures for imported crude oil and petroleum products (billion 2013 dollars) ...... 2020 Low oil price Reference 2030 High oil price Low oil price Reference 2040 High oil price Low oil price Reference High oil price 17.8 88.3 33.0 18.8 87.4 19.1 18.8 87.8 13.7 19.0 97.6 -0.2 18.8 86.1 25.7 18.8 89.4 14.8 19.3 98.6 -10.0 18.8 82.7 35.9 18.8 92.0 17.4 19.3 98.6 -3.2 308 130 167 345 180 259 468 225 405 836 1 Includes lease condensate. Strategic petroleum reserve stock additions plus unaccounted for crude oil and crude oil stock withdrawals. Includes other hydrocarbons and alcohols. 4 The volumetric amount by which total output is greater than input due to the processing of crude oil into products which, in total, have a lower specific gravity than the crude oil processed. 5 Includes pyrolysis oils, biomass-derived Fischer-Tropsch liquids, biobutanol, and renewable feedstocks used for the on-site production of diesel and gasoline. 6 Includes domestic sources of other blending components, other hydrocarbons, and ethers. 7 Total crude supply, net product imports, refinery processing gain, product stock withdrawal, natural gas plant liquids, supply from renewable sources, liquids from gas, liquids from coal, and other supply. 8 Includes ethane, natural gasoline, and refinery olefins. 9 Includes ethanol and ethers blended into gasoline. 10 E85 refers to a blend of 85 percent ethanol (renewable) and 15 percent motor gasoline (nonrenewable). To address cold starting issues, the percentage of ethanol varies seasonally. The annual average ethanol content of 74 percent is used for this forecast. 11 Includes only kerosene type. 12 Includes distillate fuel oil from petroleum and biomass feedstocks. 13 Includes kerosene, aviation gasoline, petrochemical feedstocks, lubricants, waxes, asphalt, road oil, still gas, special naphthas, petroleum coke, crude oil product supplied, methanol, and miscellaneous petroleum products. 14 Includes energy for combined heat and power plants that have a non-regulatory status, and small on-site generating systems. 15 Includes consumption of energy by electricity-only and combined heat and power plants that have a regulatory status. 16 Represents consumption unattributed to the sectors above. 17 Balancing item. Includes unaccounted for supply, losses, and gains. 18 End-of-year operable capacity. 19 Rate is calculated by dividing the gross annual input to atmospheric crude oil distillation units by their operable refining capacity in barrels per calendar day. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Data for 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2013 product supplied based on: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). Other 2013 data: EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual 2013, DOE/EIA-0340(2013)/1 (Washington, DC, September 2014). Projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System runs LOWPRICE.D021915A, REF2015.D021915A, and HIGHPRICE.D021915A. 2 3 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 C-10 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Price case comparisons Table C5.  Petroleum and other liquids prices Table C5. (2013 Petroleum and otherunless liquids prices noted) dollars per gallon, otherwise (2013 dollars per gallon, unless otherwise noted) Sector and fuel 2013 Crude oil prices (2013 dollars per barrel) Brent spot...................................................... West Texas Intermediate spot ...................... Average imported refiners acquisition cost1 .. Brent / West Texas Intermediate spread ....... Projections 2020 Low oil price Reference 2030 High oil price Low oil price Reference 2040 High oil price Low oil price Reference High oil price 109 98 98 10.7 58 52 50 6.1 79 73 71 6.2 149 142 139 6.8 69 63 61 5.9 106 99 96 6.2 194 188 181 6.3 76 72 68 3.4 141 136 131 5.6 252 246 237 5.7 Residential Propane .................................................... Distillate fuel oil ........................................ 2.13 3.78 1.93 2.42 2.10 2.99 2.43 4.79 2.02 2.71 2.23 3.65 2.61 6.00 2.10 2.84 2.43 4.56 2.81 7.44 Commercial Distillate fuel oil ........................................ Residual fuel oil ........................................ Residual fuel oil (2013 dollars per barrel) . 3.68 3.31 139 2.33 1.64 69 2.89 2.12 89 4.70 3.66 154 2.62 1.89 79 3.56 2.71 114 5.91 4.74 199 2.75 2.02 85 4.47 3.64 153 7.35 6.40 269 Industrial2 Propane .................................................... Distillate fuel oil ........................................ Residual fuel oil ........................................ Residual fuel oil (2013 dollars per barrel) . 1.85 3.75 3.00 126 1.58 2.35 1.52 64 1.79 2.91 2.00 84 2.24 4.71 3.52 148 1.70 2.65 1.76 74 1.96 3.58 2.58 108 2.49 5.92 4.59 193 1.80 2.77 1.89 80 2.24 4.49 3.51 147 2.78 7.36 6.24 262 Transportation Propane .................................................... E853 ......................................................... Ethanol wholesale price ........................... Motor gasoline4 ........................................ Jet fuel5 .................................................... Diesel fuel (distillate fuel oil)6.................... Residual fuel oil ........................................ Residual fuel oil (2013 dollars per barrel) . 2.24 3.14 2.37 3.55 2.94 3.86 2.89 122 2.03 2.71 2.49 2.33 1.63 2.61 1.31 55 2.19 2.90 2.49 2.74 2.17 3.17 1.74 73 2.52 3.49 2.63 4.17 3.90 4.97 3.14 132 2.12 2.44 2.22 2.45 1.95 2.91 1.57 66 2.32 2.98 2.35 3.20 2.88 3.84 2.30 97 2.71 3.75 2.67 5.05 5.16 6.17 4.13 174 2.20 2.69 2.30 2.60 2.11 3.03 1.69 71 2.52 3.38 2.64 3.90 3.81 4.75 3.03 127 2.91 4.53 3.26 6.33 6.58 7.61 5.29 222 Electric power7 Distillate fuel oil ........................................ Residual fuel oil ........................................ Residual fuel oil (2013 dollars per barrel) . 3.33 2.83 119 2.04 1.24 52 2.60 1.71 72 4.42 3.24 136 2.32 1.45 61 3.28 2.30 97 5.63 4.33 182 2.46 1.55 65 4.19 3.23 136 7.07 5.98 251 Average prices, all sectors8 Propane .................................................... Motor gasoline4 ........................................ Jet fuel5 .................................................... Distillate fuel oil ........................................ Residual fuel oil ........................................ Residual fuel oil (2013 dollars per barrel) . Average ............................................. 2.00 3.53 2.94 3.83 2.90 121.71 3.16 1.73 2.33 1.63 2.55 1.38 58.16 2.04 1.93 2.74 2.17 3.11 1.83 76.70 2.46 2.31 4.17 3.90 4.91 3.26 137.11 3.84 1.81 2.45 1.95 2.85 1.64 68.77 2.18 2.06 3.20 2.88 3.78 2.40 100.80 2.89 2.53 5.05 5.16 6.12 4.30 180.46 4.66 1.90 2.60 2.11 2.97 1.76 73.94 2.32 2.30 3.90 3.81 4.69 3.22 135.10 3.62 2.79 6.33 6.58 7.55 5.66 237.79 5.81 Delivered sector product prices Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 C-11 Price case comparisons Table C5.  Petroleum and other liquids prices (continued) Table C5. (nominal Petroleum and liquids (continued) dollars perother gallon, unlessprices otherwise noted) (nominal dollars per gallon, unless otherwise noted) Sector and fuel 2013 Crude oil prices (nominal dollars per barrel) Brent spot ...................................................... West Texas Intermediate spot ....................... Average imported refiners acquisition cost1 .. Projections 2020 Low oil price 2030 Reference High oil price Low oil price Reference 2040 High oil price Low oil price Reference High oil price 109 98 98 65 58 57 90 83 80 167 159 156 91 83 81 142 133 129 263 255 246 120 115 108 229 220 212 416 407 391 Residential Propane .................................................... Distillate fuel oil......................................... 2.13 3.78 2.19 2.74 2.38 3.39 2.73 5.39 2.67 3.58 2.99 4.90 3.55 8.16 3.36 4.54 3.94 7.40 4.65 12.30 Commercial Distillate fuel oil......................................... Residual fuel oil ........................................ 3.68 3.31 2.64 1.86 3.28 2.41 5.28 4.11 3.46 2.50 4.78 3.63 8.03 6.44 4.38 3.22 7.25 5.90 12.14 10.57 Industrial2 Propane .................................................... Distillate fuel oil......................................... Residual fuel oil ........................................ 1.85 3.75 3.00 1.79 2.66 1.72 2.04 3.30 2.26 2.51 5.30 3.95 2.24 3.50 2.33 2.63 4.80 3.46 3.39 8.05 6.23 2.87 4.42 3.02 3.62 7.28 5.69 4.60 12.16 10.31 Transportation Propane .................................................... E853 .......................................................... Ethanol wholesale price ............................ Motor gasoline4 ......................................... Jet fuel5..................................................... Diesel fuel (distillate fuel oil)6 .................... Residual fuel oil ........................................ 2.24 3.14 2.37 3.55 2.94 3.86 2.89 2.30 3.06 2.82 2.64 1.85 2.96 1.48 2.49 3.29 2.83 3.10 2.47 3.60 1.98 2.84 3.92 2.96 4.69 4.38 5.58 3.53 2.80 3.23 2.94 3.24 2.57 3.85 2.07 3.12 3.99 3.15 4.29 3.86 5.15 3.08 3.68 5.09 3.62 6.86 7.01 8.39 5.61 3.50 4.28 3.68 4.15 3.36 4.83 2.70 4.09 5.48 4.27 6.32 6.18 7.70 4.92 4.80 7.49 5.39 10.46 10.88 12.58 8.75 Electric power7 Distillate fuel oil......................................... Residual fuel oil ........................................ 3.33 2.83 2.31 1.40 2.95 1.94 4.96 3.64 3.07 1.92 4.39 3.09 7.65 5.88 3.93 2.48 6.79 5.24 11.69 9.88 Average prices, all sectors8 Propane .................................................... Motor gasoline4 ......................................... Jet fuel5..................................................... Distillate fuel oil......................................... Residual fuel oil (nominal dollars per barrel) Average ............................................. 2.00 3.53 2.94 3.83 122 3.16 1.96 2.64 1.85 2.88 66 2.30 2.19 3.10 2.47 3.52 87 2.79 2.60 4.69 4.38 5.51 154 4.32 2.40 3.24 2.57 3.77 91 2.88 2.77 4.29 3.86 5.07 135 3.88 3.44 6.86 7.01 8.31 245 6.33 3.02 4.14 3.36 4.74 118 3.70 3.73 6.32 6.18 7.61 219 5.86 4.61 10.46 10.88 12.48 393 9.61 Delivered sector product prices 1 Weighted average price delivered to U.S. refiners. Includes combined heat and power plants that have a non-regulatory status, and small on-site generating systems. E85 refers to a blend of 85 percent ethanol (renewable) and 15 percent motor gasoline (nonrenewable). To address cold starting issues, the percentage of ethanol varies seasonally. The annual average ethanol content of 74 percent is used for this forecast. 4 Sales weighted-average price for all grades. Includes Federal, State, and local taxes. 5 Includes only kerosene type. 6 Diesel fuel for on-road use. Includes Federal and State taxes while excluding county and local taxes. 7 Includes electricity-only and combined heat and power plants that have a regulatory status. 8 Weighted averages of end-use fuel prices are derived from the prices in each sector and the corresponding sectoral consumption. Note: Data for 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2013 Brent and West Texas Intermediate crude oil spot prices: Thomson Reuters. 2013 average imported crude oil price: Energy Information Administration (EIA), Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). 2013 prices for motor gasoline, distillate fuel oil, and jet fuel are based on: EIA, Petroleum Marketing Monthly, DOE/EIA-0380(2014/08) (Washington, DC, August 2014). 2013 residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation sector petroleum product prices are derived from: EIA, Form EIA-782A, “Refiners’/Gas Plant Operators’ Monthly Petroleum Product Sales Report.” 2013 electric power prices based on: Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). 2013 E85 prices derived from monthly prices in the Clean Cities Alternative Fuel Price Report. 2013 wholesale ethanol prices derived from Bloomberg U.S. average rack price. Projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System runs LOWPRICE.D021915A, REF2015.D021915A, and HIGHPRICE.D021915A. 2 3 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 C-12 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Price case comparisons Table C6.  International petroleum and other liquids supply, disposition, and prices Table C6. (million International petroleum and other liquids barrels per day, unless otherwise noted)supply, disposition, and prices (million barrels per day, unless otherwise noted) Projections Supply, disposition, and prices 2013 Crude oil spot prices (2013 dollars per barrel) Brent ............................................................. West Texas Intermediate .............................. (nominal dollars per barrel) Brent ............................................................. West Texas Intermediate .............................. Petroleum and other liquids consumption1 OECD United States (50 states) .......................... United States territories ............................ Canada ..................................................... Mexico and Chile ...................................... OECD Europe2 ......................................... Japan ....................................................... South Korea ............................................. Australia and New Zealand ...................... Total OECD consumption ................ Non-OECD Russia ...................................................... Other Europe and Eurasia3 ...................... China ........................................................ India ......................................................... Other Asia4 ............................................... Middle East............................................... Africa ........................................................ Brazil ........................................................ Other Central and South America ............ Total non-OECD consumption ........ Total consumption ........................................... Petroleum and other liquids production OPEC5 Middle East .......................................... North Africa.......................................... West Africa .......................................... South America ..................................... Total OPEC production ................ Non-OPEC OECD United States (50 states) ..................... Canada ................................................ Mexico and Chile ................................. OECD Europe2 .................................... Japan and South Korea ....................... Australia and New Zealand.................. Total OECD production ................ Non-OECD Russia.................................................. Other Europe and Eurasia3.................. China ................................................... Other Asia4 .......................................... Middle East .......................................... Africa ................................................... Brazil.................................................... Other Central and South America........ Total non-OECD production ........ Total petroleum and other liquids production OPEC market share (percent) ........................... 2020 Low oil price 2030 Reference High oil price Low oil price Reference 2040 High oil price Low oil price Reference High oil price 109 98 58 52 79 73 149 142 69 63 106 99 194 188 76 72 141 136 252 246 109 98 65 58 90 83 167 159 91 83 142 133 263 255 120 115 229 220 416 407 18.96 0.30 2.29 2.46 13.96 4.56 2.43 1.16 46.14 20.00 0.32 2.40 2.79 14.75 4.47 2.71 1.19 48.62 19.65 0.31 2.31 2.71 14.20 4.27 2.58 1.16 47.20 18.97 0.30 2.20 2.63 13.74 4.05 2.42 1.13 45.43 20.10 0.35 2.45 2.95 15.30 4.36 2.80 1.17 49.49 19.41 0.34 2.21 2.80 14.09 4.03 2.53 1.11 46.52 18.04 0.33 2.06 2.78 13.70 3.79 2.36 1.09 44.16 20.44 0.40 2.61 3.19 16.03 4.05 2.81 1.26 50.79 19.27 0.38 2.14 2.92 14.12 3.65 2.40 1.15 46.04 17.70 0.38 1.94 2.88 13.54 3.31 2.24 1.11 43.10 3.30 2.06 10.67 3.70 7.37 7.61 3.42 3.11 3.38 44.60 3.32 2.22 13.05 4.32 9.14 8.49 3.99 3.44 3.56 51.54 3.31 2.22 13.13 4.30 9.08 8.40 3.93 3.33 3.49 51.20 3.19 2.20 13.04 4.14 8.83 8.42 3.82 3.15 3.38 50.17 3.32 2.45 15.95 5.39 12.37 10.20 4.93 3.93 3.86 62.41 3.23 2.39 17.03 5.52 12.35 9.56 4.78 3.74 3.72 62.31 3.01 2.33 18.31 5.37 12.26 10.22 4.75 3.62 3.64 63.50 3.22 2.78 17.38 6.14 16.24 12.50 6.41 4.80 4.39 73.87 3.01 2.59 20.19 6.79 16.49 11.13 6.18 4.50 4.15 75.01 2.67 2.48 24.04 6.91 16.84 12.72 6.28 4.50 4.11 80.54 90.7 100.2 98.4 95.6 111.9 108.8 107.7 124.7 121.0 123.6 26.32 2.90 4.26 3.01 36.49 27.65 3.74 5.51 3.64 40.54 24.56 3.51 5.00 3.10 36.16 19.33 3.22 4.43 2.85 29.83 35.80 4.31 6.85 4.58 51.54 29.34 3.67 5.24 3.27 41.53 21.86 3.42 4.81 2.93 33.01 45.31 4.90 7.50 5.59 63.30 36.14 4.06 5.43 3.79 49.42 29.01 3.67 5.01 3.18 40.87 12.64 4.15 2.94 3.88 0.18 0.49 24.29 16.17 4.70 2.41 3.18 0.17 0.55 27.18 16.92 5.05 2.93 3.35 0.17 0.60 29.03 18.97 5.46 3.07 3.22 0.16 0.62 31.51 14.94 5.48 2.04 2.61 0.19 0.53 25.79 16.52 6.26 3.32 2.98 0.18 0.86 30.12 19.80 7.27 3.65 3.05 0.18 0.89 34.84 13.10 5.81 2.23 2.57 0.20 0.50 24.41 15.89 6.76 3.79 3.19 0.18 0.96 30.77 18.11 8.04 4.18 3.18 0.19 1.01 34.70 10.50 3.27 4.48 3.82 1.20 2.41 2.73 2.21 30.63 10.63 3.42 4.80 3.72 1.02 2.73 3.62 2.51 32.44 10.71 3.41 5.11 3.85 1.03 2.70 3.70 2.71 33.21 10.97 3.87 5.23 3.80 1.14 2.79 4.01 2.59 34.41 10.80 4.21 5.16 3.54 0.75 2.90 4.68 2.53 34.57 11.22 4.42 5.66 3.67 0.85 2.94 5.43 2.97 37.17 11.58 4.99 6.18 3.80 1.04 2.92 6.05 3.25 39.80 11.35 4.83 5.18 3.73 0.56 3.23 4.96 3.13 36.96 12.16 5.18 5.84 4.01 0.77 3.33 6.12 3.47 40.88 12.67 6.44 7.54 4.06 0.98 3.39 8.34 4.70 48.10 91.4 39.9 100.2 40.5 98.4 36.7 95.7 31.1 111.9 46.1 108.8 38.2 107.7 30.7 124.7 50.8 121.1 40.8 123.7 33.0 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 C-13 Price case comparisons Table C6.  International petroleum and other liquids supply, disposition, and prices (continued) Table C6. (million International petroleum and other liquids barrels per day, unless otherwise noted)supply, disposition, and prices (continued) (million barrels per day, unless otherwise noted) Projections Supply, disposition, and prices 2013 Selected world production subtotals: Crude oil and equivalents6 ............................ Tight oil ..................................................... Bitumen7 ................................................... Refinery processing gain8 ............................. Natural gas plant liquids .................................. Liquids from renewable sources9 .................. Liquids from coal10 ........................................ Liquids from natural gas11 ............................... Liquids from kerogen12 .................................. Crude oil production6 OPEC5 Middle East .......................................... North Africa.......................................... West Africa .......................................... South America ..................................... Total OPEC production ................ Non-OPEC OECD United States (50 states) ..................... Canada ................................................ Mexico and Chile ................................. OECD Europe2 .................................... Japan and South Korea ....................... Australia and New Zealand.................. Total OECD production ................ Non-OECD Russia.................................................. Other Europe and Eurasia3.................. China ................................................... Other Asia4 .......................................... Middle East .......................................... Africa ................................................... Brazil.................................................... Other Central and South America........ Total non-OECD production ........ Total crude oil production6 ............................. OPEC market share (percent) ........................... 2020 Low oil price Reference 2030 High oil price Low oil price Reference 2040 High oil price Low oil price Reference High oil price 77.93 3.62 2.11 2.40 9.36 2.14 0.21 0.24 0.01 83.98 5.71 2.91 2.45 11.33 2.48 0.30 0.32 0.01 82.19 7.49 3.00 2.42 11.28 2.56 0.33 0.33 0.01 78.67 9.28 3.31 2.26 12.06 2.45 0.53 0.33 0.01 93.74 5.21 3.57 2.80 12.34 3.05 0.30 0.32 0.01 89.77 9.16 3.95 2.74 12.42 3.36 0.69 0.51 0.01 87.00 11.15 4.72 2.50 13.52 3.06 1.40 0.64 0.01 105.09 4.51 3.86 3.20 12.99 3.49 0.30 0.32 0.00 99.09 10.15 4.26 2.97 13.79 4.22 1.05 0.61 0.01 98.87 12.10 5.36 2.89 14.58 3.63 3.16 1.19 0.01 23.13 2.43 4.20 2.82 32.60 24.34 3.19 5.37 3.34 36.25 21.20 2.93 4.89 2.86 31.89 15.81 2.63 4.28 2.54 25.25 32.25 3.61 6.69 4.23 46.79 25.59 2.92 5.13 2.98 36.62 17.88 2.65 4.63 2.55 27.72 41.61 4.06 7.35 5.25 58.27 31.79 2.96 5.29 3.48 43.52 24.68 2.71 4.82 2.80 35.03 8.90 3.42 2.59 2.82 0.00 0.37 18.10 10.93 4.01 2.06 2.09 0.00 0.42 19.51 11.58 4.35 2.61 2.17 0.00 0.47 21.18 13.36 4.76 2.72 2.11 0.01 0.48 23.44 9.63 4.76 1.70 1.44 0.00 0.40 17.93 11.01 5.48 3.00 1.66 0.00 0.67 21.83 13.47 6.50 3.31 1.87 0.01 0.73 25.88 8.09 5.08 1.89 1.29 0.00 0.36 16.72 10.41 5.92 3.45 1.69 0.00 0.75 22.23 10.94 7.24 3.83 1.91 0.01 0.84 24.77 10.02 3.05 4.16 3.04 1.16 1.97 2.02 1.81 27.24 10.03 3.13 4.23 2.81 0.98 2.23 2.75 2.06 28.22 10.15 3.18 4.54 2.94 1.00 2.18 2.87 2.25 29.11 10.38 3.57 4.58 2.89 1.10 2.19 3.14 2.14 29.98 9.95 3.77 4.27 2.46 0.71 2.38 3.42 2.05 29.03 10.42 4.03 4.56 2.45 0.82 2.38 4.16 2.49 31.32 10.72 4.52 4.70 2.64 1.00 2.26 4.78 2.77 33.40 10.07 4.16 4.04 2.41 0.52 2.71 3.55 2.65 30.10 11.10 4.66 4.13 2.47 0.74 2.70 4.60 2.94 33.35 11.37 5.73 4.53 2.66 0.94 2.71 6.93 4.21 39.07 77.9 41.8 84.0 43.2 82.2 38.8 78.7 32.1 93.7 49.9 89.8 40.8 87.0 31.9 105.1 55.4 99.1 43.9 98.9 35.4 1 Estimated consumption. Includes both OPEC and non-OPEC consumers in the regional breakdown. 2 OECD Europe = Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. 3 Other Europe and Eurasia = Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. 4 Other Asia = Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia (Kampuchea), Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Hong Kong, India (for production), Indonesia, Kiribati, Laos, Malaysia, Macau, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar (Burma), Nauru, Nepal, New Caledonia, Niue, North Korea, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, Vanuatu, and Vietnam. 5 OPEC = Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries = Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. 6 Includes crude oil, lease condensate, tight oil (shale oil), extra-heavy oil, and bitumen (oil sands). 7 Includes diluted and upgraded/synthetic bitumen (syncrude). 8 The volumetric amount by which total output is greater than input due to the processing of crude oil into products which, in total, have a lower specific gravity than the crude oil processed. 9 Includes liquids produced from energy crops. 10 Includes liquids converted from coal via the Fischer-Tropsch coal-to-liquids process. 11 Includes liquids converted from natural gas via the Fischer-Tropsch natural-gas-to-liquids process. 12 Includes liquids produced from kerogen (oil shale, not to be confused with tight oil (shale oil)). OECD = Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Data for 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2013 Brent and West Texas Intermediate crude oil spot prices: Thomson Reuters. 2013 quantities and projections: Energy Information Administration (EIA), AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System runs LOWPRICE.D021915A, REF2015.D021915A, and HIGHPRICE.D021915A; and EIA, Generate World Oil Balance application. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 C-14 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Appendix D High oil and gas resource case comparisons Table D1.  Total energy supply, disposition, and price summary Total energy supply, disposition, and price summary (quadrillion Btu perper year, unless otherwise noted) (quadrillion Btu year, unless otherwise noted) Table D1. Supply, disposition, and prices 2013 Projections 2020 Reference 2030 High oil and gas resource Reference 2040 High oil and gas resource Reference High oil and gas resource Production Crude oil and lease condensate ................................... Natural gas plant liquids ............................................... Dry natural gas ............................................................. Coal1 ............................................................................ Nuclear / uranium2........................................................ Conventional hydroelectric power ................................ Biomass3 ...................................................................... Other renewable energy4 ............................................. Other5 ........................................................................... Total ....................................................................... 15.6 3.6 25.1 20.0 8.3 2.5 4.2 2.3 1.3 82.7 22.2 5.5 29.6 21.7 8.4 2.8 4.4 3.2 0.9 98.7 26.3 6.3 33.1 18.8 8.4 2.8 4.5 3.2 0.9 104.3 21.1 5.7 33.9 22.5 8.5 2.8 4.6 3.6 0.9 103.7 32.6 7.9 43.8 19.8 8.5 2.8 4.7 3.4 1.0 124.4 19.9 5.5 36.4 22.6 8.7 2.8 5.0 4.6 1.0 106.6 34.6 9.0 52.0 20.3 8.5 2.8 5.1 3.6 1.0 136.8 Imports Crude oil ....................................................................... Petroleum and other liquids6 ........................................ Natural gas7 ................................................................. Other imports8 .............................................................. Total ....................................................................... 17.0 4.3 2.9 0.3 24.5 13.6 4.6 1.9 0.1 20.2 13.5 4.4 1.8 0.1 19.9 15.7 4.4 1.6 0.1 21.7 11.7 4.7 1.7 0.1 18.2 18.2 4.1 1.7 0.1 24.1 11.3 4.4 2.5 0.0 18.3 Exports Petroleum and other liquids9 ........................................ Natural gas10 ................................................................ Coal .............................................................................. Total ....................................................................... 7.3 1.6 2.9 11.7 11.2 4.5 2.5 18.1 15.4 4.6 2.5 22.5 12.6 6.4 3.3 22.4 21.6 10.8 3.4 35.7 13.7 7.4 3.5 24.6 24.3 15.7 4.0 44.0 Discrepancy11 .................................................................. -1.6 -0.1 -0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.3 Consumption Petroleum and other liquids12 ....................................... Natural gas ................................................................... Coal13 ........................................................................... Nuclear / uranium2........................................................ Conventional hydroelectric power ................................ Biomass14 ..................................................................... Other renewable energy4 ............................................. Other15 ......................................................................... Total ....................................................................... 35.9 26.9 18.0 8.3 2.5 2.9 2.3 0.4 97.1 37.1 26.8 19.2 8.4 2.8 3.0 3.2 0.3 100.8 37.5 30.1 16.3 8.4 2.8 3.1 3.2 0.3 101.8 36.5 28.8 19.2 8.5 2.8 3.2 3.6 0.3 102.9 37.8 34.4 16.3 8.5 2.8 3.3 3.4 0.3 106.8 36.2 30.5 19.0 8.7 2.8 3.5 4.6 0.3 105.7 37.5 38.4 16.3 8.5 2.8 3.5 3.6 0.3 110.8 109 98 79 73 76 64 106 99 98 84 141 136 129 115 3.73 4.88 3.12 5.69 3.67 7.85 4.38 37.2 37.9 37.2 43.7 42.3 49.2 47.8 1.84 2.50 10.1 1.88 2.54 10.5 1.84 2.43 10.0 2.18 2.84 11.1 2.10 2.66 10.0 2.44 3.09 11.8 2.36 2.88 10.3 Prices (2013 dollars per unit) Crude oil spot prices (dollars per barrel) Brent ........................................................................ West Texas Intermediate......................................... Natural gas at Henry Hub (dollars per million Btu)................................................. Coal (dollars per ton) at the minemouth16 .................................................. Coal (dollars per million Btu) at the minemouth16 .................................................. Average end-use17 .................................................. Average electricity (cents per kilowatthour) .................. U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 D-1 High oil and gas resource case comparisons Table D1.  Total energy supply, disposition, and price summary (continued) Table D1. (quadrillion Total energy supply, and noted) price summary (continued) Btu per year, disposition, unless otherwise (quadrillion Btu per year, unless otherwise noted) Projections Supply, disposition, and prices 2013 2020 Reference Prices (nominal dollars per unit) Crude oil spot prices (dollars per barrel) Brent ........................................................................ West Texas Intermediate......................................... Natural gas at Henry Hub (dollars per million Btu)................................................. Coal (dollars per ton) at the minemouth16 .................................................. Coal (dollars per million Btu) at the minemouth16 .................................................. Average end-use17 .................................................. Average electricity (cents per kilowatthour) .................. 2030 High oil and gas resource Reference 2040 High oil and gas resource Reference High oil and gas resource 109 98 90 83 85 72 142 133 127 109 229 220 205 182 3.73 5.54 3.51 7.63 4.76 12.73 6.93 37.2 43.0 41.7 58.6 54.8 79.8 75.6 1.84 2.50 10.1 2.14 2.88 11.9 2.07 2.73 11.2 2.92 3.81 14.8 2.72 3.45 13.0 3.96 5.00 19.2 3.73 4.56 16.2 1 Includes waste coal. 2 These values represent the energy obtained from uranium when it is used in light water reactors. The total energy content of uranium is much larger, but alternative processes are required to take advantage of it. 3 Includes grid-connected electricity from wood and wood waste; biomass, such as corn, used for liquid fuels production; and non-electric energy demand from wood. Refer to Table A17 for details. 4 Includes grid-connected electricity from landfill gas; biogenic municipal waste; wind; photovoltaic and solar thermal sources; and non-electric energy from renewable sources, such as active and passive solar systems. Excludes electricity imports using renewable sources and nonmarketed renewable energy. See Table A17 for selected nonmarketed residential and commercial renewable energy data. 5 Includes non-biogenic municipal waste, liquid hydrogen, methanol, and some domestic inputs to refineries. 6 Includes imports of finished petroleum products, unfinished oils, alcohols, ethers, blending components, and renewable fuels such as ethanol. 7 Includes imports of liquefied natural gas that are later re-exported. 8 Includes coal, coal coke (net), and electricity (net). Excludes imports of fuel used in nuclear power plants. 9 Includes crude oil, petroleum products, ethanol, and biodiesel. 10 Includes re-exported liquefied natural gas. 11 Balancing item. Includes unaccounted for supply, losses, gains, and net storage withdrawals. 12 Estimated consumption. Includes petroleum-derived fuels and non-petroleum derived fuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel, and coal-based synthetic liquids. Petroleum coke, which is a solid, is included. Also included are hydrocarbon gas liquids and crude oil consumed as a fuel. Refer to Table A17 for detailed renewable liquid fuels consumption. 13 Excludes coal converted to coal-based synthetic liquids and natural gas. 14 Includes grid-connected electricity from wood and wood waste, non-electric energy from wood, and biofuels heat and coproducts used in the production of liquid fuels, but excludes the energy content of the liquid fuels. 15 Includes non-biogenic municipal waste, liquid hydrogen, and net electricity imports. 16 Includes reported prices for both open market and captive mines. Prices weighted by production, which differs from average minemouth prices published in EIA data reports where it is weighted by reported sales. 17 Prices weighted by consumption; weighted average excludes export free-alongside-ship (f.a.s.) prices. Btu = British thermal unit. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Data for 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2013 natural gas supply values: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Natural Gas Monthly, DOE/EIA-0130(2014/07) (Washington, DC, July 2014). 2013 coal minemouth and delivered coal prices: EIA, Annual Coal Report 2013, DOE/EIA-0584(2013) (Washington, DC, January 2015). 2013 petroleum supply values: EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual 2013, DOE/EIA-0340(2013)/1 (Washington, DC, September 2014). 2013 crude oil spot prices and natural gas spot price at Henry Hub: Thomson Reuters. Other 2013 coal values: Quarterly Coal Report, October-December 2013, DOE/EIA-0121(2013/4Q) (Washington, DC, March 2014). Other 2013 values: EIA, Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). Projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System runs REF2015.D021915A and HIGHRESOURCE.D021915B. D-2 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 High oil and gas resource case comparisons Table D2.  Energy consumption by sector and source Table D2. (quadrillion Energy consumption by sector and source Btu per year, unless otherwise noted) (quadrillion Btu per year, unless otherwise noted) Sector and source 2013 Projections 2020 Reference 2030 High oil and gas resource Reference 2040 High oil and gas resource Reference High oil and gas resource Energy consumption Residential Propane .................................................................... Kerosene................................................................... Distillate fuel oil ......................................................... Petroleum and other liquids subtotal ...................... Natural gas................................................................ Renewable energy1 ................................................... Electricity................................................................... Delivered energy ................................................. Electricity related losses............................................ Total ..................................................................... 0.43 0.01 0.50 0.93 5.05 0.58 4.75 11.32 9.79 21.10 0.32 0.01 0.40 0.73 4.63 0.41 4.86 10.63 9.75 20.38 0.33 0.01 0.40 0.74 4.75 0.41 4.90 10.80 9.53 20.33 0.28 0.01 0.31 0.59 4.52 0.38 5.08 10.57 9.91 20.48 0.28 0.01 0.31 0.60 4.70 0.37 5.20 10.86 9.76 20.62 0.25 0.00 0.24 0.49 4.31 0.35 5.42 10.57 10.33 20.91 0.25 0.00 0.24 0.49 4.52 0.35 5.61 10.97 10.20 21.17 Commercial Propane .................................................................... Motor gasoline2 ......................................................... Kerosene................................................................... Distillate fuel oil ......................................................... Residual fuel oil ......................................................... Petroleum and other liquids subtotal ...................... Natural gas................................................................ Coal........................................................................... Renewable energy3 ................................................... Electricity................................................................... Delivered energy ................................................. Electricity related losses............................................ Total ..................................................................... 0.15 0.05 0.00 0.37 0.03 0.59 3.37 0.04 0.12 4.57 8.69 9.42 18.10 0.16 0.05 0.00 0.34 0.07 0.62 3.30 0.05 0.12 4.82 8.90 9.68 18.58 0.16 0.05 0.00 0.34 0.07 0.63 3.49 0.05 0.12 4.85 9.14 9.44 18.58 0.17 0.05 0.00 0.30 0.07 0.60 3.43 0.05 0.12 5.19 9.38 10.13 19.52 0.17 0.05 0.00 0.31 0.07 0.61 3.71 0.05 0.12 5.32 9.81 9.99 19.81 0.18 0.06 0.00 0.27 0.06 0.58 3.71 0.05 0.12 5.66 10.12 10.80 20.92 0.18 0.06 0.00 0.28 0.07 0.59 4.11 0.05 0.12 5.85 10.72 10.64 21.37 Industrial4 Liquefied petroleum gases and other5....................... Motor gasoline2 ......................................................... Distillate fuel oil ......................................................... Residual fuel oil ......................................................... Petrochemical feedstocks ......................................... Other petroleum6 ....................................................... Petroleum and other liquids subtotal ...................... Natural gas................................................................ Natural-gas-to-liquids heat and power ...................... Lease and plant fuel7 ................................................ Natural gas subtotal ............................................... Metallurgical coal ...................................................... Other industrial coal .................................................. Coal-to-liquids heat and power ................................. Net coal coke imports................................................ Coal subtotal .......................................................... Biofuels heat and coproducts .................................... Renewable energy8 ................................................... Electricity................................................................... Delivered energy ................................................. Electricity related losses............................................ Total ..................................................................... 2.51 0.25 1.31 0.06 0.74 3.52 8.40 7.62 0.00 1.52 9.14 0.62 0.88 0.00 -0.02 1.48 0.72 1.48 3.26 24.48 6.72 31.20 3.20 0.26 1.42 0.10 0.95 3.67 9.61 8.33 0.00 1.87 10.20 0.61 0.93 0.00 0.00 1.54 0.80 1.53 3.74 27.42 7.51 34.93 3.26 0.27 1.41 0.10 0.95 3.94 9.94 8.56 0.00 2.02 10.58 0.59 0.93 0.00 0.00 1.52 0.81 1.56 3.83 28.24 7.45 35.69 3.72 0.25 1.36 0.13 1.14 3.83 10.44 8.65 0.00 2.10 10.75 0.56 0.96 0.00 -0.03 1.48 0.80 1.59 4.04 29.10 7.88 36.98 3.81 0.29 1.46 0.12 1.14 4.28 11.09 9.17 0.00 3.05 12.21 0.59 0.97 0.00 -0.03 1.53 0.82 1.64 4.27 31.55 8.01 39.56 3.67 0.25 1.35 0.13 1.20 3.99 10.59 8.90 0.00 2.29 11.19 0.51 0.99 0.00 -0.06 1.44 0.86 1.63 4.12 29.82 7.85 37.68 3.82 0.29 1.48 0.11 1.12 4.46 11.29 9.43 0.00 3.84 13.28 0.53 1.01 0.00 -0.06 1.48 0.88 1.70 4.35 32.98 7.92 40.90 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 D-3 High oil and gas resource case comparisons Table D2.  Energy consumption by sector and source (continued) Table D2. (quadrillion Energy consumption by sector and source Btu per year, unless otherwise noted) (continued) (quadrillion Btu per year, unless otherwise noted) Sector and source 2013 2020 Reference D-4 Projections 2030 High oil and gas resource Reference 2040 High oil and gas resource Reference High oil and gas resource Transportation Propane .................................................................... Motor gasoline2 ......................................................... of which: E859 .................................................... Jet fuel10 .................................................................... Distillate fuel oil11 ...................................................... Residual fuel oil ......................................................... Other petroleum12 ..................................................... Petroleum and other liquids subtotal ...................... Pipeline fuel natural gas ............................................ Compressed / liquefied natural gas ........................... Liquid hydrogen ........................................................ Electricity................................................................... Delivered energy ................................................. Electricity related losses............................................ Total ..................................................................... 0.05 15.94 0.02 2.80 6.50 0.57 0.15 26.00 0.88 0.05 0.00 0.02 26.96 0.05 27.01 0.04 15.35 0.03 3.01 7.35 0.35 0.16 26.27 0.85 0.07 0.00 0.03 27.22 0.06 27.29 0.04 15.42 0.03 3.01 7.42 0.35 0.16 26.42 0.93 0.07 0.00 0.03 27.44 0.06 27.50 0.05 13.30 0.20 3.40 7.76 0.36 0.16 25.03 0.94 0.17 0.00 0.04 26.18 0.08 26.27 0.05 13.56 0.17 3.42 8.22 0.36 0.16 25.77 1.13 0.18 0.00 0.04 27.12 0.08 27.20 0.07 12.55 0.28 3.64 7.97 0.36 0.16 24.76 0.96 0.71 0.00 0.06 26.49 0.12 26.61 0.07 12.83 0.28 3.65 8.33 0.36 0.16 25.42 1.26 0.96 0.00 0.06 27.70 0.11 27.81 Unspecified sector13 .................................................. -0.27 -0.34 -0.34 -0.37 -0.41 -0.38 -0.41 Delivered energy consumption for all sectors Liquefied petroleum gases and other5....................... Motor gasoline2 ......................................................... of which: E859 .................................................... Jet fuel10 .................................................................... Kerosene................................................................... Distillate fuel oil ......................................................... Residual fuel oil ......................................................... Petrochemical feedstocks ......................................... Other petroleum14 ..................................................... Petroleum and other liquids subtotal ...................... Natural gas................................................................ Natural-gas-to-liquids heat and power ...................... Lease and plant fuel7 ................................................ Pipeline natural gas................................................... Natural gas subtotal ............................................... Metallurgical coal ...................................................... Other coal ................................................................. Coal-to-liquids heat and power ................................. Net coal coke imports................................................ Coal subtotal .......................................................... Biofuels heat and coproducts .................................... Renewable energy15 ................................................. Liquid hydrogen ........................................................ Electricity................................................................... Delivered energy ................................................. Electricity related losses............................................ Total ..................................................................... 3.14 16.36 0.02 2.97 0.01 8.10 0.65 0.74 3.67 35.65 16.10 0.00 1.52 0.88 18.50 0.62 0.92 0.00 -0.02 1.52 0.72 2.18 0.00 12.60 71.17 25.97 97.14 3.73 15.79 0.03 3.20 0.01 8.86 0.53 0.95 3.82 36.89 16.32 0.00 1.87 0.85 19.05 0.61 0.98 0.00 0.00 1.59 0.80 2.06 0.00 13.45 73.84 27.00 100.84 3.80 15.87 0.03 3.20 0.01 8.92 0.53 0.95 4.10 37.38 16.86 0.00 2.02 0.93 19.81 0.59 0.98 0.00 0.00 1.57 0.81 2.09 0.00 13.62 75.27 26.48 101.75 4.23 13.72 0.20 3.61 0.01 9.05 0.56 1.14 3.98 36.30 16.76 0.00 2.10 0.94 19.80 0.56 1.00 0.00 -0.03 1.53 0.80 2.09 0.00 14.35 74.87 28.01 102.87 4.31 14.01 0.17 3.63 0.01 9.57 0.55 1.14 4.44 37.66 17.75 0.00 3.05 1.13 21.93 0.59 1.01 0.00 -0.03 1.57 0.82 2.13 0.00 14.83 78.94 27.83 106.78 4.17 12.96 0.28 3.86 0.01 9.13 0.56 1.20 4.15 36.03 17.64 0.00 2.29 0.96 20.88 0.51 1.04 0.00 -0.06 1.49 0.86 2.10 0.00 15.25 76.62 29.10 105.73 4.33 13.28 0.28 3.88 0.01 9.60 0.54 1.12 4.62 37.38 19.03 0.00 3.84 1.26 24.13 0.53 1.05 0.00 -0.06 1.53 0.88 2.17 0.00 15.87 81.97 28.87 110.84 Electric power16 Distillate fuel oil ......................................................... Residual fuel oil ......................................................... Petroleum and other liquids subtotal ...................... Natural gas................................................................ Steam coal ................................................................ Nuclear / uranium17 ................................................... Renewable energy18 ................................................. Non-biogenic municipal waste .................................. Electricity imports ...................................................... Total ..................................................................... 0.05 0.21 0.26 8.36 16.49 8.27 4.78 0.23 0.18 38.57 0.09 0.08 0.17 7.80 17.59 8.42 6.13 0.23 0.11 40.45 0.08 0.09 0.16 10.29 14.77 8.42 6.11 0.23 0.11 40.10 0.08 0.09 0.17 9.03 17.63 8.47 6.72 0.23 0.10 42.35 0.07 0.09 0.16 12.46 14.78 8.46 6.50 0.23 0.08 42.67 0.08 0.09 0.18 9.61 17.52 8.73 7.99 0.23 0.11 44.36 0.07 0.10 0.17 14.24 14.76 8.46 6.82 0.23 0.07 44.74 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 High oil and gas resource case comparisons Table D2.  Energy consumption by sector and source (continued) Table D2. (quadrillion Energy consumption sector and source Btu per year, by unless otherwise noted)(continued) (quadrillion Btu per year, unless otherwise noted) Sector and source 2013 2020 Reference Projections 2030 High oil and gas resource Reference 2040 High oil and gas resource Reference High oil and gas resource Total energy consumption Liquefied petroleum gases and other5....................... Motor gasoline2 ......................................................... of which: E859 .................................................... Jet fuel10 .................................................................... Kerosene................................................................... Distillate fuel oil ......................................................... Residual fuel oil ......................................................... Petrochemical feedstocks ......................................... Other petroleum14 ..................................................... Petroleum and other liquids subtotal ...................... Natural gas................................................................ Natural-gas-to-liquids heat and power ...................... Lease and plant fuel7 ................................................ Pipeline natural gas................................................... Natural gas subtotal ............................................... Metallurgical coal ...................................................... Other coal ................................................................. Coal-to-liquids heat and power ................................. Net coal coke imports................................................ Coal subtotal .......................................................... Nuclear / uranium17 ................................................... Biofuels heat and coproducts .................................... Renewable energy19 ................................................. Liquid hydrogen ........................................................ Non-biogenic municipal waste .................................. Electricity imports ...................................................... Total ..................................................................... 3.14 16.36 0.02 2.97 0.01 8.15 0.87 0.74 3.67 35.91 24.46 0.00 1.52 0.88 26.86 0.62 17.41 0.00 -0.02 18.01 8.27 0.72 6.96 0.00 0.23 0.18 97.14 3.73 15.79 0.03 3.20 0.01 8.95 0.61 0.95 3.82 37.06 24.12 0.00 1.87 0.85 26.85 0.61 18.57 0.00 0.00 19.18 8.42 0.80 8.19 0.00 0.23 0.11 100.84 3.80 15.87 0.03 3.20 0.01 9.00 0.61 0.95 4.10 37.54 27.15 0.00 2.02 0.93 30.10 0.59 15.75 0.00 0.00 16.34 8.42 0.81 8.20 0.00 0.23 0.11 101.75 4.23 13.72 0.20 3.61 0.01 9.13 0.64 1.14 3.98 36.47 25.79 0.00 2.10 0.94 28.83 0.56 18.63 0.00 -0.03 19.16 8.47 0.80 8.81 0.00 0.23 0.10 102.87 4.31 14.01 0.17 3.63 0.01 9.65 0.64 1.14 4.44 37.82 30.21 0.00 3.05 1.13 34.39 0.59 15.79 0.00 -0.03 16.35 8.46 0.82 8.63 0.00 0.23 0.08 106.78 4.17 12.96 0.28 3.86 0.01 9.21 0.65 1.20 4.15 36.21 27.25 0.00 2.29 0.96 30.50 0.51 18.56 0.00 -0.06 19.01 8.73 0.86 10.09 0.00 0.23 0.11 105.73 4.33 13.28 0.28 3.88 0.01 9.67 0.64 1.12 4.62 37.54 33.27 0.00 3.84 1.26 38.37 0.53 15.81 0.00 -0.06 16.29 8.46 0.88 8.99 0.00 0.23 0.07 110.84 Energy use and related statistics Delivered energy use ..................................................... Total energy use ............................................................ Ethanol consumed in motor gasoline and E85............... Population (millions) ...................................................... Gross domestic product (billion 2009 dollars) ................ Carbon dioxide emissions (million metric tons) .............. 71.17 97.14 1.12 317 15,710 5,405 73.84 100.84 1.12 334 18,801 5,499 75.27 101.75 1.13 334 18,841 5,435 74.87 102.87 1.12 359 23,894 5,514 78.94 106.78 1.13 359 24,222 5,636 76.62 105.73 1.27 380 29,898 5,549 81.97 110.84 1.30 380 30,236 5,800 1 Includes wood used for residential heating. See Table A4 and/or Table A17 for estimates of nonmarketed renewable energy consumption for geothermal heat pumps, solar thermal water heating, and electricity generation from wind and solar photovoltaic sources. 2 Includes ethanol and ethers blended into gasoline. 3 Excludes ethanol. Includes commercial sector consumption of wood and wood waste, landfill gas, municipal waste, and other biomass for combined heat and power. See Table A5 and/or Table A17 for estimates of nonmarketed renewable energy consumption for solar thermal water heating and electricity generation from wind and solar photovoltaic sources. 4 Includes energy for combined heat and power plants that have a non-regulatory status, and small on-site generating systems. 5 Includes ethane, natural gasoline, and refinery olefins. 6 Includes petroleum coke, asphalt, road oil, lubricants, still gas, and miscellaneous petroleum products. 7 Represents natural gas used in well, field, and lease operations, in natural gas processing plant machinery, and for liquefaction in export facilities. 8 Includes consumption of energy produced from hydroelectric, wood and wood waste, municipal waste, and other biomass sources. Excludes ethanol in motor gasoline. 9 E85 refers to a blend of 85 percent ethanol (renewable) and 15 percent motor gasoline (nonrenewable). To address cold starting issues, the percentage of ethanol varies seasonally. The annual average ethanol content of 74 percent is used for this forecast. 10 Includes only kerosene type. 11 Diesel fuel for on- and off- road use. 12 Includes aviation gasoline and lubricants. 13 Represents consumption unattributed to the sectors above. 14 Includes aviation gasoline, petroleum coke, asphalt, road oil, lubricants, still gas, and miscellaneous petroleum products. 15 Includes electricity generated for sale to the grid and for own use from renewable sources, and non-electric energy from renewable sources. Excludes ethanol and nonmarketed renewable energy consumption for geothermal heat pumps, buildings photovoltaic systems, and solar thermal water heaters. 16 Includes consumption of energy by electricity-only and combined heat and power plants that have a regulatory status. 17 These values represent the energy obtained from uranium when it is used in light water reactors. The total energy content of uranium is much larger, but alternative processes are required to take advantage of it. 18 Includes conventional hydroelectric, geothermal, wood and wood waste, biogenic municipal waste, other biomass, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal sources. Excludes net electricity imports. 19 Includes conventional hydroelectric, geothermal, wood and wood waste, biogenic municipal waste, other biomass, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal sources. Excludes ethanol, net electricity imports, and nonmarketed renewable energy consumption for geothermal heat pumps, buildings photovoltaic systems, and solar thermal water heaters. Btu = British thermal unit. Note: Includes estimated consumption for petroleum and other liquids. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Data for 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2013 consumption based on: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Monthly Energy Review, DOE-EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). 2013 population and gross domestic product: IHS Economics, Industry and Employment models, November 2014. 2013 carbon dioxide emissions and emission factors: EIA, Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). Projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System runs REF2015.D021915A and HIGHRESOURCE.D021915B. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 D-5 High oil and gas resource case comparisons Table D3.  Energy prices by sector and source Table D3. (2013 Energy prices by sector source dollars per million Btu, and unless otherwise noted) (2013 dollars per million Btu, unless otherwise noted) Sector and source 2013 Reference D-6 Projections 2020 2030 High oil and gas resource Reference 2040 High oil and gas resource Reference High oil and gas resource Residential Propane........................................................................ Distillate fuel oil ............................................................ Natural gas ................................................................... Electricity ...................................................................... 23.3 27.2 10.0 35.6 23.0 21.5 11.6 37.8 22.2 20.9 9.6 36.1 24.4 26.3 12.8 40.0 23.9 24.9 10.4 36.9 26.6 32.9 15.5 42.4 25.6 31.3 11.9 37.6 Commercial Propane........................................................................ Distillate fuel oil ............................................................ Residual fuel oil ............................................................ Natural gas ................................................................... Electricity ...................................................................... 20.0 26.7 22.1 8.1 29.7 19.4 21.0 14.2 9.6 31.1 18.5 20.3 13.5 7.6 29.6 21.1 25.8 18.1 10.4 32.6 20.4 24.3 16.7 8.1 29.4 23.9 32.5 24.3 12.6 34.5 22.6 31.0 22.1 9.0 29.8 Industrial1 Propane........................................................................ Distillate fuel oil ............................................................ Residual fuel oil ............................................................ Natural gas2 ................................................................. Metallurgical coal ......................................................... Other industrial coal ..................................................... Coal to liquids............................................................... Electricity ...................................................................... 20.3 27.3 20.0 4.6 5.5 3.2 -20.2 19.6 21.2 13.3 6.2 5.8 3.3 -21.3 18.7 20.5 12.6 4.3 5.8 3.2 -19.9 21.5 26.1 17.2 6.8 6.7 3.6 -22.6 20.8 24.5 15.7 4.6 6.6 3.4 -20.0 24.5 32.7 23.5 8.8 7.2 3.9 -24.7 23.0 31.3 21.1 5.2 7.1 3.7 -20.7 Transportation Propane........................................................................ E853 ............................................................................. Motor gasoline4 ............................................................ Jet fuel5 ........................................................................ Diesel fuel (distillate fuel oil)6 ....................................... Residual fuel oil ............................................................ Natural gas7 ................................................................. Electricity ...................................................................... 24.6 33.1 29.3 21.8 28.2 19.3 17.6 28.5 24.0 30.4 22.5 16.1 23.1 11.7 17.8 30.2 23.3 29.9 21.8 15.5 22.5 11.1 16.0 28.2 25.5 31.2 26.4 21.3 28.0 15.4 15.7 32.9 24.9 30.2 25.0 19.4 26.4 14.1 13.9 28.9 27.6 35.4 32.3 28.3 34.7 20.3 19.6 36.0 26.6 34.5 31.2 26.1 33.2 19.0 16.8 30.5 Electric power8 Distillate fuel oil ............................................................ Residual fuel oil ............................................................ Natural gas ................................................................... Steam coal ................................................................... 24.0 18.9 4.4 2.3 18.8 11.5 5.4 2.4 18.1 10.7 3.7 2.2 23.6 15.4 6.2 2.7 22.1 14.0 4.1 2.4 30.2 21.6 8.3 2.9 28.7 19.3 4.7 2.7 Average price to all users9 Propane........................................................................ E853 ............................................................................. Motor gasoline4 ............................................................ Jet fuel5 ........................................................................ Distillate fuel oil ............................................................ Residual fuel oil ............................................................ Natural gas ................................................................... Metallurgical coal ......................................................... Other coal..................................................................... Coal to liquids............................................................... Electricity ...................................................................... 21.9 33.1 29.0 21.8 27.9 19.4 6.1 5.5 2.4 -29.5 21.1 30.4 22.5 16.1 22.6 12.2 7.5 5.8 2.4 -30.8 20.2 29.9 21.8 15.5 22.0 11.6 5.4 5.8 2.3 -29.2 22.6 31.2 26.4 21.3 27.6 16.0 8.2 6.7 2.7 -32.4 21.9 30.2 25.0 19.4 26.0 14.7 5.8 6.6 2.5 -29.3 25.2 35.4 32.3 28.3 34.2 21.5 10.5 7.2 3.0 -34.7 23.9 34.5 31.2 26.1 32.8 19.8 6.7 7.1 2.7 -30.1 Non-renewable energy expenditures by sector (billion 2013 dollars) Residential ................................................................... Commercial .................................................................. Industrial1 ..................................................................... Transportation .............................................................. Total non-renewable expenditures ............................ Transportation renewable expenditures ....................... Total expenditures ................................................. 243 177 224 719 1,364 1 1,364 254 194 264 565 1,276 1 1,277 238 182 242 550 1,213 1 1,214 276 219 323 638 1,456 6 1,462 256 200 298 619 1,373 5 1,378 311 259 389 791 1,751 10 1,761 278 228 348 781 1,635 10 1,645 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 High oil and gas resource case comparisons Table D3.  Energy prices by sector and source (continued) Table D3. (nominal Energy prices bymillion sectorBtu, andunless source (continued) dollars per otherwise noted) (nominal dollars per million Btu, unless otherwise noted) Sector and source 2013 Projections 2020 Reference 2030 High oil and gas resource Reference 2040 High oil and gas resource Reference High oil and gas resource Residential Propane........................................................................ Distillate fuel oil ............................................................ Natural gas ................................................................... Electricity ...................................................................... 23.3 27.2 10.0 35.6 26.1 24.4 13.2 42.9 25.0 23.4 10.8 40.5 32.8 35.3 17.1 53.6 31.0 32.3 13.5 47.9 43.1 53.3 25.1 68.8 40.4 49.5 18.8 59.4 Commercial Propane........................................................................ Distillate fuel oil ............................................................ Residual fuel oil ............................................................ Natural gas ................................................................... Electricity ...................................................................... 20.0 26.7 22.1 8.1 29.7 22.0 23.8 16.1 10.8 35.3 20.7 22.8 15.1 8.5 33.2 28.3 34.6 24.3 13.9 43.7 26.5 31.5 21.7 10.5 38.1 38.8 52.6 39.4 20.5 56.0 35.7 49.1 34.9 14.2 47.1 Industrial1 Propane........................................................................ Distillate fuel oil ............................................................ Residual fuel oil ............................................................ Natural gas2 ................................................................. Metallurgical coal ......................................................... Other industrial coal ..................................................... Coal to liquids............................................................... Electricity ...................................................................... 20.3 27.3 20.0 4.6 5.5 3.2 -20.2 22.3 24.1 15.1 7.0 6.6 3.8 -24.2 21.0 23.0 14.2 4.8 6.5 3.6 -22.3 28.8 35.0 23.1 9.1 8.9 4.8 -30.3 26.9 31.8 20.4 6.0 8.5 4.5 -26.0 39.7 53.0 38.0 14.2 11.6 6.3 -40.0 36.4 49.4 33.4 8.3 11.2 5.9 -32.7 Transportation Propane........................................................................ E853 ............................................................................. Motor gasoline4 ............................................................ Jet fuel5 ........................................................................ Diesel fuel (distillate fuel oil)6 ....................................... Residual fuel oil ............................................................ Natural gas7 ................................................................. Electricity ...................................................................... 24.6 33.1 29.3 21.8 28.2 19.3 17.6 28.5 27.2 34.4 25.5 18.3 26.2 13.2 20.2 34.3 26.1 33.5 24.5 17.3 25.2 12.4 18.0 31.7 34.1 41.9 35.3 28.6 37.6 20.6 21.0 44.1 32.3 39.3 32.4 25.2 34.3 18.4 18.0 37.5 44.8 57.4 52.4 45.8 56.2 32.9 31.8 58.4 42.0 54.6 49.4 41.2 52.5 30.1 26.5 48.2 Electric power8 Distillate fuel oil ............................................................ Residual fuel oil ............................................................ Natural gas ................................................................... Steam coal ................................................................... 24.0 18.9 4.4 2.3 21.3 13.0 6.1 2.7 20.3 12.0 4.1 2.5 31.7 20.6 8.3 3.6 28.7 18.2 5.4 3.2 49.0 35.0 13.4 4.7 45.4 30.6 7.4 4.2 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 D-7 High oil and gas resource case comparisons Table D3.  Energy prices by sector and source (continued) Table D3. (nominal Energydollars pricesper bymillion sector Btu, and unless sourceotherwise (continued) noted) (nominal dollars per million Btu, unless otherwise noted) Sector and source 2013 Projections 2020 Reference 2030 High oil and gas resource Reference 2040 High oil and gas resource Reference High oil and gas resource Average price to all users9 Propane......................................................... E853 .............................................................. Motor gasoline4 ............................................. Jet fuel5 ......................................................... Distillate fuel oil ............................................. Residual fuel oil ............................................. Natural gas .................................................... Metallurgical coal .......................................... Other coal...................................................... Coal to liquids................................................ Electricity ....................................................... 21.9 33.1 29.0 21.8 27.9 19.4 6.1 5.5 2.4 -29.5 23.9 34.4 25.5 18.3 25.7 13.8 8.5 6.6 2.8 -34.9 22.6 33.5 24.5 17.3 24.6 13.0 6.1 6.5 2.6 -32.8 30.3 41.9 35.3 28.6 36.9 21.5 11.0 8.9 3.7 -43.4 28.4 39.3 32.4 25.2 33.7 19.1 7.5 8.5 3.3 -38.1 40.9 57.4 52.4 45.8 55.5 34.8 17.0 11.6 4.8 -56.2 37.7 54.6 49.4 41.2 51.9 31.2 10.6 11.2 4.3 -47.5 Non-renewable energy expenditures by sector (billion nominal dollars) Residential .................................................... Commercial ................................................... Industrial1 ...................................................... Transportation ............................................... Total non-renewable expenditures ............. Transportation renewable expenditures ........ Total expenditures .................................. 243 177 224 719 1,364 1 1,364 288 220 299 641 1,448 1 1,449 268 205 272 617 1,361 1 1,362 370 294 433 855 1,952 8 1,960 332 260 387 803 1,782 7 1,788 504 420 631 1,283 2,839 16 2,855 440 360 551 1,235 2,586 15 2,601 1 Includes energy for combined heat and power plants that have a non-regulatory status, and small on-site generating systems. Excludes use for lease and plant fuel. E85 refers to a blend of 85 percent ethanol (renewable) and 15 percent motor gasoline (nonrenewable). To address cold starting issues, the percentage of ethanol varies seasonally. The annual average ethanol content of 74 percent is used for this forecast. 4 Sales weighted-average price for all grades. Includes Federal, State, and local taxes. 5 Kerosene-type jet fuel. Includes Federal and State taxes while excluding county and local taxes. 6 Diesel fuel for on-road use. Includes Federal and State taxes while excluding county and local taxes. 7 Natural gas used as fuel in motor vehicles, trains, and ships. Includes estimated motor vehicle fuel taxes and estimated dispensing costs or charges. 8 Includes electricity-only and combined heat and power plants that have a regulatory status. 9 Weighted averages of end-use fuel prices are derived from the prices shown in each sector and the corresponding sectoral consumption. Btu = British thermal unit. - - = Not applicable. Note: Data for 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2013 prices for motor gasoline, distillate fuel oil, and jet fuel are based on prices in the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Petroleum Marketing Monthly, DOE/EIA-0380(2014/08) (Washington, DC, August 2014). 2013 residential, commercial, and industrial natural gas delivered prices: EIA, Natural Gas Monthly, DOE/EIA-0130(2014/07) (Washington, DC, July 2014). 2013 transportation sector natural gas delivered prices are model results. 2013 electric power sector distillate and residual fuel oil prices: EIA, Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). 2013 electric power sector natural gas prices: EIA, Electric Power Monthly, DOE/EIA-0226, April 2013 and April 2014, Table 4.2, and EIA, State Energy Data Report 2012, DOE/EIA-0214(2012) (Washington, DC, June 2014). 2013 coal prices based on: EIA, Quarterly Coal Report, October-December 2013, DOE/EIA-0121(2013/4Q) (Washington, DC, March 2014) and EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System run REF2015.D021915A. 2013 electricity prices: EIA, Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). 2013 E85 prices derived from monthly prices in the Clean Cities Alternative Fuel Price Report. Projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System runs REF2015.D021915A and HIGHRESOURCE.D021915B. 2 3 D-8 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 High oil and gas resource case comparisons Table D4.  Petroleum and other liquids supply and disposition Table D4. (million Petroleum liquids supply noted) and disposition barrelsand per other day, unless otherwise (million barrels per day, unless otherwise noted) Supply and disposition 2013 Projections 2020 Reference 2030 High oil and gas resource Reference 2040 High oil and gas resource Reference High oil and gas resource Crude oil Domestic crude production1 ......................................... Alaska...................................................................... Lower 48 states ....................................................... Net imports ................................................................... Gross imports .......................................................... Exports .................................................................... Other crude supply2...................................................... Total crude supply .......................................................... 7.44 0.52 6.92 7.60 7.73 0.13 0.27 15.30 10.60 0.42 10.18 5.51 6.14 0.63 0.00 16.11 12.61 0.42 12.19 5.16 6.03 0.87 0.00 17.77 10.04 0.24 9.80 6.44 7.07 0.63 0.00 16.48 15.64 0.24 15.40 4.02 5.18 1.16 0.00 19.66 9.43 0.34 9.09 7.58 8.21 0.63 0.00 17.01 16.59 0.14 16.45 4.08 5.02 0.94 0.00 20.67 Net product imports........................................................... Gross refined product imports3 ..................................... Unfinished oil imports ................................................... Blending component imports ........................................ Exports ......................................................................... Refinery processing gain4 ................................................. Product stock withdrawal .................................................. Natural gas plant liquids .................................................... Supply from renewable sources ........................................ Ethanol ......................................................................... Domestic production ................................................ Net imports .............................................................. Stock withdrawal...................................................... Biodiesel....................................................................... Domestic production ................................................ Net imports .............................................................. Stock withdrawal...................................................... Other biomass-derived liquids5 .................................... Domestic production ................................................ Net imports .............................................................. Stock withdrawal...................................................... Liquids from gas................................................................ Liquids from coal ............................................................... Other6................................................................................ -1.37 0.82 0.66 0.60 3.43 1.09 0.11 2.61 0.93 0.83 0.85 -0.02 0.00 0.10 0.09 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21 -2.80 1.21 0.60 0.59 5.20 0.98 0.00 4.04 1.01 0.84 0.86 -0.02 0.00 0.14 0.13 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.28 -5.03 1.03 0.60 0.58 7.24 1.14 0.00 4.65 1.02 0.85 0.87 -0.03 0.00 0.14 0.13 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 -3.56 1.31 0.52 0.49 5.89 0.97 0.00 4.19 1.01 0.84 0.86 -0.02 0.00 0.11 0.10 0.01 0.00 0.06 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 -7.86 1.27 0.52 0.57 10.22 1.10 0.00 5.78 1.01 0.84 0.88 -0.03 0.00 0.09 0.08 0.01 0.00 0.08 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.34 -4.26 1.26 0.45 0.40 6.36 0.98 0.00 4.07 1.12 0.95 0.93 0.02 0.00 0.11 0.10 0.01 0.00 0.06 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.32 -9.89 1.12 0.45 0.52 11.97 1.06 0.00 6.59 1.14 0.97 0.96 0.02 0.00 0.09 0.08 0.01 0.00 0.08 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.34 Total primary supply7 ..................................................... 18.87 19.62 19.84 19.38 20.03 19.24 19.90 Product supplied by fuel Liquefied petroleum gases and other8 ..................... Motor gasoline9........................................................ of which: E8510 ................................................. Jet fuel11 .................................................................. Distillate fuel oil12 ..................................................... of which: Diesel ................................................ Residual fuel oil ....................................................... Other13 ..................................................................... by sector Residential and commercial .................................... Industrial14 ............................................................... Transportation ......................................................... Electric power15 ....................................................... Unspecified sector16 ................................................ Total product supplied ................................................... 2.50 8.85 0.01 1.43 3.83 3.56 0.32 2.04 2.91 8.49 0.02 1.55 4.26 3.94 0.27 2.18 2.95 8.53 0.02 1.55 4.28 3.97 0.27 2.29 3.30 7.41 0.13 1.75 4.34 4.09 0.28 2.33 3.38 7.56 0.12 1.76 4.59 4.33 0.28 2.53 3.25 7.05 0.19 1.87 4.38 4.17 0.28 2.43 3.39 7.22 0.19 1.88 4.60 4.38 0.28 2.60 0.86 4.69 13.36 0.12 -0.12 18.96 0.76 5.50 13.46 0.08 -0.15 19.65 0.76 5.65 13.54 0.07 -0.15 19.87 0.67 6.04 12.79 0.08 -0.17 19.41 0.68 6.37 13.15 0.07 -0.19 20.09 0.61 6.09 12.66 0.08 -0.17 19.27 0.62 6.47 13.00 0.08 -0.19 19.97 Discrepancy17 ................................................................... -0.10 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.06 -0.03 -0.07 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 D-9 High oil and gas resource case comparisons Table D4.  Petroleum and other liquids supply and disposition (continued) Table D4. (million Petroleum liquids supply and disposition (continued) barrelsand per other day, unless otherwise noted) (million barrels per day, unless otherwise noted) Projections Supply and disposition 2013 2020 Reference Domestic refinery distillation capacity18............................. Capacity utilization rate (percent)19 ................................... Net import share of product supplied (percent) ................. Net expenditures for imported crude oil and petroleum products (billion 2013 dollars)...................... 2030 High oil and gas resource Reference 2040 High oil and gas resource Reference High oil and gas resource 17.8 88.3 33.0 18.8 87.8 13.7 19.0 95.6 0.6 18.8 89.4 14.8 20.1 99.8 -19.3 18.8 92.0 17.4 20.9 100.4 -29.1 308 167 153 259 165 405 214 1 Includes lease condensate. Strategic petroleum reserve stock additions plus unaccounted for crude oil and crude oil stock withdrawals. Includes other hydrocarbons and alcohols. 4 The volumetric amount by which total output is greater than input due to the processing of crude oil into products which, in total, have a lower specific gravity than the crude oil processed. 5 Includes pyrolysis oils, biomass-derived Fischer-Tropsch liquids, biobutanol, and renewable feedstocks used for the on-site production of diesel and gasoline. 6 Includes domestic sources of other blending components, other hydrocarbons, and ethers. 7 Total crude supply, net product imports, refinery processing gain, product stock withdrawal, natural gas plant liquids, supply from renewable sources, liquids from gas, liquids from coal, and other supply. 8 Includes ethane, natural gasoline, and refinery olefins. 9 Includes ethanol and ethers blended into gasoline. 10 E85 refers to a blend of 85 percent ethanol (renewable) and 15 percent motor gasoline (nonrenewable). To address cold starting issues, the percentage of ethanol varies seasonally. The annual average ethanol content of 74 percent is used for this forecast. 11 Includes only kerosene type. 12 Includes distillate fuel oil from petroleum and biomass feedstocks. 13 Includes kerosene, aviation gasoline, petrochemical feedstocks, lubricants, waxes, asphalt, road oil, still gas, special naphthas, petroleum coke, crude oil product supplied, methanol, and miscellaneous petroleum products. 14 Includes energy for combined heat and power plants that have a non-regulatory status, and small on-site generating systems. 15 Includes consumption of energy by electricity-only and combined heat and power plants that have a regulatory status. 16 Represents consumption unattributed to the sectors above. 17 Balancing item. Includes unaccounted for supply, losses, and gains. 18 End-of-year operable capacity. 19 Rate is calculated by dividing the gross annual input to atmospheric crude oil distillation units by their operable refining capacity in barrels per calendar day. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Data for 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2013 product supplied based on: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). Other 2013 data: EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual 2013, DOE/EIA-0340(2013)/1 (Washington, DC, September 2014). Projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System runs REF2015.D021915A and HIGHRESOURCE.D021915B. 2 3 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 D-10 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 High oil and gas resource case comparisons Table D5.  Petroleum and other liquids prices Table D5. (2013 Petroleum and otherunless liquids prices noted) dollars per gallon, otherwise (2013 dollars per gallon, unless otherwise noted) Sector and fuel 2013 Projections 2020 Reference Crude oil prices (2013 dollars per barrel) Brent spot ..................................................................... West Texas Intermediate spot...................................... Average imported refiners acquisition cost1 ................. Brent / West Texas Intermediate spread ...................... 2030 High oil and gas resource Reference 2040 High oil and gas resource Reference High oil and gas resource 109 98 98 10.7 79 73 71 6.2 76 64 66 11.3 106 99 96 6.2 98 84 82 14.1 141 136 131 5.6 129 115 111 14.1 Residential Propane ................................................................... Distillate fuel oil ....................................................... 2.13 3.78 2.10 2.99 2.03 2.89 2.23 3.65 2.18 3.45 2.43 4.56 2.33 4.34 Commercial Distillate fuel oil ....................................................... Residual fuel oil ....................................................... Residual fuel oil (2013 dollars per barrel) ................ 3.68 3.31 139 2.89 2.12 89 2.80 2.02 85 3.56 2.71 114 3.35 2.50 105 4.47 3.64 153 4.28 3.31 139 Industrial2 Propane ................................................................... Distillate fuel oil ....................................................... Residual fuel oil ....................................................... Residual fuel oil (2013 dollars per barrel) ................ 1.85 3.75 3.00 126 1.79 2.91 2.00 84 1.70 2.82 1.89 79 1.96 3.58 2.58 108 1.90 3.36 2.36 99 2.24 4.49 3.51 147 2.10 4.29 3.16 133 Transportation Propane ................................................................... E853 ......................................................................... Ethanol wholesale price........................................... Motor gasoline4........................................................ Jet fuel5 ................................................................... Diesel fuel (distillate fuel oil)6 ................................... Residual fuel oil ....................................................... Residual fuel oil (2013 dollars per barrel) ................ 2.24 3.14 2.37 3.55 2.94 3.86 2.89 122 2.19 2.90 2.49 2.74 2.17 3.17 1.74 73 2.12 2.85 2.42 2.65 2.09 3.08 1.66 70 2.32 2.98 2.35 3.20 2.88 3.84 2.30 97 2.27 2.88 2.28 3.03 2.62 3.62 2.12 89 2.52 3.38 2.64 3.90 3.81 4.75 3.03 127 2.43 3.29 2.53 3.77 3.52 4.55 2.85 120 Electric power7 Distillate fuel oil ....................................................... Residual fuel oil ....................................................... Residual fuel oil (2013 dollars per barrel) ................ 3.33 2.83 119 2.60 1.71 72 2.51 1.61 67 3.28 2.30 97 3.07 2.09 88 4.19 3.23 136 3.98 2.90 122 Average prices, all sectors8 Propane ................................................................... Motor gasoline4........................................................ Jet fuel5 ................................................................... Distillate fuel oil ....................................................... Residual fuel oil ....................................................... Residual fuel oil (2013 dollars per barrel) ................ Average ............................................................ 2.00 3.53 2.94 3.83 2.90 122 3.16 1.93 2.74 2.17 3.11 1.83 77 2.46 1.84 2.65 2.09 3.01 1.73 73 2.37 2.06 3.20 2.88 3.78 2.40 101 2.89 2.00 3.03 2.62 3.57 2.20 92 2.73 2.30 3.90 3.81 4.69 3.22 135 3.62 2.18 3.77 3.52 4.50 2.96 124 3.44 Delivered sector product prices Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 D-11 High oil and gas resource case comparisons Table D5.  Petroleum and other liquids prices (continued) Table D5. (nominal Petroleum and liquids (continued) dollars perother gallon, unlessprices otherwise noted) (nominal dollars per gallon, unless otherwise noted) Sector and fuel 2013 Reference Crude oil prices (nominal dollars per barrel) Brent spot ..................................................................... West Texas Intermediate spot...................................... Average imported refiners acquisition cost1 ................. Projections 2020 2030 High oil and gas resource Reference 2040 High oil and gas resource Reference High oil and gas resource 109 98 98 90 83 80 85 72 74 142 133 129 127 109 107 229 220 212 205 182 175 Residential Propane ................................................................... Distillate fuel oil ....................................................... 2.13 3.78 2.38 3.39 2.28 3.25 2.99 4.90 2.83 4.48 3.94 7.40 3.69 6.87 Commercial Distillate fuel oil ....................................................... Residual fuel oil ....................................................... 3.68 3.31 3.28 2.41 3.14 2.26 4.78 3.63 4.35 3.25 7.25 5.90 6.76 5.23 Industrial2 Propane ................................................................... Distillate fuel oil ....................................................... Residual fuel oil ....................................................... 1.85 3.75 3.00 2.04 3.30 2.26 1.91 3.16 2.12 2.63 4.80 3.46 2.46 4.37 3.06 3.62 7.28 5.69 3.33 6.78 4.99 Transportation Propane ................................................................... E853 ......................................................................... Ethanol wholesale price........................................... Motor gasoline4........................................................ Jet fuel5 ................................................................... Diesel fuel (distillate fuel oil)6 ................................... Residual fuel oil ....................................................... 2.24 3.14 2.37 3.55 2.94 3.86 2.89 2.49 3.29 2.83 3.10 2.47 3.60 1.98 2.38 3.20 2.72 2.98 2.34 3.45 1.86 3.12 3.99 3.15 4.29 3.86 5.15 3.08 2.95 3.74 2.96 3.93 3.40 4.70 2.75 4.09 5.48 4.27 6.32 6.18 7.70 4.92 3.84 5.21 4.00 5.96 5.57 7.20 4.50 Electric power7 Distillate fuel oil ....................................................... Residual fuel oil ....................................................... 3.33 2.83 2.95 1.94 2.82 1.80 4.39 3.09 3.98 2.72 6.79 5.24 6.30 4.58 Average prices, all sectors8 Propane ................................................................... Motor gasoline4........................................................ Jet fuel5 ................................................................... Distillate fuel oil ....................................................... Residual fuel oil (nominal dollars per barrel) ........... Average ............................................................ 2.00 3.53 2.94 3.83 122 3.16 2.19 3.10 2.47 3.52 87 2.79 2.07 2.98 2.34 3.38 82 2.66 2.77 4.29 3.86 5.07 135 3.88 2.59 3.93 3.40 4.63 120 3.54 3.73 6.32 6.18 7.61 219 5.86 3.45 5.95 5.57 7.12 196 5.43 Delivered sector product prices 1 Weighted average price delivered to U.S. refiners. Includes combined heat and power plants that have a non-regulatory status, and small on-site generating systems. E85 refers to a blend of 85 percent ethanol (renewable) and 15 percent motor gasoline (nonrenewable). To address cold starting issues, the percentage of ethanol varies seasonally. The annual average ethanol content of 74 percent is used for this forecast. 4 Sales weighted-average price for all grades. Includes Federal, State, and local taxes. 5 Includes only kerosene type. 6 Diesel fuel for on-road use. Includes Federal and State taxes while excluding county and local taxes. 7 Includes electricity-only and combined heat and power plants that have a regulatory status. 8 Weighted averages of end-use fuel prices are derived from the prices in each sector and the corresponding sectoral consumption. Note: Data for 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2013 Brent and West Texas Intermediate crude oil spot prices: Thomson Reuters. 2013 average imported crude oil price: Energy Information Administration (EIA), Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). 2013 prices for motor gasoline, distillate fuel oil, and jet fuel are based on: EIA, Petroleum Marketing Monthly, DOE/EIA-0380(2014/08) (Washington, DC, August 2014). 2013 residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation sector petroleum product prices are derived from: EIA, Form EIA-782A, “Refiners’/Gas Plant Operators’ Monthly Petroleum Product Sales Report.” 2013 electric power prices based on: Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). 2013 E85 prices derived from monthly prices in the Clean Cities Alternative Fuel Price Report. 2013 wholesale ethanol prices derived from Bloomberg U.S. average rack price. Projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System runs REF2015.D021915A and HIGHRESOURCE.D021915B. 2 3 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 D-12 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 High oil and gas resource case comparisons Table D6.  Natural gas supply, disposition, and prices Table D6. (trillion Natural gasfeet, supply, and prices cubic unlessdisposition, otherwise noted) (trillion cubic feet, unless otherwise noted) Supply, disposition, and prices 2013 Projections 2020 Reference 2030 High oil and gas resource Reference 2040 High oil and gas resource Reference High oil and gas resource Supply Dry gas production1 ...................................................... Supplemental natural gas2 ........................................... Net imports ................................................................... Pipeline3 .................................................................. Liquefied natural gas ............................................... Total supply ..................................................................... 24.40 0.05 1.29 1.20 0.09 25.75 28.82 0.06 -2.55 -0.48 -2.08 26.33 32.18 0.06 -2.74 -0.66 -2.08 29.51 33.01 0.06 -4.81 -1.52 -3.29 28.27 42.66 0.06 -9.03 -1.78 -7.26 33.69 35.45 0.06 -5.62 -2.33 -3.29 29.90 50.61 0.06 -13.11 -2.85 -10.26 37.57 Consumption by sector Residential ................................................................... Commercial .................................................................. Industrial4 ..................................................................... Natural gas-to-liquids heat and power5 ........................ Natural gas-to-liquids production6 ................................ Electric power7 ............................................................. Transportation8 ............................................................. Pipeline fuel.................................................................. Lease and plant fuel9.................................................... Total consumption .......................................................... 4.92 3.28 7.41 0.00 0.00 8.16 0.05 0.86 1.48 26.16 4.50 3.21 8.10 0.00 0.00 7.61 0.07 0.83 1.82 26.14 4.62 3.39 8.32 0.00 0.00 10.04 0.07 0.90 1.97 29.32 4.40 3.33 8.41 0.00 0.00 8.81 0.17 0.91 2.05 28.08 4.57 3.61 8.92 0.00 0.00 12.16 0.18 1.10 2.97 33.50 4.20 3.61 8.66 0.00 0.00 9.38 0.70 0.93 2.23 29.70 4.40 4.00 9.18 0.00 0.00 13.89 0.94 1.22 3.74 37.38 Discrepancy10 .................................................................. -0.41 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 Natural gas spot price at Henry Hub (2013 dollars per million Btu) (nominal dollars per million Btu) ................................... 3.73 3.73 4.88 5.54 3.12 3.51 5.69 7.63 3.67 4.76 7.85 12.73 4.38 6.93 10.29 8.35 4.68 4.51 18.13 6.32 11.92 9.82 6.35 5.52 18.27 7.66 9.90 7.83 4.40 3.77 16.49 5.59 13.15 10.69 6.99 6.38 16.13 8.40 10.72 8.31 4.78 4.25 14.27 5.97 15.90 12.97 9.03 8.49 20.18 10.76 12.21 9.24 5.37 4.79 17.24 6.87 10.29 8.35 4.68 4.51 18.13 6.32 13.52 11.14 7.20 6.26 20.73 8.68 11.11 8.79 4.94 4.24 18.51 6.28 17.62 14.33 9.37 8.55 21.62 11.27 13.91 10.78 6.20 5.52 18.52 7.75 25.77 21.03 14.64 13.76 32.72 17.44 19.31 14.61 8.49 7.57 27.26 10.87 Delivered prices (2013 dollars per thousand cubic feet) Residential ............................................................... Commercial ............................................................. Industrial4 ................................................................ Electric power7......................................................... Transportation11 ....................................................... Average12 ........................................................... (nominal dollars per thousand cubic feet) Residential ............................................................... Commercial ............................................................. Industrial4 ................................................................ Electric power7......................................................... Transportation11 ....................................................... Average12 ........................................................... 1 Marketed production (wet) minus extraction losses. 2 Synthetic natural gas, propane air, coke oven gas, refinery gas, biomass gas, air injected for Btu stabilization, and manufactured gas commingled and distributed with natural gas. 3 Includes any natural gas regasified in the Bahamas and transported via pipeline to Florida, as well as gas from Canada and Mexico. 4 Includes energy for combined heat and power plants that have a non-regulatory status, and small on-site generating systems. Excludes use for lease and plant fuel. 5 Includes any natural gas used in the process of converting natural gas to liquid fuel that is not actually converted. 6 Includes any natural gas converted into liquid fuel. 7 Includes consumption of energy by electricity-only and combined heat and power plants that have a regulatory status. 8 Natural gas used as fuel in motor vehicles, trains, and ships. 9 Represents natural gas used in well, field, and lease operations, in natural gas processing plant machinery, and for liquefaction in export facilities. 10 Balancing item. Natural gas lost as a result of converting flow data measured at varying temperatures and pressures to a standard temperature and pressure and the merger of different data reporting systems which vary in scope, format, definition, and respondent type. In addition, 2013 values include net storage injections. 11 Natural gas used as fuel in motor vehicles, trains, and ships. Price includes estimated motor vehicle fuel taxes and estimated dispensing costs or charges. 12 Weighted average prices. Weights used are the sectoral consumption values excluding lease, plant, and pipeline fuel. - - = Not applicable. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Data for 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2013 supply values; lease, plant, and pipeline fuel consumption; and residential, commercial, and industrial delivered prices: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Natural Gas Monthly, DOE/EIA-0130(2014/07) (Washington, DC, July 2014). Other 2013 consumption based on: EIA, Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014). 2013 natural gas spot price at Henry Hub: Thomson Reuters. 2013 electric power prices: EIA, Electric Power Monthly, DOE/EIA-0226, April 2013 and April 2014, Table 4.2, and EIA, State Energy Data Report 2012, DOE/EIA-0214(2012) (Washington, DC, June 2014). 2013 transportation sector delivered prices are model results. Projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System runs REF2015.D021915A and HIGHRESOURCE.D021915B. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 D-13 High oil and gas resource case comparisons Table D7.  Oil and gas supply Table D7. Oil and gas supply Production and supply Projections 2020 2013 Reference 2030 High oil and gas resource Reference 2040 High oil and gas resource Reference High oil and gas resource Crude oil Lower 48 average wellhead price1 (2013 dollars per barrel) ............................................ 97 75 67 101 85 136 117 Production (million barrels per day)2 ......................... United States total ...................................................... Lower 48 onshore .................................................... Tight oil3 ............................................................... Carbon dioxide enhanced oil recovery ................. Other .................................................................... Lower 48 offshore .................................................... State ..................................................................... Federal ................................................................. Alaska...................................................................... Onshore ............................................................... State offshore ....................................................... Federal offshore ................................................... 7.44 5.57 3.15 0.28 2.14 1.36 0.07 1.29 0.52 0.45 0.06 0.00 10.60 8.03 5.60 0.35 2.08 2.15 0.05 2.10 0.42 0.30 0.12 0.00 12.61 9.88 7.45 0.32 2.12 2.31 0.05 2.26 0.42 0.30 0.12 0.00 10.04 7.60 4.83 0.58 2.19 2.21 0.03 2.18 0.24 0.18 0.06 0.00 15.64 13.03 10.23 0.46 2.34 2.37 0.03 2.34 0.24 0.18 0.06 0.00 9.43 6.92 4.29 0.83 1.80 2.17 0.02 2.14 0.34 0.12 0.02 0.20 16.59 14.03 11.56 0.44 2.03 2.42 0.02 2.39 0.14 0.12 0.02 0.00 Lower 48 end of year reserves2 (billion barrels) ........................................................... 29.4 37.4 40.6 42.6 55.2 44.8 62.7 Natural gas plant liquids production (million barrels per day) United States total ...................................................... Lower 48 onshore .................................................... Lower 48 offshore .................................................... Alaska...................................................................... 2.61 2.39 0.18 0.03 4.04 3.82 0.19 0.02 4.65 4.42 0.20 0.02 4.20 3.92 0.26 0.01 5.78 5.50 0.26 0.01 4.07 3.79 0.26 0.02 6.59 6.31 0.27 0.01 Natural gas Natural gas spot price at Henry Hub (2013 dollars per million Btu) .................................... 3.73 4.88 3.12 5.69 3.67 7.85 4.38 Dry production (trillion cubic feet)4 United States total ...................................................... Lower 48 onshore .................................................... Tight gas .............................................................. Shale gas and tight oil plays3 ............................... Coalbed methane ................................................. Other .................................................................... Lower 48 offshore .................................................... State ..................................................................... Federal ................................................................. Alaska...................................................................... Onshore ............................................................... State offshore ....................................................... Federal offshore ................................................... 24.40 22.63 4.38 11.34 1.29 5.61 1.46 0.11 1.35 0.32 0.32 0.00 0.00 28.82 26.52 5.21 15.44 1.45 4.42 2.03 0.06 1.98 0.27 0.27 0.00 0.00 32.18 29.78 5.44 18.82 1.25 4.27 2.14 0.06 2.08 0.27 0.27 0.00 0.00 33.01 29.05 5.99 17.85 1.24 3.97 2.79 0.03 2.76 1.18 1.18 0.00 0.00 42.66 39.66 7.06 27.50 1.16 3.95 2.77 0.03 2.74 0.23 0.23 0.00 0.00 35.45 31.49 6.97 19.58 1.25 3.69 2.81 0.02 2.79 1.15 1.15 0.00 0.00 50.61 47.47 8.14 34.57 1.13 3.63 2.95 0.02 2.93 0.19 0.19 0.00 0.00 Lower 48 end of year dry reserves4 (trillion cubic feet) ...................................................... 293 309 329 329 382 345 435 Supplemental gas supplies (trillion cubic feet)5 ....... 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 Total lower 48 wells drilled (thousands) ....................... 44.5 43.4 47.1 52.1 62.3 56.7 61.5 1 Represents lower 48 onshore and offshore supplies. Includes lease condensate. Tight oil represents resources in low-permeability reservoirs, including shale and chalk formations. The specific plays included in the tight oil category are Bakken/Three Forks/Sanish, Eagle Ford, Woodford, Austin Chalk, Spraberry, Niobrara, Avalon/Bone Springs, and Monterey. 4 Marketed production (wet) minus extraction losses. 5 Synthetic natural gas, propane air, coke oven gas, refinery gas, biomass gas, air injected for Btu stabilization, and manufactured gas commingled and distributed with natural gas. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Data for 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2013 crude oil lower 48 average wellhead price: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Petroleum Marketing Monthly, DOE/EIA-0380(2014/08) (Washington, DC, August 2014). 2013 lower 48 onshore, lower 48 offshore, and Alaska crude oil production: EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual 2013, DOE/EIA-0340(2013)/1 (Washington, DC, September 2014). 2013 natural gas spot price at Henry Hub: Thomson Reuters. 2013 Alaska and total natural gas production, and supplemental gas supplies: EIA, Natural Gas Monthly, DOE/EIA-0130(2014/07) (Washington, DC, July 2014). Other 2013 values: EIA, Office of Energy Analysis. Projections: EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System runs REF2015.D021915A and HIGHRESOURCE.D021915B. 2 3 D-14 EnergyInformation Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 High oil and gas resource case comparisons Table D8.  International petroleum and other liquids supply, disposition, and prices Table D8. (million International petroleum and other liquids barrels per day, unless otherwise noted)supply, disposition, and prices (million barrels per day, unless otherwise noted) Projections Supply, disposition, and prices 2020 2013 Reference Crude oil spot prices (2013 dollars per barrel) Brent............................................................................. West Texas Intermediate ............................................. (nominal dollars per barrel) Brent............................................................................. West Texas Intermediate ............................................. Petroleum and other liquids consumption1 OECD United States (50 states) ......................................... United States territories ........................................... Canada .................................................................... Mexico and Chile ..................................................... OECD Europe2 ........................................................ Japan....................................................................... South Korea ............................................................ Australia and New Zealand ..................................... Total OECD consumption ............................... Non-OECD Russia ..................................................................... Other Europe and Eurasia3 ..................................... China ....................................................................... India......................................................................... Other Asia4 .............................................................. Middle East .............................................................. Africa ....................................................................... Brazil ....................................................................... Other Central and South America............................ Total non-OECD consumption ....................... Total consumption .......................................................... Petroleum and other liquids production OPEC5 Middle East ......................................................... North Africa ......................................................... West Africa ......................................................... South America .................................................... Total OPEC production................................ Non-OPEC OECD United States (50 states) .................................... Canada ............................................................... Mexico and Chile ................................................ OECD Europe2 ................................................... Japan and South Korea ...................................... Australia and New Zealand ................................. Total OECD production ............................... Non-OECD Russia ................................................................. Other Europe and Eurasia3 ................................. China .................................................................. Other Asia4 ......................................................... Middle East ......................................................... Africa .................................................................. Brazil ................................................................... Other Central and South America ....................... Total non-OECD production ........................ Total petroleum and other liquids production.............. OPEC market share (percent)........................................... 2030 High oil and gas resource Reference 2040 High oil and gas resource Reference High oil and gas resource 109 98 79 73 76 64 106 99 98 84 141 136 129 115 109 98 90 83 85 72 142 133 127 109 229 220 205 182 18.96 0.30 2.29 2.46 13.96 4.56 2.43 1.16 46.14 19.65 0.31 2.31 2.71 14.20 4.27 2.58 1.16 47.20 19.87 0.31 2.31 2.71 14.20 4.27 2.58 1.16 47.43 19.41 0.34 2.21 2.80 14.09 4.03 2.53 1.11 46.52 20.09 0.34 2.21 2.80 14.09 4.03 2.53 1.11 47.20 19.27 0.38 2.14 2.92 14.12 3.65 2.40 1.15 46.04 19.97 0.38 2.14 2.92 14.12 3.65 2.40 1.15 46.74 3.30 2.06 10.67 3.70 7.37 7.61 3.42 3.11 3.38 44.60 3.31 2.22 13.13 4.30 9.08 8.40 3.93 3.33 3.49 51.20 3.31 2.22 13.13 4.30 9.08 8.40 3.93 3.33 3.49 51.20 3.23 2.39 17.03 5.52 12.35 9.56 4.78 3.74 3.72 62.31 3.23 2.39 17.03 5.52 12.35 9.56 4.78 3.74 3.72 62.31 3.01 2.59 20.19 6.79 16.49 11.13 6.18 4.50 4.15 75.01 3.01 2.59 20.19 6.79 16.49 11.13 6.18 4.50 4.15 75.01 90.7 98.4 98.6 108.8 109.5 121.0 121.8 26.32 2.90 4.26 3.01 36.49 24.56 3.51 5.00 3.10 36.16 21.99 3.51 5.00 3.10 33.59 29.34 3.67 5.24 3.27 41.53 22.69 3.67 5.24 3.27 34.87 36.14 4.06 5.43 3.79 49.42 27.03 4.06 5.43 3.79 40.31 12.64 4.15 2.94 3.88 0.18 0.49 24.29 16.92 5.05 2.93 3.35 0.17 0.60 29.03 19.73 5.05 2.93 3.35 0.17 0.60 31.83 16.52 6.26 3.32 2.98 0.18 0.86 30.12 23.89 6.26 3.32 2.98 0.18 0.86 37.49 15.89 6.76 3.79 3.19 0.18 0.96 30.77 25.69 6.76 3.79 3.19 0.18 0.96 40.57 10.50 3.27 4.48 3.82 1.20 2.41 2.73 2.21 30.63 10.71 3.41 5.11 3.85 1.03 2.70 3.70 2.71 33.21 10.71 3.41 5.11 3.85 1.03 2.70 3.70 2.71 33.21 11.22 4.42 5.66 3.67 0.85 2.94 5.43 2.97 37.17 11.22 4.42 5.66 3.67 0.85 2.94 5.43 2.97 37.17 12.16 5.18 5.84 4.01 0.77 3.33 6.12 3.47 40.88 12.16 5.18 5.84 4.01 0.77 3.33 6.12 3.47 40.88 91.4 39.9 98.4 36.7 98.6 34.1 108.8 38.2 109.5 31.8 121.1 40.8 121.8 33.1 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 D-15 High oil and gas resource case comparisons Table D8.  International petroleum and other liquids supply, disposition, and prices (continued) Table D8. (million International petroleum and other liquids barrels per day, unless otherwise noted)supply, disposition, and prices (continued) (million barrels per day, unless otherwise noted) Projections Supply, disposition, and prices 2013 2020 Reference Selected world production subtotals: Crude oil and equivalents6 ........................................... Tight oil .................................................................... Bitumen7 .................................................................. Refinery processing gain8 ............................................ Natural gas plant liquids ............................................... Liquids from renewable sources9 ................................. Liquids from coal10 ....................................................... Liquids from natural gas11 ............................................ Liquids from kerogen12 ................................................. Crude oil production6 OPEC5 Middle East ......................................................... North Africa ......................................................... West Africa ......................................................... South America .................................................... Total OPEC production................................ Non-OPEC OECD United States (50 states) .................................... Canada ............................................................... Mexico and Chile ................................................ OECD Europe2 ................................................... Japan and South Korea ...................................... Australia and New Zealand ................................. Total OECD production ............................... Non-OECD Russia ................................................................. Other Europe and Eurasia3 ................................. China .................................................................. Other Asia4 ......................................................... Middle East ......................................................... Africa .................................................................. Brazil ................................................................... Other Central and South America ....................... Total non-OECD production ........................ Total crude oil production6 ............................................ OPEC market share (percent)........................................... 2030 High oil and gas resource Reference 2040 High oil and gas resource Reference High oil and gas resource 77.93 3.62 2.11 2.40 9.36 2.14 0.21 0.24 0.01 82.19 7.49 3.00 2.42 11.28 2.56 0.33 0.33 0.01 81.78 9.33 3.00 2.59 11.89 2.57 0.33 0.33 0.01 89.77 9.16 3.95 2.74 12.42 3.36 0.69 0.51 0.01 88.84 14.57 3.95 2.88 13.99 3.38 0.69 0.51 0.14 99.09 10.15 4.26 2.97 13.79 4.22 1.05 0.61 0.01 97.22 17.40 4.26 3.04 16.31 4.24 1.05 0.61 0.14 23.13 2.43 4.20 2.82 32.60 21.20 2.93 4.89 2.86 31.89 18.63 2.93 4.89 2.86 29.32 25.59 2.92 5.13 2.98 36.62 18.93 2.92 5.13 2.98 30.10 31.79 2.96 5.29 3.48 43.52 22.68 2.96 5.29 3.48 34.54 8.90 3.42 2.59 2.82 0.00 0.37 18.10 11.58 4.35 2.61 2.17 0.00 0.47 21.18 13.75 4.35 2.61 2.17 0.00 0.47 23.35 11.01 5.48 3.00 1.66 0.00 0.67 21.83 16.60 5.48 3.00 1.66 0.00 0.67 27.42 10.41 5.92 3.45 1.69 0.00 0.75 22.23 17.51 5.92 3.45 1.69 0.00 0.75 29.33 10.02 3.05 4.16 3.04 1.16 1.97 2.02 1.81 27.24 10.15 3.18 4.54 2.94 1.00 2.18 2.87 2.25 29.11 10.15 3.18 4.54 2.94 1.00 2.18 2.87 2.25 29.11 10.42 4.03 4.56 2.45 0.82 2.38 4.16 2.49 31.32 10.42 4.03 4.56 2.45 0.82 2.38 4.16 2.49 31.32 11.10 4.66 4.13 2.47 0.74 2.70 4.60 2.94 33.35 11.10 4.66 4.13 2.47 0.74 2.70 4.60 2.94 33.35 77.9 41.8 82.2 38.8 81.8 35.8 89.8 40.8 88.8 33.9 99.1 43.9 97.2 35.5 1 Estimated consumption. Includes both OPEC and non-OPEC consumers in the regional breakdown. OECD Europe = Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. 3 Other Europe and Eurasia = Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. 4 Other Asia = Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia (Kampuchea), Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Hong Kong, India (for production), Indonesia, Kiribati, Laos, Malaysia, Macau, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar (Burma), Nauru, Nepal, New Caledonia, Niue, North Korea, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, Vanuatu, and Vietnam. 5 OPEC = Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries = Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. 6 Includes crude oil, lease condensate, tight oil (shale oil), extra-heavy oil, and bitumen (oil sands). 7 Includes diluted and upgraded/synthetic bitumen (syncrude). 8 The volumetric amount by which total output is greater than input due to the processing of crude oil into products which, in total, have a lower specific gravity than the crude oil processed. 9 Includes liquids produced from energy crops. 10 Includes liquids converted from coal via the Fischer-Tropsch coal-to-liquids process. 11 Includes liquids converted from natural gas via the Fischer-Tropsch natural-gas-to-liquids process. 12 Includes liquids produced from kerogen (oil shale, not to be confused with tight oil (shale oil)). OECD = Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Data for 2013 are model results and may differ from official EIA data reports. Sources: 2013 Brent and West Texas Intermediate crude oil spot prices: Thomson Reuters. 2013 quantities and projections: Energy Information Administration (EIA), AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System runs REF2015.D021915A and HIGHRESOURCE.D021915B; and EIA, Generate World Oil Balance application. 2 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2015 D-16 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Appendix E Comparison of AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases and key updates to models and data Introduction This appendix provides a summary comparison of the Reference case for EIA’s Annual Energy Outlook 2015 (AEO2015) with the Reference case for the Annual Energy Outlook 2014 (AEO2014),1 which was released in April 2014, including a list of major model and data updates and discussion of key differences in results between the two projections. Table E1 compares projections from the AEO2014 and AEO2015 reports. Model and data updates Key model and data updates made for the AEO2015 Reference case include the following: Macroeconomic • Incorporated the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) gross domestic product component revision to 2009 dollars and investment definitional changes.2 The AEO2015 macroeconomic projections are based on November 2014 IHS Global Insight projections.3 • Incorporated a new input-output matrix based on a 2007 benchmark year using 2009 dollars. The input-output matrix now continues to change over time, based on historical relationships developed using previous benchmark matrices to 2013. Residential, commercial, and industrial • Incorporated new standards for buildings equipment promulgated during the year, including standards affecting commercial refrigeration equipment, metal halide lamp fixtures, residential furnace fans, external power supplies, and set-top boxes (voluntary agreement). • Updated cost and performance assumptions for end-use equipment in the buildings sector, based on a report by Navigant Consulting, Inc. and Leidos, reflecting recent and expected technological progress.4 • Incorporated more rapid adoption of commercial building codes related to building shell efficiency, based on a Pacific Northwest National Laboratory report. 5 • Revised and refined market niches used in developing residential distributed generation projections to more accurately reflect solar insolation and marginal prices at the sub-Census division level, based on data from EIA’s 2009 Residential Energy Consumption Survey and solar insolation data from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 6,7 • Incorporated 2012 State Energy Data System (SEDS) data for regional benchmarking in the industrial sector.8 • Updated and implemented historical natural gas feedstock data in the industrial sector through 2013, based on data from GlobalData.9 • Introduced a new Bayesian Dynamic Linear Model (DLM) for ethane and propane price projections in the industrial sector. In the DLM regression, parameters are allowed to vary over time to allow for a dynamic representation of various drivers of ethane and propane prices—such as oil price, natural gas price, hydrocarbon gas liquids (HGL) supply and demand, and bulk chemical shipments. The DLM projects base ethane and propane prices only at Mont Belvieu. To compute sectoral propane prices, historical differences between the base and sectoral prices for propane were applied to the DLM projections for propane. The resulting AEO2015 ethane and propane price projections exhibit a dominant natural gas price influence in the near term and a growing oil price influence in the long term. 1 U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2014, DOE/EIA-0383(2014) (Washington, DC, April 2014), www.eia.gov/forecasts/ archive/aeo14. 2 S.H. McCulla, A.E. Holdren, and S. Smith, “Improved Estimates of the National Income and Product Accounts: Results of the 2013 Comprehensive Revision” (U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Washington, DC, September 2013), http://www.bea.gov/scb/ pdf/2013/09%20September/0913_comprehensive_nipa_revision.pdf. 3 The AEO2015 Reference case uses IHS Global Insight’s November 2014 T301114 workfile. The AEO2015 High Economic Growth case uses the optimistic projection, and the AEO2015 Low Economic Growth case uses the pessimistic projection. In all cases, IHSGI’s energy prices and quantities are replaced with EIA’s projections. 4 U.S. Energy Information Administration, EIA—Technology Forecast Updates—Residential and Commercial Building Technologies—Reference case (Navigant Consulting, Inc. with Leidos, May 2014). 5 O.V. Livingston, P.C. Cole, D.B. Elliott, and R. Bartlett, Building Energy Codes Program: National Benefits Assessment, 1992-2040 (Richland, WA, March 2014), prepared by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy, Building Energy Codes Program, http://www. energycodes.gov/building-energy-codes-program-national-benefits-assessment-1992-2040-0. 6 U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS): 2009 RECS Survey Data” (Washington, DC, January 2013), http://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2009/index.cfm?view=microdata. 7 National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) “Zip Code Solar Insolation Data Source,” http://www.nrel.gov/gis/docs/SolarSummaries.xlsx. 8 U.S. Energy Information Administration, “State Energy Data System (SEDS)” (Washington, DC, June 27, 2014), http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/ seds-data-complete.cfm?sid=US. 9 GlobalData (New York, NY, 2014) http://www.globaldata.com (subscription site). U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 E-1 Comparison of AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases and key updates to models and data Table E1. Comparison of projections in the AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases, 2012-40 2025 Energy and economic factors AEO2015 AEO2014 2040 2012 2013 AEO2015 AEO2014 Crude oil and natural gas plant liquids 17.0 19.2 27.2 23.0 25.4 20.0 Dry natural gas 24.6 25.1 31.3 32.6 36.4 38.4 20.7 20.0 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.6 Nuclear/uranium 8.1 8.3 8.5 8.2 8.7 8.5 Conventional hydroelectric power 2.6 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.9 Biomass 4.0 4.2 4.6 5.1 5.0 5.6 Other renewable energy 1.9 2.3 3.4 3.1 4.6 3.9 0.8 1.3 0.9 0.2 1.0 0.2 79.6 82.7 100.9 97.4 106.6 102.1 16.4 14.0 7.4 11.4 8.6 13.7 Primary energy production (quadrillion Btu) Coal a Other b Total production Net imports (quadrillion Btu) Liquid fuels and other petroleumc 1.6 1.4 -3.5 -3.4 -5.6 -5.8 -2.8 -2.6 -2.7 -3.2 -3.5 -3.7 15.2 12.8 1.1 4.8 -0.5 4.2 Liquid fuels and other petroleumd 35.2 35.9 36.9 36.3 36.2 35.4 Natural gas 26.1 26.9 27.6 29.0 30.5 32.3 Coala 17.3 18.0 19.3 19.0 19.0 18.7 Nuclear/uranium 8.1 8.3 8.5 8.2 8.7 8.5 Conventional hydroelectric power 2.6 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.9 Biomass 2.8 2.9 3.2 3.7 3.5 4.3 Other renewable energy 1.9 2.3 3.4 3.1 4.6 3.9 Othere 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 94.4 97.1 102.0 102.5 105.7 106.3 Residential 19.9 21.1 20.3 20.6 20.9 21.5 Commercial 17.5 18.1 18.9 18.8 20.9 20.9 Industrial 30.8 31.2 36.5 37.4 37.7 38.3 26.2 27.0 26.7 25.7 26.6 25.6 0.0 -0.3 -0.4 -- -0.4 -- 94.4 97.1 102.0 102.5 105.7 106.3 Domestic crude oil production 6.5 7.4 10.3 9.0 9.4 7.5 Other domestic production 4.5 5.2 6.5 5.1 6.5 5.2 Net imports 7.4 6.2 2.8 5.1 3.4 6.0 18.5 19.0 19.6 19.3 19.3 18.7 24.1 24.5 30.6 31.9 35.5 37.6 1.5 1.3 -3.5 -3.4 -5.6 -5.8 25.5 26.2 26.9 28.4 29.7 31.6 Natural gas (- indicates exports) Coal, coal coke, and electricity (- indicates exports) Total net imports Energy consumption by fuel (quadrillion Btu) Total consumption Energy consumption by sector (quadrillion Btu) Transportation Unspecified sector g Total consumption f Liquid fuels (million barrels per day) Consumption Natural gas (trillion cubic feet) Dry gas production and supplemental gas Net imports (- indicates exports) Consumption -- = Not applicable. See notes at end of table. E-2 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Comparison of AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases and key updates to models and data Table E1. Comparison of projections in the AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases, 2012-40 (continued) 2025 Energy and economic factors 2012 2013 AEO2015 1,028 995 118 110 110 889 925 1,005 Total capacity, all sectors (gigawatts) 1,063 1,065 1,091 Total net generation, all sectors (billion kilowatthours) 4,055 4,070 Total electricity use (billion kilowatthours) 3,834 Brent spot crude oil (dollars per barrel) West Texas Intermediate spot crude oil (dollars per barrel) 2040 AEO2014 AEO2015 AEO2014 Coal (million short tons) Productiona 1,128 1,139 135 140 160 993 988 979 1,110 1,261 1,316 4,513 4,622 5,056 5,219 3,836 4,282 4,385 4,797 4,954 113 109 91 111 141 144 96 98 85 109 136 142 Natural gas at Henry Hub (dollars per million Btu) 2.79 3.73 5.46 5.31 7.85 7.77 Domestic coal at minemouth (dollars per short ton) 40.5 37.2 40.3 50.4 49.2 60.0 Average electricity (cents per kilowatthour) 10.0 10.1 11.0 10.3 11.8 11.3 Real gross domestic product (trillion 2009 dollars)i 15.4 15.7 21.3 -- 29.9 -- GDP chain-type price index (2009 = 1.00)i 1.05 1.07 1.31 -- 1.73 -- Real disposable personal income (trillion 2009 dollars)i 11.7 11.7 16.3 -- 23.0 -- Value of industrial shipments (trillion 2009 dollars)i 6.82 7.00 9.21 -- 11.46 -- Population (millions) 315 317 347 347 380 381 5,272 5,405 5,511 5,526 5,549 5,599 6.14 6.18 4.79 -- 3.54 -- Net exports h Consumption a 1,116 1,128 Electricity Prices (2013 dollars) Economic indicators Energy-related carbon dioxide emissions (million metric tons) Primary energy intensity (thousand Btu per 2009 dollar of GDP) a Includes waste coal consumed in the industrial and electric power sectors. Includes non-biogenic municipal waste, liquid hydrogen, methanol, and some inputs to refineries. c Includes crude oil, petroleum products, petroleum coke, unfinished oils, alcohols, ethers, blending components, hydrocarbon gas liquids, and non-petroleum-derived fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel. d Includes petroleum-derived fuels and non-petroleum-derived fuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel, and coal-based synthetic liquids. Petroleum coke, which is a solid, is included. Also included are hydrocarbon gas liquids and crude oil consumed as a fuel. e Net electricity imports, liquid hydrogen, and non-biogenic municipal waste. f Electric power sector consumption is distributed to the end-use sectors. g Represents consumption unattributed to the sectors above. h Excludes imports to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. i GDP, disposable income, value of shipments, and GDP price index were updated in AEO2015 consistent with the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis gross domestic product component revision to 2009 dollars and investment definitional changes. AEO2014 data are 2005-based and are not shown since they are not comparable with 2009-based figures. Notes: Quantities reported in quadrillion Btu are derived from historical volumes and assumed thermal conversion factors. -- = Not applicable. b U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 E-3 Comparison of AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases and key updates to models and data Transportation • Updated the following by aircraft type and region: sales, stocks, and active and parked aircraft using Jet Inventory Services data;10 available seat-miles traveled, revenue seat-miles traveled, cargo travel, fuel use, and load factors, using U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics data;11 and domestic and international yield12 using fares and fees published by Airlines for America.13 • Updated historical light-duty vehicle and heavy-duty truck vehicle-miles traveled through 2012, using data from U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,14 extended through 2014 using the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Traffic Volume Trends report.15 • Added historical freight rail ton miles through 2013, using Class 1 Railroad data as reported through the U.S. Department of Transportation, Surface Transportation Board.16 • Added historical domestic marine ton miles through 2012, based on U.S. Army Corps of Engineers data.17 • Revised heavy-duty vehicle, freight rail, and domestic marine travel demand projection methodologies based on a report from IHS Global Insight.18 The new methodologies will use the Freight Analysis Framework19 in the historical Census division and commodity ton-mile data, including derivation of ton mile per dollar of industrial output (a key metric used in the travel demand projection methodology). These data include a Geographic Information System modeling estimation of the share of freight truck travel between origin and destination points through intermediate Census divisions. • Modified the technology adoption and fuel economy calculation for heavy-duty vehicles and added technology availability. • Modified the domestic and international marine residual fuel oil and distillate fuel shares to match compliance with MARPOL Annex VI, 20 the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, concerned with preventing marine pollution from ships, as assumed in EIA’s Short-Term Energy Outlook. • Added an unspecified consumption sector to match the levels of travel and efficiency more consistently with implied fuel use in the transportation sector, and to allow total liquid fuels21 consumption in AEO2015 to be closer to the totals for each fuel that are reported in EIA’s statistical publications as being supplied to markets. Oil and natural gas production • Incorporated the impact of world oil prices that remain below $80/bbl (in 2013 dollars) through 2020, versus $98/bbl in AEO2014, to reflect market events through the end of 2014 and the growth of U.S. crude oil production. This change in price expectations limits the degree to which near-term U.S. crude oil and associated dry natural gas production increase, and limits the need for natural gas produced for liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports. • Revised drilling costs in AEO2015 to directly incorporate assumptions regarding average lateral length and number of laterals per well. • Updated natural gas plant liquid (NGPL) factors at the play and county levels for tight oil and shale gas formations. • Updated the estimated ultimate recovery of tight and shale formations at the county level. For the Marcellus Shale, each county was further divided into productive tiers based on geologic dependencies. • Updated the list of offshore discovered, non-producing fields and the expected resource sizes and startup dates of the fields. 10 Jet Information Services, Inc., “World Jet Inventory” (Utica, NY, December 2013), http://www.jetinventory.com (subscription site). .S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Form 41, Schedule T-2 (T-100), “Quarterly Traffic and Capacity Data of U.S. U Air Carriers, Summarized by Aircraft Type” (Washington, DC, December 2013). 12 Yield is defined as airline revenue divided by revenue passenger miles traveled. 13 Airlines for America, “Annual Round Trip Fares and Fees” (Washington, DC, August 2014), http://airlines.org/data/annual-round-trip-fares-andfees-domestic/ and http://airlines.org/data/annual-round-trip-fares-and-fees-international/. 14 U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, “Highway Statistics 2012: Table VM-1, Annual Vehicle Distance Traveled in Miles and Related Data—2012 by Highway Category and Vehicle Type” (Washington, DC, January 2014), http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/ statistics/2012/vm1.cfm. 15 U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, “June 2014 Traffic Volume Trends” (Washington, DC, June 2014), https:// www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/travel_monitoring/14juntvt/. 16 U.S. Department of Transportation, Surface Transportation Board, “Annual Report Financial Data” (Washington, DC, 2013), http://www.stb.dot. gov/stb/industry/econ_reports.html. 17 U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, “Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Calendar Year 2012, Part 5—National Summaries, Table 1.4: Total Waterborne Commerce, 1993-2012” (Washington, DC, 2014), http://www.navigationdatacenter.us/wcsc/pdf/ wcusnatl12.pdf. 18 IHS Global, Inc., “NEMS Freight Transportation Module Improvement Study” (June 20, 2014). 19 U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, “Freight Analysis Framework,” http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freight/freight_ analysis/faf/. 20 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “MARPOL Annex VI” (Washington, DC: January 14, 2015), http://www2.epa.gov/enforcement/marpolannex-vi. 21 Liquid fuels (or petroleum and other liquids) include crude oil and products of petroleum refining, natural gas liquids, biofuels, and liquids derived from other hydrocarbon sources (including coal-to-liquids and gas-to-liquids). 11 E-4 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Comparison of AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases and key updates to models and data • Moved the projection of the composition of NGPL from the Liquid Fuels Market Module (LFMM) to the Oil and Gas Supply Module (OGSM). Added input data in the OGSM for the component (ethane, propane, butane, and pentanes plus) shares of total NGPL at the project level represented in the OGSM. Added capability to account for the volume of ethane that is left in the dry natural gas stream (commonly referred to as ethane rejection). Natural gas transmission and distribution • Expanded natural gas distribution in AEO2015 to represent a greater number of pipeline routes that allow for bidirectional flows. • Allowed LNG projects to be added incrementally by a single train rather than by multiple trains and to phase-in over three years rather than two years. • In circumstances when the Brent price is above (below) a mid-range value, the model can now set world natural gas prices to disconnect from the Brent price at a faster (slower) rate than it would have previously. • Updated the pricing algorithm for offshore Atlantic and Pacific production. • Adjusted the representation of Canadian dry natural gas production. • Increased base-level production to account for a change in Mexico’s constitution allowing for increased foreign investment. Petroleum product and biofuels markets • Added 40°-50° American Petroleum Institute (API) and 50°+ API crude oil types to reflect increases in tight oil production and potential constraints on refinery processing. • Included the option to add new condensate splitter units to process 50°+ API crude. • Modified the LFMM and International Energy Module to permit crude exports to accommodate analysis of the impact of potential relaxation of the current U.S. crude oil export ban. • Relaxed export restrictions on processed condensate to better match the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry and Security, interpretation of export regulations that allow the export of processed condensate. • Updated gasoline specifications to reflect Tier 3 gasoline regulations. • Revised the renewable fuels standard mandate levels for biomass-based diesel to better match expected production capabilities. 22 Electric power sector • Revised the assumption for unannounced nuclear retirements in the Reference case downward, from 5.7 gigawatts (GW) in the AEO2014 Reference case to 2 GW in the AEO2015 Reference case. Unannounced nuclear retirements in the AEO2015 Reference case reflect market uncertainty. Announced nuclear retirements are incorporated as reported to the EIA. • Updated the online start dates for Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station Units 2 and 3 to 2019 and 2020, respectively, to reflect company announcements. 23 • Updated expiration dates of firm contractual arrangements for coal-fired power plants that serve California loads. 24 Adjusted the carbon emissions rate for firm imports in accordance with the expiration of contracts. • Explicitly represented 4.1 GW of coal-fired units that are being converted to natural gas-fired steam units. Added model capability to convert additional coal-fired plants to natural gas-fired plants based on the relative economics, assuming a capital cost for conversion and connection to natural gas pipelines. Once converted, the oil and natural gas steam plants are assumed to have lower operating and maintenance costs than the original coal-fired plant but also a 5% loss in efficiency. • Updated regional assumptions on transmission and distribution spending as a function of peak load growth, based on historical trends. • Revised biomass supply model representation of agricultural residues/energy crop feedstocks, by incorporating fully-integrated agricultural model, Policy Analysis System (POLYSYS). 22 U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Biodiesel Production Report (Washington, DC: July 31, 2014), http://www.eia.gov/biofuels/ biodiesel/production/. 23 SCANA Corporation, “SCANA Corporation Management to Discuss New Nuclear Construction Schedule on August 11, 2014” (Cayce, SC: August 2014), https://www.scana.com/docs/librariesprovider15/pdfs/press-releases/8-11-2014-scana-dicuss-new-nuclear-schedule.pdf?sfvrsn=0. 24 California Energy Commission, “Actual and Expected Energy from Coal for California” (Sacramento, CA: November 6, 2014), http://www.energy. ca.gov/renewables/tracking_progress/documents/current_expected_energy_from_coal.pdf. Changes in coal contract deliveries are largely related to the California Public Utilities Commission’s adopted Greenhouse Gas Emissions Performance Standard (Decision 07-01-039, January 25, 2007, Interim Opinion on Phase 1 Issues: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Performance Standard, http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/PUBLISHED/ FINAL_DECISION/64072.htm), which implemented Senate Bill 1368 (Perata, Chapter 598, Statutes of 2006, http://www.energy.ca.gov/emission_ standards/documents/sb_1368_bill_20060929_chaptered.pdf). U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 E-5 Comparison of AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases and key updates to models and data • Reviewed and updated capital cost assumptions for utility-scale solar PV and wind plants based on assessment of costs reported in trade press and data compiled in Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory publications 2013 Wind Technologies Market Report25 and Utility-Scale Solar 2013. 26 • Added model capability to retrofit existing coal-fired generating units to improve their operating efficiency (heat rate), if economic. An analysis of the heat rate improvement potential of the existing coal fleet sorted existing coal-fired units into quartiles, to reflect varying levels of improvement potential, and developed cost estimates to reflect the investment required to achieve the improvement. The analysis then disaggregated the cost and improvement assumptions based on environmental control configurations, consistent with the coal plant types used in the electricity model. Heat rate improvement retrofits can provide a reduction in fuel use ranging from less than 1% to 10%, depending on the plant type and quartile. Comparison of AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases Economic growth The macroeconomic projections used in AEO2015 are trend projections, with no major shocks anticipated. In long-term projections, the economy’s supply capability determines its potential growth. Growth in aggregate supply depends on increases in the labor force, growth of capital stock, and improvements in productivity. Long-term demand growth depends on labor force growth, income growth, and population growth. In the AEO2015 Reference case, U.S. population grows by an average of 0.7%/ year from 2013 to 2040, the same rate as in the AEO2014 Reference case over the same period. In the AEO2015 Reference case, real gross domestic product (GDP), labor force, and productivity grow by 2.4%/year, 0.6%/year, and 2.0%/year, respectively, over the same period. Those rates are similar to the annual growth rates for real GDP, labor force, and productivity of 2.5%, 0.6%, and 1.9%, respectively, from 2013 to 2040 in the AEO2014 Reference case. The annual rate of growth in total industrial production, which includes manufacturing, construction, agriculture, and mining, in the AEO2015 Reference case is lower than the rate in the AEO2014 Reference case, primarily as a result of slower growth in key manufacturing industries, such as food, paper, non-bulk chemicals, and computers. Updated information on how industries supply other industries and meet the demand for different types of GDP expenditures influences the projections for certain industries. 27For example, as a result of restructuring in the pulp and paper industry, trade in consumer goods and industrial supplies has a greater impact on the industry’s production in AEO2015 than it did in previous AEOs. The annual rate of growth in total industrial production from 2013 to 2040 is 1.8% in AEO2015, compared with 2.1% in AEO2014. The manufacturing share of total gross output in 2040 is 17% in the AEO2015 Reference case, compared with 18% in AEO2014, mostly because of more-rapid growth in service and nonmanufacturing industries, such as wholesale trade, transportation, and warehousing. Energy prices Figure E1. Average annual Brent crude oil spot prices in the AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases, 1990-2040 (2013 dollars per barrel) 150 History 2013 125 Crude oil In the AEO2015 Reference case, the Brent spot price for crude oil (in 2013 dollars) falls from $109/barrel (bbl) in 2013 to $56/bbl in 2015 and then increases to $76/bbl in 2018. After 2018, the Brent price increases, reaching $141/bbl in 2040 ($229/bbl in nominal dollars), as growing demand leads to the development of more costly resources (Figure E1). In the AEO2014 Reference case, the projected Brent price in 2040 was $144/bbl (2013 dollars). Projections AEO2014 100 AEO2015 75 50 25 0 1990 2000 2013 2020 2030 2040 Among the key assumptions that affect crude oil use in the AEO2015 Reference case are average economic growth of 1.9%/year for major U.S. trading partners;28 average economic growth for other U.S. trading partners of 3.8%/ year; and declining U.S. consumption of liquid fuels per unit of GDP. As a result, there is a slight decrease in liquids consumption by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. 25 R . Wiser and M. Bolinger, 2013 Wind Technologies Market Report, DOE/GO-102014-4459 (Washington, DC: August 2014), http://emp.lbl.gov/ sites/all/files/2013_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_Final3.pdf. 26 M . Bolinger and S. Weaver, Utility-Scale Solar 2013 (Washington, DC: September 2014), http://emp.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/LBNL_Utility-Scale_ Solar_2013_report.pdf. 27 The industrial output model of the NEMS Macroeconomic Activity Module now uses the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) detailed input-output matrices for 2007 rather than for 2002 (http://bea.gov/industry/io_annual.htm) and now incorporates information from the aggregate inputoutput matrices (http://bea.gov/industry/gdpbyind_data.htm). 28 Major trading partners include Australia, Canada, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Japan, Sweden, and the Eurozone. E-6 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Comparison of AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases and key updates to models and data The non-OECD consumption level of 75 million barrels per day (bbl/d) in 2040 in the AEO2015 Reference case is about 7% higher than the 2040 level in the AEO2014 Reference case, and the difference more than offsets the impact of lower consumption in the OECD countries. The result is an increase in total world consumption to 121 million bbl/d in 2040 in AEO2015, which is 3% higher than in AEO2014. Non-OPEC (particularly U.S.) liquids production in AEO2015 increases to levels above those in AEO2014, and the OPEC market share in the AEO2015 Reference case rises only slightly, from 40% in 2013 to 41% in 2040, as compared with a 44% market share in 2040 in AEO2014. Liquid products The real U.S. price of end-use motor gasoline (2013 dollars) in the AEO2015 Reference case falls from $3.53/gallon in 2013 to a low point of $2.31/gallon in 2015, before rising to $3.90/gallon in 2040, in response to decreasing—and then increasing—crude oil prices. The motor gasoline price in 2040 is 2% lower than the $3.96/gallon price in the AEO2014 Reference case, because of lower crude oil prices. The end-use price of diesel fuel to the transportation sector in the AEO2015 Reference case follows a similar pattern, dropping from $3.86/gallon in 2013 to $2.70/gallon in 2015 and then rising to $4.75/gallon in 2040 (compared with $4.80/gallon in 2040 in the AEO2014 Reference case). Natural gas On average, the Henry Hub spot price for natural gas in the AEO2015 Reference case is only 2% (or $0.13/million Btu in 2013 dollars) lower than in the AEO2014 Reference case from 2013 to 2040. The Henry Hub natural gas spot prices in AEO2015 are slightly lower than the AEO2014 spot prices in each year, with the exception of the period from 2020 to 2027 and in 2040. These price levels are consistent with 3% lower cumulative U.S. dry natural gas production through 2040 in the AEO2015 Reference case relative to the AEO2014 Reference case. Although the average production, consumption, and price levels are similar in the AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases, there are some notable differences in the components. For instance, while natural gas consumption by natural gas vehicles and electricity generators in AEO2015 is lower than in AEO2014, residential and commercial consumption are generally higher. On the supply side, higher dry natural gas production in the AEO2015 Reference case in the East region (which includes the Marcellus and Utica formations) compared with the AEO2014 Reference case is more than offset by lower production levels in the Gulf Coast and Midcontinent regions. The relative location and composition of supply and demand affect regional pricing and national averages. For this and other reasons, average delivered natural gas prices to residential and commercial customers from 2013 to 2040 are 4% lower in the AEO2015 Reference case than in the AEO2014 Reference case. Coal The average minemouth price of coal increases by 1.0%/year, from $1.84/million Btu in 2013 to $2.44/million Btu in 2040 (2013 dollars) in the AEO2015 Reference case. In comparison, the price in the AEO2014 Reference case increases by 1.5%/year, from $2.02/million Btu in 2013 to $3.00/million Btu in 2040. The average minemouth price of coal is about 19% lower, on average, across the projection timeframe in AEO2015 when compared with AEO2014, reflecting lower volumes and prices for high-priced coking coal exports, the shutdown of some high-cost mining operations, and a less pessimistic outlook for productivity. Similarly, with a few exceptions, the regional minemouth prices of coal in AEO2015 are lower than those in AEO2014. The slower rate of increase in the minemouth price of coal in the AEO2015 Reference case reflects recent year-over-year improvements in labor productivity in 9 of the 14 coal supply regions, many of which have not seen productivity gains since 2000, and a slowing of productivity declines in 4 of the other regions. However, both the AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases assume that cost savings from improvements in coal mining technology will continue to be outweighed by increases in production costs associated with moving into reserves that are more costly to mine. Thus, both projections show the average minemouth price of coal rising steadily after 2015. Electricity In the AEO2015 Reference case, end-use electricity prices are higher than in the AEO2014 Reference case throughout most of the projection. The higher price outlook reflects market dynamics, as well as revised assumptions for transmission and distribution costs in AEO2015. The end-use price of electricity is defined by generation, transmission, and distribution cost components. Natural gas prices are a significant determinant of generation costs. In the AEO2015 Reference case, delivered natural gas prices to electricity generators are lower than in the AEO2014 Reference case in the first few years of the projection but higher throughout most of the 2020s. From 2020 to 2030, the generation cost component of end-use electricity prices is, on average, 4% higher in AEO2015 than in AEO2014. The AEO2015 Reference case includes higher transmission and distribution cost components relative to the AEO2014 Reference case, reflecting an updated representation of trends in transmission and distribution costs. In 2040, the transmission cost component in the AEO2015 Reference case is 14% higher than it was in the AEO2014 Reference case—1.29 cents/kilowatthour (kWh), compared with 1.13 cents/kWh—while the distribution cost component is 15% higher (3.01 cents/kWh compared with 2.61 cents/kWh). The faster growth in the transmission and distribution cost components of end-use electricity prices in U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 E-7 Comparison of AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases and key updates to models and data AEO2015 reflects recent historical trends and an expectation that transmission and distribution costs will continue to increase as new transmission and distribution facilities and smart grid components (e.g., advanced meters, sensors, controls, etc.) are added, existing infrastructure is upgraded to enhance the reliability and resiliency of the grid, and new resources connect to the grid. Average end-use electricity price in 2030 is 11.1 cents/kWh (2013 dollars) in the AEO2015 Reference case, compared to 10.6 cents/kWh in the AEO2014 Reference case. Prices continue rising to 11.8 cents/kWh in 2040 in the AEO2015 Reference case, compared to 11.3 cents/kWh in 2040 in the AEO2014 Reference case. Energy consumption by sector Transportation Delivered energy consumption in the transportation sector in the AEO2015 Reference case is higher than in AEO2014 (26.5 quadrillion Btu in 2040 compared with 25.5 quadrillion Btu), with energy consumption for nearly all transportation modes higher in AEO2015 throughout most of the projection, because of higher macroeconomic indicators and lower fuel prices (Figure E2). Light-duty vehicle (LDV) energy consumption declines in the AEO2015 Reference case from 15.7 quadrillion Btu in 2013 to 12.6 quadrillion Btu in 2040, compared with 12.1 quadrillion Btu in 2040 in AEO2014. Greenhouse gas emission standards and corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards increase new LDV fuel economy through model year 2025 and beyond in the AEO2015 Reference case, with new, more fuel-efficient vehicles gradually replacing older vehicles on the road. The increase in fuel economy raises the LDV vehicle stock average miles per gallon by 2.0%/year, from 21.9 in 2013 to 37.0 in 2040. The increase in LDV fuel economy more than offsets modest growth in vehicle-miles traveled (VMT), which averages 1.1%/year from 2013 to 2040 as a result of changes in driving behavior related to demographics. Stock fuel economy is lower, and LDV VMT is higher, in the AEO2015 Reference case than in AEO2014. LDVs powered exclusively by motor gasoline remain the predominant vehicle type in the AEO2015 Reference case, retaining a 78% share of new vehicle sales in 2040, down only somewhat from 83% in 2013. The fuel economy of LDVs fueled by motor gasoline continues to increase, and advanced technologies for fuel efficiency subsystems are added, such as micro hybridization, which is installed in 42% of new motor gasoline LDVs in 2040. Sales of new LDVs powered by fuels other than gasoline (such as diesel, electricity, or E85) and LDVs using hybrid drivetrains (such as plug-in hybrid or gasoline hybrid-electric vehicles) increase modestly in the AEO2015 Reference case, from 17% of new sales in 2013 to 22% in 2040. Ethanol-flex-fuel vehicles account for 10% of new LDV sales in 2040 followed by hybrid electric vehicles at 5%, up from 3% in 2013, diesel vehicles at 4% in 2040, up from 2% in 2013, and plug-in hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles at about 1% each, both up from negligible shares in 2013. In AEO2015, new vehicle sales shares in 2015 are generally similar to those in AEO2014. In AEO2014, the motor gasoline share of new LDVs sales was 78% in 2040 (with 42% including micro hybridization), followed by 11% ethanol-flex-fuel, 5% hybrid electric, 4% diesel, and 1% each for plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles. In the AEO2015 Reference case, delivered energy use by heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) increases from 5.8 quadrillion Btu in 2013 to 7.3 quadrillion Btu in 2040 (compared with 7.5 quadrillion Btu in 2040 in AEO2014). Industrial output growth in AEO2015 leads to solid growth in HDV VMT, averaging 1.5%/year from 2013 to 2040. Competitive natural gas prices significantly increase demand for LNG and compressed natural gas in AEO2015, from an insignificant share in 2013 to 7% of total HDV energy consumption in 2040 (which is less than the 9% share in AEO2014, as a result of differences in fuel price projections). Figure E2. Delivered energy consumption by end-use sector in the AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases, 2013, 2020, 2030, and 2040 (quadrillion Btu) Industrial Residential 80 Commercial E-8 12% 12% 12% 13% 13% 16% 14% 15% 14% 14% 35% 33% 38% 2013 37% 36% 2020 2030 39% 39% 13% 13% 14% 14% 35% AEO2014 40% Shares of total delivered energy 39% AEO2015 0 38% AEO2015 20 37% AEO2014 40 34% AEO2015 60 Transportation 33% Industrial Total industrial delivered energy consumption grows by 22% in the AEO2015 Reference case, to about 30 quadrillion Btu in 2040, which is about 0.4 quadrillion Btu lower than the 2040 projection in the AEO2014 Reference case. The lower level of total industrial energy consumption in AEO2015 results from lower annual growth in the total value of industrial shipments (1.8%/year) compared with AEO2014 (2.1%/year). Although total energy consumption levels are similar in the AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases, there are some notable changes in consumption of individual fuels. In AEO2015, the liquid feedstock slate for the bulk chemical industry includes relatively more HGL (ethane and liquefied petroleum gases (LPG)) and less heavy feedstock (naphtha and gasoil) compared with AEO2014. The higher level of HGL feedstock use results from relatively low ethane and LPG prices relative to the prices of oil-based naphtha/gasoil feedstock, as a result of more HGL supply in the AEO2015 2040 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Comparison of AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases and key updates to models and data Reference case than in AEO2014 and the implementation of a new ethane pricing model that links ethane prices more closely with natural gas prices. Another notable change from AEO2014 in the AEO2015 Reference case is that total consumption of renewable fuels is more than 0.5 quadrillion Btu lower in AEO2015 as a result of lower shipments from the paper and pulp industry. Industrial electricity consumption is also lower in AEO2015, in part as a result of lower shipments of metal-based durables, especially computers. Through 2022, natural gas consumption is higher in the AEO2015 Reference case than in AEO2014, as a result of higher lease and plant fuel use and an increase in feedstock use, reflecting more optimistic assumptions for ammonia and methanol plant operations based on recent trends. However, after 2022 natural gas consumption is lower in the AEO2015 Reference case, because of lower lease and plant fuel use stemming from lower dry natural gas production, and because of lower shipments in the natural gas-intensive paper and pulp industry. Residential Residential delivered energy consumption decreases slightly in the AEO2015 Reference case from 2013 to 2040, with growth in electricity consumption offset by declining use of fossil fuels. Consumption levels are lower than those in the AEO2014 Reference case for most fuels, although natural gas use is slightly higher because of lower projected prices. Delivered electricity consumption is 5.4 quadrillion Btu and natural gas consumption is 4.3 quadrillion Btu in 2040 in AEO2015, compared with 5.7 quadrillion Btu and 4.2 quadrillion Btu, respectively, in AEO2014. The lower consumption levels in AEO2015 are explained in part by slower nearterm growth in the number of households. Commercial Commercial sector delivered energy consumption grows from 8.7 quadrillion Btu in 2013 to 10.1 quadrillion Btu in 2040 in the AEO2015 Reference case, similar to the AEO2014 Reference case, despite higher consumption in the near term. Commercial electricity consumption increases by 0.8%/year from 2013 to 2040 in AEO2015, lower than the 1.0% average annual growth in commercial floorspace, in part, because of lower demand for lighting and refrigeration than projected in AEO2014. Energy consumption by primary fuel Total primary energy consumption grows by 8.8% in the AEO2015 Reference case, from 97.1 quadrillion Btu in 2013 to 105.7 quadrillion Btu in 2040—600 trillion Btu less than in AEO2014, where total primary energy consumption grew by 10.2% to 106.3 quadrillion Btu in 2040 (Figure E3). Total liquid fuels consumption increases slightly (300 trillion Btu) in the AEO2015 Reference case (the AEO2014 Reference case showed a decline of 600 trillion Btu), as declining consumption of motor gasoline offsets most of the growth in other liquids uses from 2013 to 2040. However, total liquid fuel consumption is 0.9 quadrillion Btu higher in 2040 in the AEO2015 Reference case than in the AEO2014 Reference case. Jet fuel, motor gasoline, and industrial propane use are each about 500 trillion Btu higher in 2040 in AEO2015 than in AEO2014, as a result of updates and revisions made in the air transportation model and lower petroleum fuel prices, as well as upward revisions in output projections for the chemical industry. Liquids consumption in the transportation sector also increases in AEO2015 as the result of the addition of an unspecified consumption sector, which was added to improve the consistency of matching travel and efficiency levels with implied fuel use in the transportation sector, so that total consumption of liquid fuels in AEO2015 agrees more closely with the combined total for all fuels reported as being supplied to markets in EIA statistical publications. In the AEO2015 Reference case, domestic natural gas consumption increases from 26.2 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) in 2013 to 29.7 Tcf in 2040, 1.9 Tcf lower than in the AEO2014 Reference case. The lower level of total natural gas consumption results from a 1.9 Tcf lower level of natural gas use in the electric power sector in 2040 in AEO2015. Natural gas consumption in the residential and commercial sectors is up slightly. Figure E3. Primary energy consumption by fuel in the AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases, 2013 and 2040 (quadrillion Btu) 2013 1% 2040 10% 18% 18% 10% 8% 8% 2040 29% 30% Shares of total primary energy 33% AEO2015 32% Natural gas 18% Coal Other renewables 27% 36% 1% 0 Liquid biofuels 8% Nuclear 10 1% 20 Petroleum and other liquids 30 AEO2014 8% 40 In the electric power sector, natural gas faces increased competition from nuclear power and renewables, particularly wind. Also, demand for electricity in the buildings sector in 2040 is about 0.3 quadrillion Btu lower than in AEO2014, as a result of increases in building efficiency standards and updates to lighting parameters in AEO2015. Electricity demand is also lower in some industrial sectors where output does not increase as rapidly in AEO2015 as was projected in AEO2014. Total coal consumption in the AEO2015 Reference case is 19.0 quadrillion Btu (988 million short tons) in 2040—similar to the AEO2014 Reference case projection of 18.7 quadrillion Btu (979 million short tons) in 2040. U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 E-9 Comparison of AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases and key updates to models and data Total consumption of marketed renewable fuels grows by 1.3%/year in the AEO2015 Reference case, the same rate of growth as in the AEO2014 Reference case. However, the mix of renewable fuels is different in AEO2015, with more use of wind in the electric power sector, and less use of biomass in the industrial sector as a result of lower overall shipments in the paper industry. AEO2015 includes 3.0 quadrillion Btu of wind energy consumption in the electric power sector in 2040, compared with 2.4 quadrillion Btu in AEO2014, and the paper industry uses 1.2 quadrillion Btu of wood and pulping liquor in 2040 compared with 1.9 quadrillion Btu in 2040 in the AEO2014 Reference case. Energy production and imports In the AEO2015 Reference case, U.S. imports and exports of energy come into balance around 2028 as net energy imports decline both in absolute terms and as a share of total U.S. energy consumption (Figure E4). The United States is a net energy exporter in selected years—for example, from 2029 through 2032, and from 2037 through 2040. Over the projection period, the United States shifts from being a net importer of about 12.8 quadrillion Btu of energy in 2013 (about 13% of total U.S. energy demand) to a net exporter of about 0.5 quadrillion Btu in 2040. In the AEO2014 Reference case, the United States remained a net importer of energy, with net imports of about 4.2 quadrillion Btu in 2040. Liquids U.S. crude oil production in the AEO2015 Reference case increases from 7.4 million bbl/d in 2013 to 9.4 million bbl/d in 2040— 26% higher than in the AEO2014 Reference case, despite lower prices. Production in AEO2015 reaches 10.6 million bbl/d in 2020, compared with a high of 9.6 million bbl/d in 2019 in AEO2014. Higher production volumes result mainly from increased onshore oil production, predominantly from tight (very low permeability) formations. Lower 48 onshore tight oil production reaches 5.6 million bbl/d in 2020 in the AEO2015 Reference case before declining to 4.3 million bbl/d in 2040, 34% higher than in AEO2014. The pace of oil-directed drilling in the near term is faster in AEO2015 than in AEO2014, as producers continue to locate and target the sweet spots of plays currently under development. Lower 48 offshore crude oil supply grows from 1.4 million bbl/d in 2013 to 2.2 million bbl/d in 2019 in the AEO2015 Reference case, before fluctuating in accordance with the development of projects in the deepwater and ultra-deepwater portions of the Gulf of Mexico. In 2040, Lower 48 offshore production totals 2.2 million bbl/d in AEO2015, 9% more than in the AEO2014 Reference case. U.S. net imports of liquid fuels as a share of total domestic consumption continue to decline in the AEO2015 Reference case, primarily as a result of increased domestic oil production. Net imports of liquid fuels as a share of total U.S. liquid fuel use reached 60% in 2005 before dipping below 50% in 2010 and falling to an estimated 33% in 2013 (Figure E5). The net import share of domestic liquid fuels consumption declines to 14% in 2020 in the AEO2015 Reference case—compared with 26% in the AEO2014 Reference case—as a result of faster growth of domestic liquid fuels supply29 compared with growth in consumption. Domestic liquid fuels supply begins to decline after 2023 in the AEO2015 Reference case, and as a result, the net import share of domestic liquid fuels consumption rises from 14% in 2022 to 17% in 2040. However, domestic liquid fuels supply in the AEO2015 Reference case is 25% higher in 2040 than in the AEO2014 Reference case, while domestic consumption is only 3% higher. As a result, despite increasing after 2020, the percentage of U.S. liquid fuel supply from net imports in the AEO2015 Reference case remains just over half that in the AEO2014 Reference case through 2040. Figure E4. Total energy production and consumption in the AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases, 1980-2040 (quadrillion Btu) 125 100 History AEO2015 Consumption 2013 AEO2014 60 50 0 1980 20 Domestic supply 1990 2000 AEO2014 30 Consumption Net imports13% 50 2013 2020 AEO2015 10 2030 2040 0 1970 1980 1990 2000 Total domestic liquid fuels minus net imports, plus domestic HGL production. E-10 Projections 40 75 29 History 70 Domestic supply 50 100 Projections Net imports13% 75 0 125 2013 Figure E5. Share of U.S. liquid fuels supply from net imports in the AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases, 1970-2040 (percent) U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 2013 2020 2030 2040 Comparison of AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases and key updates to models and data Natural gas In the AEO2015 Reference case, U.S. production of dry natural gas after 2019 is lower than in the AEO2014 Reference case projection, and in 2040 it is lower by more than 2 trillion cubic feet (Tcf). Lower production levels are a result of lower natural gas prices and a decrease in demand for natural gas by electricity generators because of fewer nuclear plant retirements and more renewable generation capacity in AEO2015. However, dry natural gas production from shale gas and tight oil plays is generally higher in AEO2015, offsetting some of the decreases in other areas. Increases in shale gas production are made possible by the dual application of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. Another contributing factor is ongoing drilling in shale plays and other resources with high concentrations of natural gas liquids and crude oil, which, in energy-equivalent terms, have a higher value than dry natural gas, even with lower crude oil prices. In the AEO2015 Reference case, the United States becomes an overall net exporter of natural gas in 2017, one year earlier than in AEO2014, and a net pipeline exporter of natural gas in 2018, three years earlier than in AEO2014. In the AEO2015 Reference case, imports from Canada, which largely enter the western United States, and exports into Canada, which generally exit out of the East, are generally lower than in the AEO2014 Reference case. Imports from Canada remain lower in the AEO2015 Reference case than in the AEO2014 Reference case through 2040, while exports to Canada are higher in the AEO2015 Reference case from 2021 to 2028, before decreasing below AEO2014 levels through 2040. Net pipeline imports from Canada fall steadily until 2030 in AEO2015, then increase modestly through 2040, when growth in shale production stabilizes in the United States but continues to increase in Canada. Net pipeline exports to Mexico increase almost twofold in the AEO2015 Reference case from 2017 to 2040, with additional pipeline infrastructure added to enable the Mexican market to receive more natural gas via pipeline from the United States. However, pipeline exports to Mexico in the later years of the AEO2015 Reference case are lower than projected in the AEO2014 Reference case, because Mexico is assumed to increase domestic production as a result of constitutional reforms that permit more foreign investment in its oil and natural gas industry. Beginning in 2024, exports of liquefied natural gas (LNG) are slightly lower in the AEO2015 Reference case than in AEO2014, driven by lower crude oil prices. However, the impact of crude oil prices on the projection is dampened by changes in assumptions about how rapidly new LNG export terminals will be built. Coal Total U.S. coal production in the AEO2015 Reference case grows at an average rate of 0.5%/year, from 985 million short tons (19.9 quadrillion Btu) in 2013 to 1,117 million short tons (22.5 quadrillion Btu) in 2040. In comparison, U.S. production in the AEO2014 Reference case was projected to increase by 0.3%/year, from 1,022 million short tons (20.7 quadrillion Btu) in 2013 to 1,121 million short tons (22.4 quadrillion Btu) in 2040. Actual coal production in 2013 was 4% lower than projected in AEO2014, as a result of a large drawdown of coal inventories at coal-fired power plants. From 2013 through 2020, coal production in the AEO2015 Reference case is lower than projected in the AEO2014 Reference case, as lower natural gas prices result in the substitution of natural gas for coal in power generation. After 2020, total coal production in the AEO2014 and AEO2015 projections are nearly identical, with both hovering around 1.1 billion short tons through 2040, because of similar patterns of capacity additions and retirements at coal-fired power plants and similar coal-fired capacity utilization rates in the two projections. The outlook for U.S. coal exports is lower in AEO2015 than in AEO2014 throughout the projection period. Between 2013 and 2015, U.S. coal exports decline sharply in the AEO2015 Reference case as a result of strong international competition and lower international coal prices; but from 2015 through 2040 they increase gradually. Compared with AEO2014, coal exports in AEO2015 are 27% lower in 2015 and 13% lower in 2040. Overall, regional patterns of U.S. coal production are similar in the AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases. Production in the Eastern Interior region increases in both projections by about 100 million short tons from 2013 to 2040. The AEO2015 outlook for Central Appalachian coal production is similar to the AEO2014, but is about 7 million short tons (7%) higher, on average, than the AEO2014 from 2015 through 2040. Northern Appalachian coal production in 2040 is 20 million short tons lower in AEO2015 than projected in the AEO2014 Reference case. Production from Wyoming’s Powder River Basin, currently the lead coal-producing region in the United States, is lower from 2013 through 2018 in AEO2015 than projected in AEO2014, but then increases at a more rapid pace through 2026 before declining slightly and eventually moving to levels consistent with the AEO2014 projection from 2032 through 2040. Electricity generation Total electricity consumption in the AEO2015 Reference case, including both purchases from electric power producers and onsite generation, grows from 3,836 billion kWh in 2013 to 4,797 billion kWh in 2040. The average annual increase of 0.8% from 2013 to 2040 is slightly below the 1.0% annual rate in the AEO2014 Reference case. In all the end-use sectors, electricity demand growth is slower than projected in AEO2014, with the largest difference in growth in the residential sector. Coal has traditionally been the largest energy source for electricity generation. However, the combination of slow growth in electricity demand, competitively priced natural gas, programs encouraging renewable fuel use, and the implementation of environmental rules dampens future coal use in both the AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases. Beginning in 2019, coal-fired U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 E-11 Comparison of AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases and key updates to models and data electricity generation is between 2% and 4% percent higher in the AEO2015 Reference case than in AEO2014 through 2025, as a result of higher natural gas prices. After 2025, coal-fired generation remains between one and two percent higher in AEO2015 than in AEO2014 (Figure E6). The AEO2015 Reference case does not include the proposed Clean Power Plan30 for existing fossilfuel-fired electric generating units, which, if implemented, could substantially change the generation mix. Coal accounted for 39% of total generation in 2013, and its share falls to 34% in 2040 in the AEO2015 Reference case. The coal share of total generation was lower at 32% in 2040 in the AEO2014 Reference case. With retirements of coal-fired generating capacity far outpacing new additions, total coal-fired generating capacity falls in the AEO2015 Reference case from 304 GW in 2013 to 260 GW in 2040, which is similar to the 2040 capacity projection in the AEO2014 Reference case. Electricity generation from natural gas grows at a slower rate in the AEO2015 Reference case than in the AEO2014 Reference case because of lower growth in overall electricity demand, higher natural gas prices in the midterm, fewer nuclear retirements, and more renewable capacity additions leading to less need for new natural gas-fired capacity. In the AEO2015 Reference case, natural gas-fired generation in 2040 is 15% lower than projected in the AEO2014 Reference case. Natural gas capacity additions still make up most (58%) of total capacity additions from 2014 to 2040 but represent a smaller share of new builds than the 74% of total additions projected in AEO2014. As a share of total generation, natural gas does not surpass the coal-fired generation share in the AEO2015 Reference case over the projection period as it did in the AEO2014 Reference case. Increased generation from renewable energy accounts for 38% of the overall growth in electricity generation from 2013 to 2040 in the AEO2015 Reference case. Generation from renewable resources grows in the near term as new capacity under construction comes online in response to federal tax credits, state-level policies, and declining capital costs for wind and solar projects. In the final decade of the projection, renewable generation growth is almost exclusively the result of the increasing cost-competiveness of renewable generation with other, nonrenewable technologies. Renewable generation is higher throughout most of the projection period in AEO2015 than was projected in AEO2014, and it is about 7% higher in 2040. Combined generation from solar and wind power in AEO2015 is about 28% higher in 2040 than projected in AEO2014, as a result of more planned renewable capacity additions and recent declines in the construction costs for new wind plants. Renewable generation accounts for 18% of total generation in 2040 in the AEO2015 Reference case, compared with 16% in AEO2014. In the AEO2015 Reference case, electricity generation from nuclear power plants increases by 6%, from 789 billion kWh in 2013 to 833 billion kWh in 2040, and accounts for about 16% of total generation in 2040, slightly above the share in AEO2014. Over the projection period, nuclear generation in AEO2015 is on average 3% higher than projected in AEO2014, with about 4 GW less nuclear capacity retired from 2013 to 2020 in the AEO2015 Reference case, compared to the AEO2014 Reference case. Figure E6. Electricity generation by fuel in the AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases, 2013, 2020, 2030, and 2040 (trillion kilowatthours) 6 Nuclear Coal Renewables Natural gas Petroleum and other liquids 4 2 0 2013 Energy-related CO2 emissions Total U.S. energy-related CO2 emissions remain well below their 2005 level of 5,993 million metric tons (mt) through the end of the projection period in the AEO2015 Reference case. 31 Energy-related CO2 emissions in 2040 are 5,549 million mt, or 50 million mt (0.9%) below the AEO2014 Reference case projection. This decrease may appear counterintuitive, since coal consumption is 1.4% higher, petroleum and other liquids consumption is 2.4% higher, and total renewable energy consumption is lower, all putting upward pressure on emissions. However, natural gas consumption is 5.6% lower, and while it has a lower carbon factor than the other fossil fuels, it does emit CO2. Nuclear energy consumption in 2040 is 2.8% higher in AEO2015 than in AEO2014, and total energy demand is 0.5% lower. The net result is somewhat lower energy-related CO2 emissions in the AEO2015 Reference case than in the AEO2014 Reference case. AEO2014 AEO2015 AEO2014 AEO2015 AEO2014 AEO2015 2020 2030 2040 30 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Carbon Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Stationary Sources: Electric Utility Generating Units,” Federal Register, pp. 34829-34958 (Washington, DC: June 18, 2014) https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2014/06/18/2014-13726/carbonpollution-emission-guidelines-for-existing-stationary-sources-electric-utility-generating. 31 The year 2005 is the base year for the Obama Administration’s goal for emission reductions of 17% by 2020. In the AEO2015 Reference case, energyrelated CO2 emissions in 2020 are 8% below the 2005 level. E-12 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Comparison of AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases and key updates to models and data Figure and table sources Links current as of April 2015 Table E1. Comparison of projections in the AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases, 2012-40: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2015.D021915A; and AEO2014 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2014.D102413A. Figure E1. Average annual Brent crude oil spot prices in the AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases, 1990-2040: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2015.D021915A; and AEO2014 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2014. D102413A. Figure E2. Delivered energy consumption by end-use sector in the AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases, 2013, 2020, 2030, and 2040: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2015.D021915A; and AEO2014 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2014.D102413A. Figure E3. Primary energy consumption by fuel in the AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases, 2013 and 2040: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2015.D021915A; and AEO2014 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2014. D102413A. Figure E4. Total energy production and consumption in the AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases, 1980-2040: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2015.D021915A; and AEO2014 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2014. D102413A. Figure E5. Share of U.S. liquid fuels supply from net imports in the AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases, 1970-2040: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2015.D021915A; and AEO2014 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2014.D102413A. Figure E6. Electricity generation by fuel in the AEO2015 and AEO2014 Reference cases, 2013, 2020, 2030, and 2040: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11). Projections: AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2015.D021915A; and AEO2014 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2014.D102413A. U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 E-13 _u>mm Appendix F Regional Maps Appendix F Regional Maps Figure F1. United States Census Divisions Figure F1. United States Census Divisions AK West North Central Mountain East North Central WA MN ND MT OR WY ID CO AZ MO KS IN East South Central Middle Atlantic VA DE MD KY NC TN OK SC AR TX HI NJ IL WV NM CT PA OH UT NH MA RI NY MI IA NE NV Pacific New England ME WI SD CA VT LA MS AL South Atlantic GA West South Central FL Pacific West South Central East South Central South Atlantic Middle Atlantic New England East North Central West North Central Mountain Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting. Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Analysis. U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2010 F-1 213 Regional maps Figure F1. United States Census Divisions (continued) Division 1 New England Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Division 2 Middle Atlantic New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Division 3 East North Central Illinois Indiana Michigan Ohio Wisconsin Division 4 West North Central Iowa Kansas Minnesota Missouri Nebraska North Dakota South Dakota Division 5 South Atlantic Delaware District of  ­Columbia Florida Georgia Maryland North Carolina South Carolina Virginia West Virginia Division 6 East South Central Alabama Kentucky Mississippi Tennessee Division 7 West South Central Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Division 8 Mountain Arizona Colorado Idaho Montana Nevada New Mexico Utah Wyoming Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Analysis. F-2 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Division 9 Pacific Alaska California Hawaii Oregon Washington Regional maps Figure F2.  Electricity market module regions 3 21 8 10 5 4 9 7 6 11 13 22 17 20 15 16 18 19 12 14 1 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. ERCT FRCC MROE MROW NEWE NYCW NYLI NYUP RFCE RFCM RFCW TRE All FRCC All MRO East MRO West NPCC New England NPCC NYC/Westchester NPCC Long Island NPCC Upstate NY RFC East RFC Michigan RFC West 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. SRDA SRGW SRSE SRCE SRVC SPNO SPSO AZNM CAMX NWPP RMPA SERC Delta SERC Gateway SERC Southeastern SERC Central SERC VACAR SPP North SPP South WECC Southwest WECC California WECC Northwest WECC Rockies Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Analysis. U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 F-3 Regional maps Figure F3. Liquid fuels market module regions PADD IV PADD II lakes PADD V other PADD II inland PADD I Maritime Canada PADD V California PADD III inland PADD V other New Brunswick PADD III Gulf Nova Scotia Newfoundland Caribbean Trinidad & Tobago PADD boundary LFMM regions PADD I PADD II inland PADD II lakes PADD III Gulf PADD III inland PADD IV PADD V California PADD V other Maritime Canada; Caribbean Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Analysis. F-4 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Puerto Rico Regional maps Figure F4. gas supply F4.  Oil OF4. il andOil Figure and model Gas regions Supply Model Regions WA MT OR MN West Coast (6) ID NH MI NV Pacific Dakotas/Rocky Mountains (5) UT AZ NY WI SD WY CA ME VT ND CO IA NE IL MO KS PA IN OH East (1) DE VA WV MD KY Midcontinent (3) NC TN NM NM TX OK SC AR MS Southwest (4) MA RI CT NJ AL Atlantic GA LA TX Gulf Coast (2) TX FL Gulf of Mexico Offshore North Slope Onshore North Slope AK Other Alaska Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Analysis. Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Office of Integrated Analysis and Foreca U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2014 2015 F-5 Regional maps F5.gas Natural Gas and Transmission andregions Distribution FigureFigure F5.  Natural transmission distribution model Model Regions Primary Flows Secondary Flows Pipeline Border Crossing LNG Imports MacKenzie Alaska Canada Offshore and LNG W. Canada E. Canada New Engl. (1) Pacific (9) Mountain (8) W. North Central (4) CA (12) AZ/NM (11) W. South Central (7) Mexico E. North Central (3) E. South Central (6) Mid. Atlantic (2) S. Atlantic (5) FL (10) Bahamas Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting. Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Analysis. 218F-6 U.S.U.S. Energy Information / Annual Energy Outlook Energy Information Administration Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 2010 Regional maps Figure F6.  Coal supply regions ME WA MT ND VT NH NY MI WI MA SD OR ID CT RI MN CA MI IA IL NE IN UT PA OH DE WY NV NJ MD CO WV KY KS VA KY NC AZ MO TN OK SC AR TX GA AL NM MS FL LA 500 0 SCALE IN MILES AK 1000 0 SCALE IN MILES NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS APPALACHIA Northern Appalachia Central Appalachia Southern Appalachia INTERIOR Eastern Interior Western Interior Gulf Lignite Dakota Lignite Western Montana Wyoming, Northern Powder River Basin Wyoming, Southern Powder River Basin Western Wyoming OTHER WEST Rocky Mountain Southwest Northwest Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Analysis. U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 F-7 Regional maps Figure F7. Coal Demand Regions Figure F7.  Coal demand regions 1. NE 10. C1 2. YP 13. MT 11. C2 6. OH 7. EN 14. CU 3. S1 8. KT 16. PC 4. S2 15. ZN 9. AM 5. GF 12. WS Region Code 1. NE 2. YP 3. S1 4. S2 5. GF 6. OH 7. EN 8. KT Region Content CT,MA,ME,NH,RI,VT NY,PA,NJ WV,MD,DC,DE VA,NC,SC GA,FL OH IN,IL,MI,WI KY,TN Region Code 9. AM 10. C1 11. C2 12. WS 13. MT 14. CU 15. ZN 16. PC Region Content AL,MS MN,ND,SD IA,NE,MO,KS TX,LA,OK,AR MT,WY,ID CO,UT,NV AZ,NM AK,HI,WA,OR,CA Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Analysis. urce: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecas F-8 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Appendix G Conversion factors Table G1. Heat contents Table G1. Heat contents Fuel Units Approximate heat content Coal Production .................................................. Consumption .............................................. Coke plants ............................................. Industrial .................................................. Commercial and institutional ................... Electric power sector ............................... Imports........................................................ Exports ....................................................... million Btu per short ton million Btu per short ton million Btu per short ton million Btu per short ton million Btu per short ton million Btu per short ton million Btu per short ton million Btu per short ton 20.169 19.664 28.710 21.622 21.246 19.210 23.256 24.562 Coal coke ...................................................... million Btu per short ton 24.800 Crude oil1 Production .................................................. Imports........................................................ million Btu per barrel million Btu per barrel 5.751 6.012 Petroleum products and other liquids Consumption1 ............................................. Motor gasoline1........................................ Jet fuel ..................................................... Distillate fuel oil1 ...................................... Diesel fuel1 .............................................. Residual fuel oil ....................................... Liquefied petroleum gases and other1,2 ... Kerosene ................................................. Petrochemical feedstocks1 ...................... Unfinished oils1 ........................................ Imports1 ...................................................... Exports1 ...................................................... Ethanol3 ...................................................... Biodiesel ..................................................... million Btu per barrel million Btu per barrel million Btu per barrel million Btu per barrel million Btu per barrel million Btu per barrel million Btu per barrel million Btu per barrel million Btu per barrel million Btu per barrel million Btu per barrel million Btu per barrel million Btu per barrel million Btu per barrel 5.188 5.101 5.670 5.760 5.755 6.287 3.565 5.670 4.944 6.098 5.575 5.506 3.559 5.359 Natural gas plant liquids1 Production .................................................. million Btu per barrel 3.735 Natural gas1 Production, dry ........................................... Consumption .............................................. End-use sectors....................................... Electric power sector ............................... Imports........................................................ Exports ....................................................... Btu per cubic foot Btu per cubic foot Btu per cubic foot Btu per cubic foot Btu per cubic foot Btu per cubic foot 1,027 1,027 1,028 1,025 1,025 1,009 Electricity consumption .............................. Btu per kilowatthour 3,412 1 1 Conversion factor varies from year to year. The value shown is for 2013. Includes ethane, natural gasoline, and refinery olefins. Includes denaturant. Btu = British thermal unit. Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(2014/11) (Washington, DC, November 2014), and EIA, AEO2015 National Energy Modeling System run REF2015.D021915A. 2 3 U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2015 G-1 _u>mm